Gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: the same impact on IL-6 and TNF-α. Prospective clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Due to the association between the quantity of adipose tissue and concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), this work aimed to assess the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) procedures on serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. METHODS: This study evaluated serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, as well as routine anthropometric and biochemical values, before and 1 year post-bariatric surgery. Fifty percent of patients (n = 24) underwent RYGB, and 50 % (n = 24) underwent SG. Prior to bariatric surgery, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were investigated in obese women. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in all anthropometric and routine biochemical measurements in patients in the RYGB and SG groups 1 year post-surgery. The serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced following surgery in both groups (p < 0.05). No differences in the relative expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were found between SAT and VAT prior to bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS: RYGB and SG procedures demonstrated a similar impact on adipokine levels in women 1 year post-surgery. Both techniques may improve the course of chronic diseases and the state of inflammation associated with obesity.

Fuzzy obesity index (MAFOI) for obesity evaluation and bariatric surgery indication.

BACKGROUND: The Miyahira-Araujo Fuzzy Obesity Index (MAFOI) for being used as an alternative in bariatric surgery indication (BSI) is validated in this paper. The search for a more accurate method to evaluate obesity and to indicate a better treatment is important in the world health context. Body mass index (BMI) is considered the main criteria for obesity treatment and BSI. Nevertheless, the fat excess related to the percentage of Body Fat (%BF) is actually the principal harmful factor in obesity disease that is usually neglected. The aim of this research is to validate a previous fuzzy mechanism by associating BMI with %BF that yields the Miyahira-Araujo Fuzzy Obesity Index (MAFOI) for obesity evaluation, classification, analysis, treatment, as well for better indication of surgical treatment. METHODS: Seventy-two patients were evaluated for both BMI and %BF. The BMI and %BF classes are aggregated yielding a new index (MAFOI). The input linguistic variables are the BMI and %BF, and the output linguistic variable is employed an obesity classification with entirely new types of obesity in the fuzzy context, being used for BSI, as well. RESULTS: There is gradual and smooth obesity classification and BSI criteria when using the Miyahira-Araujo Fuzzy Obesity Index (MAFOI), mainly if compared to BMI or %BF alone for dealing with obesity assessment, analysis, and treatment. CONCLUSION: The resulting fuzzy decision support system (MAFOI) becomes a feasible alternative for obesity classification and bariatric surgery indication.

Veress needle insertion into the left hypochondrium for creation of pneumoperitoneum: diagnostic value of tests to determine the position of the needle in unselected patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the Veress needle puncture in the left hypochondrium and the accuracy of the tests described for the intraperitoneal correct positioning of the tip of the Veress needle in an unselected population. METHODS: Ninetyone patients consecutively scheduled for Videolaparoscopy had the abdominal wall punctured in the left hypochondrium. There were no exclusion criteria. The patients received general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation according to the protocol. After puncturing five tests were used to confirm the positioning of the needle tip within the peritoneal cavity: aspiration test--AT; resistance to infusion--Pres; recovery of the infused fluid--Prec, dripping test--DT, and test of initial intraperitoneal pressure--IIPP. The test results were compared with results from literature for groups with defined exclusion criteria. The results were used for calculating sensitivity (S) specificity (E), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the findings. RESULTS: There were 13 failures. AT had E = 100% and NPV 100%. Pres had S = 100%, E = 0; PPV = 85.71%; NPV does not apply. Prec: S = 100%, E = 53.84%, PPV = 92.85%, NPV = 100%. DT: S = 100%, E = 61.53%, PPV = 93.97% NPV 100%. In IIPP, S, E, PPV and NPV were 100%. CONCLUSION: The puncture in the left hypochondrium is effective and the performed tests guide the surgeon regardless of sex, BMI, or previous laparotomy.

Punção com agulha de Veress no hipocôndrio esquerdo para a criação do pneumoperitônio: valor diagnóstico das provas de posicionamento da agulha em pacientes não selecionados / Veress needle insertion into the left hypochondrium for creation of pneumoperitoneum: diagnostic value of tests to determine the position of the needle in unselected patients

