Exploring microscopic pollen morphology in herbaceous Flora: Insights and analysis using scanning electron microscopy.

Microscopic techniques can be applied to solve taxonomic problems in the field of plant systematic and are extremely versatile in nature. This study was focused on the new approaches to visualizing the imaging, tool to cover the micro-structural techniques applied to the pollen study of flowers. The current research was proposed to evaluate microscopic pollen morphological attributes using light and scanning electron microscopy of herbaceous flora from Samarkand, Uzbekistan. A total of 13 herbaceous species, classified into 11 different families were collected, pressed, and identified, and then acetolyzed their pollen to visualize under light and scanning electron microscopy. Herbaceous flora can be characterized by small to very large-sized pollen morphotypes presenting four types of pollen shapes, prolate spheroidal (six species), spheroidal (three species) and prolate and oblate (two species each). The polar diameter and equatorial distance were calculated maximum in Hibiscus syriacus 110.55 and 111.2 µm respectively. Pollen of six different types was found namely tricolporate pollen observed in seven species, tricolpate and pantoporate in two species each, sulcate in Gagea olgae and hexacolpate pollen was examined in Salvia rosmarinus. Exine ornamentation of pollen was examined tectate perforate, verrucate-reticulate, micro-reticulate, reticulate, reticulate-cristatum, gemmate-echinate, echinate-perforate, perforate-striate, rugulate, rugulate-striate, bi-reticulate, reticulate-perforate and perforate-micro-reticulate showing great variations. Exine thickness was noted highest for Rosa canina 2.9 µm and minimum in Punica granatum 0.65 µm. This study of pollen imaging visualization of herbaceous flora contributes to the opportunity for the taxonomic evaluation of and fills knowledge gaps in studies of herbaceous flora identification using classical microscopic taxonomic tools for their accurate identification. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Pollen in unexplored herbaceous flora of the Samarkand region was studied with light and scanning electron microscopic pollen study. There is a high variation in observed pollen micromorphological characters. Pollen microscopic morphology has important taxonomic value for the identification of herbaceous species.

Chromatographic authentication of botanical origin: Herbaceous pollen profiling with HPLC, HPTLC and GC-MS analysis.

This study describes a robust chromatographic authentication methodology for herbaceous pollen, employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin liquid chromatography (HPTLC) protocols. The comprehensive profiling of organic compounds not only distinguishes between different botanical sources but also establishes a reliable framework for quality control and assessment of herbaceous pollen authenticity. Traces of quercetin were detectable using HPTLC in Chaenomeles japonica, and the composition of the mobile phase led to distinct phenolic acid tracks in the extracts of free phenolic compounds. In Lonicera nummulariifolia, prominent chlorogenic acid signal and traces of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid were identified, along with the presence of vanillic, trans-ferulic, p-coumaric and p-hydroxybenzoic and sinapic as phenolic acid standards. The HPLC chromatogram identified six peaks representing bioactive phenolic compounds such as gallic acid measuring 5.89 ± 0.56 mg g-1, hydroxybenzoic acid 2.39 ± 0.78 mg g-1 and caffeic acid 2.83 ± 0.11 mg g-1. The combined use of GC-MS, HPTLC and HPLC techniques provides a powerful and reliable means of authenticating the botanical origin of herbaceous pollen, offering valuable insights for quality control and ensuring the accuracy of botanical source identification.

Comprehensive study of allergenic tree species: Palynological insights enhanced by HPLC and GC-MS profiling.

Considering the limited data available on tree species in Uzbekistan, this research aimed to provide new insights. We gathered plant samples from different locations within Samarkand city and thoughtfully selected 15 tree species that represent the country's flora. Using scanning electron microscopy, we conducted comprehensive analyses of pollen morphology, revealing a diverse range of variations in the shapes, dimensions, and surface characteristics displayed by pollen grains. Distinct ornamentations such as micro-echinate, reticulate, rugulate, gemmate-verrucate, and verrucate-scabrate patterns facilitated the differentiation of species. These scanning electron microscopy findings enhance our comprehension of tree species diversity, adaptation, and ecological roles. In addition, leaf extracts were analyzed using HPLC and GC-MS, revealing a plethora of bioactive compounds, including catechins, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, and others. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of seven key compounds, including 1-hexadecyne, 2-chloroethanol, 1,6-heptadiene, 2-methyl-, 5-bromoadamantan-2-one, ethyl 3-(3-pyridyl) propenoate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and quercetin. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of this method in assessing the quality of leaf extracts from tree species by examining both microscopic characteristics and chemical composition. This multifaceted approach has deepened our understanding of the characteristics and chemical compositions of these trees, thus contributing to a more profound appreciation of their ecological significance and potential applications.