OBJETIVO: Verificar a eficiência da punção com agulha de Veress no hipocôndrio esquerdo, a acurácia dos testes descritos para o correto posicionamento intraperitoneal da ponta da agulha de Veress em população não selecionada. MÉTODOS: Noventa e um pacientes, sem quaisquer critérios de exclusão, consecutivamente agendados para procedimentos videolaparoscópicos, tiveram a parede abdominal puncionada no hipocôndrio esquerdo. Os pacientes receberam anestesia geral e ventilação controlada mecânica segundo o protocolo. Após a punção foram utilizadas cinco provas para testar o posicionamento da ponta da agulha no interior da cavidade peritoneal: prova da aspiração - PA, da resistência à infusão - Pres, da recuperação do líquido infundido - Prec, prova do gotejamento - PG, e a prova da pressão intraperitoneal inicial - PPII. Os resultados foram considerados para cálculo da sensibilidade (S) e da especificidade (E) e valores preditivos positivos (VPP) e valores preditivos negativos (VPN). Métodos inferenciais estatísticos foram utilizados na análise dos achados. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 13 fracassos. A PA teve E=100 por cento e VPN=100 por cento. Pres teve S=100 por cento; E=0; VPP=85,71 por cento VPN= não se aplica. Prec: S=100 por cento; E= 53,84 por cento; VPP= 92,85 por cento; VPN= 100 por cento. PG: S=100 por cento; E= 61,53 por cento; VPP= 93,97 por cento VPN= 100 por cento. Na PPII, a S, E, VPP e VPN foram de 100 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A punção no hipocôndrio esquerdo é eficiente, as provas realizadas orientam o cirurgião a despeito do gênero, IMC ou operações prévias.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Veress needle puncture in the left hypochondrium and the accuracy of the tests described for the intraperitoneal correct positioning of the tip of the Veress needle in an unselected population. Methods: Ninetyone patients consecutively scheduled for Videolaparoscopy had the abdominal wall punctured in the left hypochondrium. There were no exclusion criteria. The patients received general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation according to the protocol. After puncturing five tests were used to confirm the positioning of the needle tip within the peritoneal cavity: aspiration test - AT; resistance to infusion - Pres; recovery of the infused fluid - Prec, dripping test - DT, and test of initial intraperitoneal pressure - IIPP. The test results were compared with results from literature for groups with defined exclusion criteria. The results were used for calculating sensitivity (S) specificity (E), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the findings. Results: There were 13 failures. AT had E = 100 percent and NPV 100 percent. Pres had S = 100 percent, E = 0; PPV = 85.71 percent; NPV does not apply. Prec: S = 100 percent, E = 53.84 percent, PPV = 92.85 percent, NPV = 100 percent. DT: S = 100 percent, E = 61.53 percent, PPV = 93.97 percent NPV 100 percent. In IIPP, S, E, PPV and NPV were 100 percent. Conclusion: The puncture in the left hypochondrium is effective and the performed tests guide the surgeon regardless of sex, BMI, or previous laparotomy.

Erosive esophagitis after bariatric surgery: banded vertical gastrectomy versus banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the most performed bariatric procedure in the world, whereas sleeve gastrectomy is an emerging procedure. Both can be combined with the use of a Silastic® ring. The aim of this study was to compare the evolution of erosive esophagitis (EE) in patients who underwent Silastic® ring gastric bypass (SRGB) and Silastic® ring sleeve gastrectomy (SRSG) after a 1-year postoperative period. METHODS: We carried out a non-randomized, prospective, controlled clinical study. Sixty-five patients were enrolled based on the following inclusion criteria: female gender, age 20-60 years old, BMI 40-45 and written informed consent. The exclusion criteria were secondary obesity, alcohol or drug use, severe psychiatric disorder, binge-eating of sweets, and previous stomach or bowel surgery. The patients were divided into two groups-33 (51%) underwent SRSG and 32 (49%) patients underwent SRGB. All patients underwent an esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy during the preoperative period and at 12-14 months after the surgery. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 15 patients (23.8%) were found to have EE, six (19.4%) in the SRSG group and nine patients (28.1%) in the SRGB group (p = 0.7795). Postoperatively, there was an increase in the number of patients with EE in the SRSG group to 14 (45.2%) and a decrease in the SRGB group to two (6.3%), giving a total of 16 patients with EE (25.4%; p = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: After 1 year of follow-up, we observed a worsening evolution of EE in the SRSG group, but improvement in the SRGB group.

Silicone-ring Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in the treatment of obesity: effects of laparoscopic versus laparotomic surgery on respiration.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of silicone-ring Roux-en-Y gastric bypass carried out by laparoscopy versus that accomplished by laparotomy on pulmonary function. METHODS: A total of 26 women (body mass index (BMI) 35-49 kg/m(2)) were studied candidates for silicone-ring Roux-en-Y gastric bypass carried out by laparoscopy (LG; n = 13) and laparotomy (or open surgery (OG); n = 13). Smokers, patients having lung disease, and those unable to carry out the tests properly were excluded. The physical therapy was standardized for both the groups. Respiratory evaluation was carried out during the preoperative period and on the second postoperative day by using spirometry and other tests that evaluated respiratory muscle strength and diaphragmatic mobility. Pain was evaluated by the visual analog scale on the second postoperative day. The statistical analysis was carried out with parametric or nonparametric tests, depending on the distribution of variables, considering p < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: Patients were similar with respect to age, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio. A decrease in all variables was observed for both the groups in the postoperative period, although this decrease was less pronounced in the LG group. Pain intensity was also lower in the LG group. The length of hospital stay was 2 days, and there were no pulmonary complications. CONCLUSION: As there were no differences in the incidence of pulmonary complications and the length of hospital stay between the groups, the results showed that silicone-ring Roux-en-Y gastric bypass carried out by laparoscopy caused less pain and impairment of pulmonary function in the postoperative period.

Protective effect of carbon dioxide against bacterial peritonitis induced in rats.

BACKGROUND: Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been used in the food industry as an antimicrobial agent. This study aimed to investigate whether CO(2) pneumoperitoneum might act similarly as an antimicrobial agent in the infected peritoneal cavity. METHODS: Peritonitis was induced in 58 rats by intraabdominal injection of an Escherichia coli inoculum (6 x 105 colony-forming units [CFU]/ml). Control rats were injected with saline solution. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: rat control (RC, n = 15), bacterial inoculation control (BIC, n = 10), bacterial inoculation and laparotomy (BIL, n = 17), and bacterial inoculation and CO(2) pneumoperitoneum (BIP, n = 16). The survival rates and histopathologic changes in the abdominal wall muscles, spleen, liver, intestines, and omentum were evaluated, and the samples were classified as "preserved" or "inflamed" (acute inflammation or tissue regeneration). RESULTS: The survival rates for the four groups were as follows: RC (100%), BIP (75%), BIL (53%), and BIC (30%). With regard to survival rates, statistically significant differences were observed between the following groups: RC and BIC (p = 0.0009), RC and BIL (p = 0.0045), BIP and BIC (p = 0.0332), and RC and BIP (p = 0.0470). No significant differences regarding survival rates were observed between the BIL and BIC groups or between the BIP and BIL groups. With regard to the number of inflamed samples per group, a statistically significant difference was observed between the BIC and RC groups and the BIL and RC groups (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum has a protective effect against bacterial peritonitis induced in rats.

Creation of pneumoperitoneum: noninvasive monitoring of clinical effects of elevated intraperitoneal pressure for the insertion of the first trocar.

AIM: The aim of this work is to analyze, by means of noninvasive monitoring, the clinical effects of high intraperitoneal pressure for enough time to insert the first trocar. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients without significant lung problems were randomly divided into groups P12 (n = 30, maximum intraperitoneal pressure 12 mmHg) and P20 (n = 37, maximum intraperitoneal pressure 20 mmHg). A Veress needle was inserted into the left hypochondrium for creation of pneumoperitoneum. The parameters evaluated were heart rate (HR, in bpm), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2), expressed as percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen), end-tidal CO(2) (ETCO(2), in mmHg), mean arterial pressure (MAP, in mmHg), and intratracheal pressure (ITP, in cmH(2)O). Clinical parameters were evaluated in both groups at time point 0 (TP0, before CO(2) insufflation), time point 1 (TP1, when intraperitoneal pressure of 12 mmHg was reached in both groups), time point 2 (TP2, 5 min after reaching intraperitoneal pressure of 12 mmHg in group P12 and of 20 mmHg in group P20), and time point 3 (TP3, 10 min after reaching intraperitoneal pressure of 12 mmHg in group P12 and 10 min after TP1 in group P20, when intraperitoneal pressure decreased from 20 to 12 mmHg). Values outside of the normal range or occurrence of atypical phenomena suggestive of organic disease indicated clinical changes. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding HR, MAP, ETCO(2), and ITP. No significant clinical changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Transitory, high intraperitoneal pressure (20 mmHg for 5 min) for insertion of the first trocar resulted in changes in HR, MAP, ETCO(2), and ITP that were within the normal range, and no adverse clinical effects were observed. Therefore, the use of transitory, high intraperitoneal pressure is recommended to prevent iatrogenic injury during blind insertion of the first trocar. Nevertheless, it is not clear that this method would be safe in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Glucose homeostasis and weight loss in morbidly obese patients undergoing banded sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess glucose homeostasis and weight loss in morbidly obese patients undergoing Silastic(R) ring sleeve gas-trectomy. METHODS: This was a prospective clinical study. Thirty-three female patients with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 42.33 +/- 1.50 kg/m(2) (range: 40-45 kg/m(2)), a mean age of 36.7 +/- 9.4 years and a mean waist circumference of 118.7 +/- 5.98 cm were included in this study. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed in 11 patients (33.3%), and glucose intolerance was observed in 4 patients (12.1%). Mean plasma fasting glucose levels were 109.77 +/- 44.19 mg/dl (75-320) in the preoperative period. All Silastic(R) ring sleeve gastrectomy procedures were performed by the same surgical team using the same anesthetic technique. The patients were monitored for at least 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean weight of the patients decreased from 107.69 +/- 6.57 kg to 70.52 +/- 9.36 kg (p < 0.001), the mean BMI decreased to 27.4 +/- 2.42 kg/m(2) (p < 0.001), and the mean waist circumference decreased to 89.87 cm +/- 6.66 (p < 0.001) in the postoperative period. Excess BMI loss was 86.5 +/- 14.2%. Fasting glucose levels were reduced to 80.94 +/- 6.3 mg/dl (p < 0.001). Remission of diabetes and glucose intolerance was observed in all patients. CONCLUSION: Silastic(R) ring sleeve gastrectomy was effective in promoting weight loss, waist circumference reduction and control of glucose homeostasis in morbidly obese patients.

Glucose homeostasis and weight loss in morbidly obese patients undergoing banded sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective clinical study

OBJECTIVE: To assess glucose homeostasis and weight loss in morbidly obese patients undergoing Silastic® ring sleeve gastrectomy. METHODS: This was a prospective clinical study. Thirty-three female patients with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 42.33 ± 1.50 kg/m² (range: 40-45 kg/m²), a mean age of 36.7 ± 9.4 years and a mean waist circumference of 118.7 ± 5.98 cm were included in this study. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed in 11 patients (33.3 percent), and glucose intolerance was observed in 4 patients (12.1 percent). Mean plasma fasting glucose levels were 109.77 ± 44.19 mg/dl (75-320) in the preoperative period. All Silastic® ring sleeve gastrectomy procedures were performed by the same surgical team using the same anesthetic technique. The patients were monitored for at least 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean weight of the patients decreased from 107.69 ± 6.57 kg to 70.52 ± 9.36 kg (p < 0.001), the mean BMI decreased to 27.4 ± 2.42 kg/m² (p < 0.001), and the mean waist circumference decreased to 89.87 cm ± 6.66 (p < 0.001) in the postoperative period. Excess BMI loss was 86.5 ± 14.2 percent. Fasting glucose levels were reduced to 80.94 ± 6.3 mg/dl (p < 0.001). Remission of diabetes and glucose intolerance was observed in all patients. CONCLUSION: Silastic® ring sleeve gastrectomy was effective in promoting weight loss, waist circumference reduction and control of glucose homeostasis in morbidly obese patients.

Injuries caused by Veress needle insertion for creation of pneumoperitoneum: a systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, risks, and outcomes of injuries caused by the Veress needle described in the literature. METHODS: Iatrogenic injuries caused by Veress needle insertion during diagnostic or therapeutic laparoscopies in humans were researched, with no language restriction, in the Medline, Lilacs, Embase, Scielo, and Cochrane Library databases. The following words were combined: "Veress" or "insufflation needle" or "pneumoperitoneum needle," and "complications" or "injuries" or "lesions." The bibliographic references of the selected articles were also analyzed. We considered the following: (1) number of injuries described in the literature, (2) relationship between number of injuries and number of patients who underwent Veress needle insertion in the studies that reported Veress needle injury, (3) organs and structures injured (retroperitoneal vessels, digestive tract, and self-limited, minor injuries), and (4) outcome (death, conversion to laparotomy, laparoscopic repair, spontaneous resolution). RESULTS: Thirty-eight selected articles included 696,502 laparoscopies, with 1,575 injuries (0.23%), 126 (8%) of which involved blood vessels or hollow viscera (0.018% of all laparoscopies). Of the 98 vascular injuries, 8 (8.1%) were injuries to major retroperitoneal vessels. There were 34 other reported retroperitoneal injuries, but the authors were not specific as to which vessel was injured. Of the 28 injuries to hollow viscera, 17 were considered major injuries, i.e., 60.7% (0.0024% of the total cases assessed). CONCLUSION: The insertion of the Veress needle in the abdominal midline, at the umbilicus, poses serious risk to the life of patients. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to investigate alternative sites for Veress needle insertion.

The impact of obesity on pulmonary function in adult women.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity can cause deleterious effects on respiratory function and impair health and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of obesity on the pulmonary function of adult women. METHODS: An obese group, constituted of 20 women between 20 and 35 years old with a BMI of 35 - 49.99 kg/m(2) who were non-smokers and sedentary and had no lung disease were recruited. The non-obese group consisted of 20 women between 20 and 35 years old who were sedentary and non-smokers and had no lung disease and a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.99 kg/m(2). Spirometry was performed in all subjects. The statistical analysis consisted of parametric or non-parametric tests, depending on the distribution of each variable, considering p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The obese group presented a mean age of 25.85 +/- 3.89 years and a mean BMI of 41.1 +/- 3.46 kg/m(2), and the non-obese group presented a mean age of 23.9 +/- 2.97 years and a mean body mass index of 21.91 +/- 1.81 kg/m(2). There were no significant differences between the obese group and the non-obese group as to the age, vital capacity, tidal volume, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second. However, the obese group presented a greater inspiratory reserve volume (2.44 +/- 0.47 L vs. 1.87 +/- 0.42 L), a lower expiratory reserve volume (0.52 +/- 0.32 L vs. 1.15 +/- 0.32 L), and a maximal voluntary ventilation (108.5 +/- 13.3 L/min vs. 122.6 +/- 19.8 L/min) than the non-obese group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The alterations evidenced in the components of the vital capacity (inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume) suggest damage to the chest mechanics caused by obesity. These factors probably contributed to a reduction of the maximal voluntary ventilation.

Comparative study of hand sewn single layer anastomosis of dog's bowel / Estudo comparativo das anastomoses manuais em plano único do intestino delgado de cães

BACKGROUND: Two-layer intestinal anastomosis increases the inflammatory response while single-layer anastomosis results in a better wound healing. However the four main kinds of stitches which may be chosen in performing single layer intestinal sutures never before had been comparatively studied. AIM: To compare the four more commonly used types of single layer surgical anastomosis sutures of the digestive tract. METHODS: Six mongrel dogs were operated, each one receiving two anastomosis: one at 30 cm from de Treitz angle - sero-submucosal technique, and the other at 60 cm - total technique. This placement was alternatively inverted. The four more commonly used types of single layer surgical anastomosis sutures of the digestive tract, namely: sero-submucosal stitches tied in the lumen, over the submucosa; sero-submucosal stitches tied in the exterior of the organ, over the serosa; total stitches tied in the lumen, over the mucosa; and total sutures tied in the exterior, over the serosa (Gambee's stitches) were tested. After euthanasia (7th post-operative day) macro and microscopic features were evaluated. Friedman's test was applied for morphometry and for evaluation of the peritoneal adhesions. RESULTS: Statistical significance was demonstrated through major residual acute inflammation and proliferation in total sutures and more profuse adhesions with the sero-submucosal stitches tied in the lumen. The sero-submucosal stitches tied in the exterior over the serosa, had excellent realignment and regeneration of the layers. CONCLUSION: The sero-submucosal stitches tied in the exterior, over the serosa, were the best ones.

RACIONAL: As anastomoses intestinais em dois planos aumentam a resposta inflamatória tecidual, enquanto que a anastomose em plano único resulta em um lúmen maior com menos danos às bordas teciduais. Entretanto, os quatro tipos de suturas mais comumente utilizados em suturas intestinais nunca foram antes estudados comparativamente. OBJETIVO: Comparar os quatro tipos de sutura do tubo digestivo em plano único mais freqüentemente utilizados para anastomoses manuais do tubo digestivo. MÉTODOS: Seis cães de raça indefinida foram operados, cada um recebendo duas anastomoses: uma a 30 cm do ângulo de Treitz - técnica sero-submucosa, e a outra a 60 cm - técnica total. Esta localização foi aleatoriamente invertida. Os quatro tipos de sutura em plano único mais freqüentemente utilizados para anastomoses manuais do tubo digestivo, denominados: pontos extramucoso atados no lúmen da víscera, sobre a submucosa, pontos extramucosos atados no exterior, sobre a serosa, pontos totais atados no lúmen, sobre a mucosa, e pontos totais especiais de Gambee atados no exterior sobre a serosa, foram testados. Eutanásia e necropsia parcial no 7º dia pós-operatório permitiu avaliação de aspectos macro e microscópicos. O teste de Friedman's foi aplicado para a morfometria e avaliação das aderências peritoniais. RESULTADOS: Foi demonstrada diferença estatisticamente significante para a inflamação residual aguda e maior proliferação nas suturas totais, bem como na maior ocorrência de aderências com pontos extramucosos atados no lúmen da víscera, sobre a submucosa. A sutura extramucosa com nós atados na serosa teve regeneração das bordas e alinhamento excelentes. CONCLUSÃO: A sutura extramucosa com nós atados na serosa mostrou-se a melhor.

Comparative study of hand sewn single layer anastomosis of dog's bowel.

BACKGROUND: Two-layer intestinal anastomosis increases the inflammatory response while single-layer anastomosis results in a better wound healing. However the four main kinds of stitches which may be chosen in performing single layer intestinal sutures never before had been comparatively studied. AIM: To compare the four more commonly used types of single layer surgical anastomosis sutures of the digestive tract. METHODS: Six mongrel dogs were operated, each one receiving two anastomosis: one at 30 cm from de Treitz angle - sero-submucosal technique, and the other at 60 cm - total technique. This placement was alternatively inverted. The four more commonly used types of single layer surgical anastomosis sutures of the digestive tract, namely: sero-submucosal stitches tied in the lumen, over the submucosa; sero-submucosal stitches tied in the exterior of the organ, over the serosa; total stitches tied in the lumen, over the mucosa; and total sutures tied in the exterior, over the serosa (Gambee's stitches) were tested. After euthanasia (7th post-operative day) macro and microscopic features were evaluated. Friedman's test was applied for morphometry and for evaluation of the peritoneal adhesions. RESULTS: Statistical significance was demonstrated through major residual acute inflammation and proliferation in total sutures and more profuse adhesions with the sero-submucosal stitches tied in the lumen. The sero-submucosal stitches tied in the exterior over the serosa, had excellent realignment and regeneration of the layers. CONCLUSION: The sero-submucosal stitches tied in the exterior, over the serosa, were the best ones.

The impact of obesity on pulmonary function in adult women

INTRODUCTION: Obesity can cause deleterious effects on respiratory function and impair health and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of obesity on the pulmonary function of adult women. METHODS: An obese group, constituted of 20 women between 20 and 35 years old with a BMI of 35 - 49.99 kg/m² who were non-smokers and sedentary and had no lung disease were recruited. The non-obese group consisted of 20 women between 20 and 35 years old who were sedentary and non-smokers and had no lung disease and a body mass index between 18.5 and 24.99 kg/m². Spirometry was performed in all subjects. The statistical analysis consisted of parametric or non-parametric tests, depending on the distribution of each variable, considering p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The obese group presented a mean age of 25.85 ± 3.89 years and a mean BMI of 41.1 ± 3.46 kg/m², and the non-obese group presented a mean age of 23.9 ± 2.97 years and a mean body mass index of 21.91 ± 1.81 kg/m². There were no significant differences between the obese group and the non-obese group as to the age, vital capacity, tidal volume, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in one second. However, the obese group presented a greater inspiratory reserve volume (2.44 ± 0.47 L vs. 1.87 ± 0.42 L), a lower expiratory reserve volume (0.52 ± 0.32 L vs. 1.15 ± 0.32 L), and a maximal voluntary ventilation (108.5 ± 13.3 L/min vs. 122.6 ± 19.8 L/min) than the non-obese group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The alterations evidenced in the components of the vital capacity (inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume) suggest damage to the chest mechanics caused by obesity. These factors probably contributed to a reduction of the maximal voluntary ventilation.

Eficácia de um simulador multimídia no ensino de técnicas básicas de videocirurgia para alunos do curso de graduação em medicina / Efficacy of multimedia simulator in teaching basic skills in videosurgical techniques for undergraduate students of medicine

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia de programa educacional informatizado, com recursos de multimídia, como instrumento de ensino para alunos do segundo ano do curso de graduação em Medicina. MÉTODO: Para este estudo prospectivo, duplo cego e randomizado foi desenvolvido um simulador multimídia de técnicas básicas de videocirurgia. Doze alunos selecionados foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em Grupo 1 (orientados a navegar individualmente no simulador) e Grupo 2 (levados a assistir a uma aula expositiva). Posteriormente, foram submetidos a avaliação objetiva com 10 questões práticas. Os alunos do Grupo 1 também avaliaram subjetivamente o programa. RESULTADOS: No Grupo 1, 16,7 por cento dos alunos acertaram 8 procedimentos, 50,0 por cento acertaram 9 e 33.3 por cento acertaram os 10. No Grupo 2, 50,0 por cento dos alunos acertaram 9 procedimentos e 50,0 por cento acertaram os 10 procedimentos. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (teste de Mann-Whitney; p=0,423). Na análise subjetiva, 83,3 por cento concordaram que o programa foi de fácil uso, 83,4 por cento acharam-no agradável e 50,0 por cento concordaram ter tido um feed-back imediato. Todos concordaram que o programa foi didático e afirmaram o desejo de ter programas assim para outros tópicos, mas metade discordou que programas como este já são suficientes para substituir o professor. CONCLUSÃO: O programa é eficaz na aprendizagem de técnicas básicas de vídeocirurgia para os alunos do segundo ano do curso de graduação em Medicina.

BACKGROUD: The search for new pedagogical tools is unremitting in every phase of the history of Mankind. The Information Technology has come to join the collection of resources that educators can rely on. METHODS: The purpose of this task was to develop a computer educational program, with multimedia resources, and review its efficiency as a teaching aid for students in their second year of Medical School. This was a double-blind, randomized, prospective trial. An educational interactive multimedia program on Basic Videosurgery Techniques was developed for this research. Twelve students were selected to take part in the experiment and randomly divided into two groups of six. Group I students were instructed to individually use the multimedia simulator for 60 minutes, while Group II students were invited to watch a one-hour theoretical class with Data-show as a teaching aid. Group I were also asked to carry out, through a questionnaire, a subjective validation of the program. RESULTS: he Mann- Whitney test was used for the statistics analyses . 16.7 percent of the students in Group I performed 6 of the procedures correctly , 50.0 percent got 9 procedures 33.3 percent performed 10 procedures correctly, with an average score of 9.2 + 0.72 correct answers, whereas in Group II, 50 percent of the students performed 9 procedures and 50.0 percent performed 10 procedures correctly, with an average score of 9.5 + 0.55 correct answers. Statically, there was no significant differences between groups regarding the number of correct answers (p=0.423), but as for the subjective evolution about the multimedia program, 83.0 percent agreed that the program can be easily handled; 83.4 percent found the program nice to use; 50.0 percent agreed they had an immediate feedback; 100 percent declared the program educational and reassured their intention to have access to programs like that for other subjects. Finally, 50,0 percent disagree that the program proved...

[Evaluation of tests performed to confirm the position of the Veress needle for creation of pneumoperitoneum in selected patients: a prospective clinical trial]. / Valor das provas de posicionamento da ponta da agulha de Veress para a criação do pneumoperitônio artificial em pacientes selecionados: ensaio clínico prospectivo.

PURPOSE: To evaluate tests performed to confirm the position of the Veress needle inserted into the left hypochondrium for creation of pneumoperitonium. METHODS: One hundred patients were submitted to laparoscopic procedure with left hypochondrium puncturing. Needle positioning tests were evaluated. The aspiration test was considered positive when organic material was aspirated; the injection test was considered positive when no increased resistance to liquid injection was observed; the recovery test was considered positive when the liquid injected was not recovered; the saline drop test was considered positive when drops of saline in the syringe disappeared quickly; the initial intraperitoneal pressure test was considered positive when pressure levels were 8 pounds mmHg. A positive aspiration test indicated iatrogenic injury, whereas a positive result in any of the other tests indicated that the tip of the needle was correctly positioned in the peritoneal cavity. Sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the tests were calculated by correlating results considered true positives (a), false positives (b), false negatives (c) and true negatives (d), according to the formulas: SE = [a/(a + c)] x 100; SP = [d/(b + d)] x 100; PPV = [a/(a + b)] x 100; NPV = [d(c + d)] x 100. RESULTS: With regard to the aspiration test, SE and PPV were not applicable, SP was 100% and NPV was 100%. With regard to the injection test, SE was 0%, SP was 100%, PPV was inexistent and NPV was 90%. Both recovery and saline drop tests yielded the following results: SE was 50%, SP was 100%, PPV was 100% and NPV was 94.7%. The initial intraperitoneal pressure test yielded the following results: SE, SP, PPV and NPV were 100%. CONCLUSIONS: When inserting the Veress needle into the left hypochondrium, a negative aspiration test guarantees the absence of iatrogenic injury; the injection test is not reliable to determine incorrect needle positioning, but it accurately detects correct needle positioning; recovery and saline drop tests are not reliable to determine correct needle positioning, but they accurately detect incorrect needle positioning; the initial intraperitoneal pressure test is reliable to determine both correct and incorrect needle positioning, and proved to be the most reliable of the tests analyzed.

Evaluation of tests performed to confirm the position of the Veress needle for creation of pneumoperitoneum in selected patients: a prospective clinical trial

PURPOSE: To evaluate tests performed to confirm the position of the Veress needle inserted into the left hypochondrium for creation of pneumoperitonium. METHODS: One hundred patients were submitted to laparoscopic procedure with left hypochondrium puncturing. Needle positioning tests were evaluated. The aspiration test was considered positive when organic material was aspirated; the injection test was considered positive when no increased resistance to liquid injection was observed; the recovery test was considered positive when the liquid injected was not recovered; the saline drop test was considered positive when drops of saline in the syringe disappeared quickly; the initial intraperitoneal pressure test was considered positive when pressure levels were £ 8 mmHg. A positive aspiration test indicated iatrogenic injury, whereas a positive result in any of the other tests indicated that the tip of the needle was correctly positioned in the peritoneal cavity. Sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the tests were calculated by correlating results considered true positives (a), false positives (b), false negatives (c) and true negatives (d), according to the formulas: SE = [a/(a + c)] x 100; SP = [d/(b + d)] x 100; PPV = [a/(a + b)] x 100; NPV = [d(c + d)] x 100. RESULTS: With regard to the aspiration test, SE and PPV were not applicable, SP was 100 percent and NPV was 100 percent. With regard to the injection test, SE was 0 percent, SP was 100 percent, PPV was inexistent and NPV was 90 percent. Both recovery and saline drop tests yielded the following results: SE was 50 percent, SP was 100 percent, PPV was 100 percent and NPV was 94.7 percent. The initial intraperitoneal pressure test yielded the following results: SE, SP, PPV and NPV were 100 percent. CONCLUSIONS: When inserting the Veress needle into the left hypochondrium, a negative aspiration test guarantees...

OBJETIVO: Avaliar provas de posicionamento da agulha de Veress introduzida no hipocôndrio esquerdo para criação de pneumoperitônio. MÉTODOS: Cem pacientes foram submetidos a laparoscopia com punção no hipocôndrio esquerdo. Provas de posicionamento da agulha foram avaliadas. A prova da aspiração foi considerada positiva quando sugava-se material orgânico; a prova da resistência foi considerada positiva quando apenas pouca pressão à infusão de líquido era observada; a prova de recuperação foi considerada positiva quando o líquido infundido não era recuperado; a prova do gotejamento foi considerada positiva quando gotas depositadas na agulha escoavam rapidamente; a prova da pressão intraperitoneal inicial foi considerada positiva quando os níveis observados eram d" 8 mmHg. Uma prova de aspiração positiva indicava iatrogenia, ao passo que resultados positivos em todas as outras provas indicavam que a ponta da agulha estava adequadamente posicionada na cavidade peritoneal. Foram calculadas a sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), valores preditivos positivos (VPP) e negativos (VPN) das provas, mediante correlação dos resultados verdadeiro-positivos (a), falso-positivos (b), falso-negativos (c) e verdadeiro-negativos (d), segundo as fórmulas: S = [a/(a + c)] x 100; E = [d/(b + d)] x 100; VPP = [a/(a + b)] x 100; VPN = [d(c + d)] x 100. RESULTADOS: Na prova da aspiração, constatou-se que S e VPP não puderam ser aplicados, e que E = 100 por cento e VPN = 100 por cento. Na prova da resistência, S = 0 por cento, E = 100 por cento, VPP = não existiu e VPN = 90 por cento. Tanto na prova da recuperação como na do gotejamento, S = 50 por cento, E = 100 por cento, VPP = 100 por cento e VPN = 94,7 por cento. Na da pressão inicial, S, E, VPP e VPN = 100 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Na punção no hipocôndrio esquerdo, um resultado negativo na prova da aspiração garante ausência de iatrogenia; a prova da resistência não indica com certeza o mau posicionamento...

Valor das provas de posicionamento da ponta da agulha de veress em punção do hipocôndrio esquerdo na instalação do pneumoperitônio / The value of tests results for veress needle tip placement intraperitoneally in the left hypochondrium for creating a pneumoperitoneum

OBJETIVO: Avaliar provas de posicionamento da agulha de Veress no hipocôndrio esquerdo na criação do pneumoperitônio. MÉTODO: Em cem pacientes puncionados no hipocôndrio esquerdo, provas de posicionamento da agulha foram avaliadas, considerando-as positivas quando, na prova da aspiração (PA), material orgânico era aspirado; na prova da resistência (PRes), exercia-se pequena força no êmbolo da seringa à infusão de líquido; na prova da recuperação (PRec), não se recobrava o líquido infundido; na do gotejamento (PG), as gotas escoavam rapidamente e, na prova da pressão intraperitoneal inicial (PPII), os níveis eram = 8mmHg. PA positiva denunciava iatrogenia, enquanto que PRes, PRec, PG e PPII positivas indicavam que a ponta da agulha estava adequadamente posicionada na cavidade peritoneal. Foram calculadas a sensibilidade (S) e a especificidade (E) das provas, e os seus valores preditivos positivos (VPP) e negativos (VPN), mediante correlação dos resultados verdadeiro-positivos (a), falso-positivos (b), falso negativos (c) e verdadeiro-negativos (d), segundo as fórmulas: S=[a/(a+c)]x100; E=[d/(b+d)]x100; VPP=[a/(a+b)]x100; VPN=[d(c+d)]x100. RESULTADOS: Na PA, constatou-se que S e VPP não puderam ser aplicados, e E=100 por cento e VPN=100 por cento. Na PRes, S=0 por cento, E=100 por cento, VPP=não existiu e VPN=90 por cento. Tanto na PRec quanto na PG, S=50 por cento, E=100 por cento, VPP=100 por cento e VPN=94,7 por cento. Na PPII, obteve-se que S, E, VPP e VPN=100 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Na punção no hipocôndrio esquerdo, PA negativa garante ausência de lesões; a PRes é insegura quanto ao mau posicionamento da agulha, mas indica corretamente o bom; a PRec e a PG não reconhecem bem o adequado posicionamento, mas detectam com segurança o inadequado; a PPII acusa com segurança tanto o mau quanto o bom posicionamento da agulha, sendo a prova mais confiável dentre as estudadas.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate tests for Veress needle tip placement intraperitoneally in the left hypochondrium for creating a pneumoperitoneum. METHODS: Needle tip placement tests were evaluated in one hundred patients using the left hypochondrium area. It was considered positive when: aspiration test (PA) -returned organic material; resistance test (PRes) - a low pressure was pushed on the syringe for the liquid infusion; recovery test (PRec) - no liquid was recovered after infusion; dripping test (PG) - drops drained quickly; test for initial intraperitoneal pressure (PPII) - levels were <= 8mmHg. Positive PA suggested bowel injury, while positive PRes, PRec, PG and PPII indicated that needle tip was adequately located in the peritoneal cavity. The Sensitivity ( SE) and Specificity ( SP ), as well as their predictive positive values (PPV) and predictive negative values ( PNV) of these tests were calculated using results correlation which were true-positives (a), false-positives (b), false-negatives (c) and true-negatives (d), accordingly to the formulas: SE =[a/ (a+c)]x100; SP =[d/(b+d)]x100; PPV=[a/(a+b)]x100; PNV=[d(c+d)]x100. RESULTS: If a positive PA had returned, SE and PPV did not fit, and SP=100 percent and PNV =100 percent. In the PRes, SE =0 percent, SP =100 percent, PPV = did not exist and PNV =90 percent. Both in the PRec and in the PG, results were for SE =50 percent, SP =100 percent, PPV =100 percent and PNV =94.7 percent. In the PPII test results were for SE, PPV and PNV =100 percent. CONCLUSION: Left hypochondrium negative PA guaranteed that bowel was not perforated; PRes test is a not accurate test for detection of the needle tip bad placement, however it accurately indicates its good positioning; PRec and the PG tests do not detect the adequate positioning, but they detect very well the inadequate positioning; PPII test shows with reliability both bad and good positioning of the needle, being the most trustworthy test among...

Veress needle insertion in the left hypochondrium in creation of the pneumoperitoneum / Punção no hipocôndrio esquerdo com agulha de Veress para a criação do pneumoperitônio

PURPOSE: To test the efficacy of the puncture in the left hypochondrium as an alternative method. METHODS: Sixty-two patients randomly distributed into two groups were studied: Group LH, puncture in the left hypochondrium (n=30), and Group ML, puncture in the abdominal midline (n=32). The following were assessed: needle positioning tests, number of failed attempts at needle insertion, and time needed for creation of pneumoperitoneum. Gas flow, volume and intraperitoneal pressure were recorded at every 20 seconds, until a 12 mmHg pressure was reached inside the peritoneal cavity. RESULTS: A similar number of positive results for the needle positioning tests were observed in both groups. Two failed attempts to reach the peritoneal cavity were observed in Group ML and one in Group LH. The time necessary for the creation of pneumoperitoneum was on average 3 minutes and 46 seconds for Group LH, and 4 minutes and 2 seconds for Group ML. Average gas flow, volume and pressure were equivalent for both groups. CONCLUSION: Puncture in the left hypochondrium was as effective as puncture in the abdominal midline for the creation of pneumoperitoneum.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e segurança da punção alternativa no hipocôndrio esquerdo. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e dois pacientes distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos foram estudados prospectivamente: grupo HE, punção no hipocôndrio esquerdo (n=30) e grupo LM, punção na linha média do abdome (n=32). Foram avaliados os testes de posicionamento da agulha, o número de tentativas frustradas e a duração da instalação do pneumoperitônio. Os fluxos correntes, as pressões intraperitoneais e os volumes injetados foram registrados a cada 20 segundos, até 12 mmHg. RESULTADOS: O número de resultados positivos aos testes de posicionamento da agulha foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Ocorreram duas tentativas infrutíferas de punção no grupo LM e uma no grupo HE. O tempo necessário para o estabelecimento do pneumoperitônio foi, em média, 3 minutos e 46 segundos para o Grupo HE e 4 minutos e 2 segundos para o grupo LM. As médias dos fluxos, das pressões e dos volumes foram respectivamente equivalentes entre os grupos.. CONCLUSÃO: A punção no HE foi tão eficaz no estabelecimento do pneumoperitônio quanto a punção na LM do abdome.