Relación entre la Temperatura de Superficie, la Composición Corporal e Indicadores Antropométricos de Obesidad y Sobrepeso / Relationship Between Surface Temperature, Body Composition and Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Overweight

La termografía por infrarrojo (TI) permite evaluar la temperatura corporal, medir los cambios en la disipación del calor corporal en superficie y relacionarlos con las características de composición corporal e índices antropométricos. Aumentar el número de registros de zonas corporales evaluadas con TI y establecer las relaciones de estas temperaturas (32 áreas corporales) con variables de composición corporal e índices antropométricos, como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura cadera, índice cintura estatura, en hombres adultos divididos según su estado ponderal. Participaron 60 hombres, adultos sanos, divididos en 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=30), con IMC ≤ 24,9, edad 23,2 ± 3,9 años, masa corporal 66,5 ± 6,5 kg, y talla 170,5 ± 7,4 cm; y, grupo 2 (n= 30), con IMC > 24,9, edad 29,4 ± 9,9 años, masa corporal 84,5 ± 11,9 kg, y talla 172,0 ± 7,18 cm. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de TI. Sujetos con IMC ≤ 24,9 kg/ m2 presentaron valores mayores de temperatura superficial, en todas las zonas estudiadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con niveles de IMC > 24,9 kg/m2, donde la disipación del calor corporal fue menor. Existe una estrecha relación entre la temperatura superficial de la piel y el IMC, donde sujetos con un IMC normal mostraron una disipación de calor y valores de temperatura superficial mayores, en todas las zonas evaluadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con un IMC que se encontraba por encima del límite de normalidad.

SUMMARY: Infrared thermography (IT) makes it possible to assess body temperature, measure changes in body heat dissipation on the surface, and relate them to body composition characteristics and anthropometric indices. The objective of this study was to increase the number of records of body areas evaluated with IT and establish the relationships of these temperatures (32 body areas) with body composition variables and anthropometric indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, in adult men divided according to their weight status. A total of 60 healthy adult men participated, divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=30), with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 24.9, age 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass 66.5 ± 6.5 kg, and height 170.5 ± 7.4 cm; and, group 2 (n = 30), with BMI > 24.9, age 29.4 ± 9.9 years, body mass 84.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 172.0 ± 7.18 cm. Anthropometric and IT assessments were performed. Subjects with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/ m2 presented higher values of surface temperature in all areas studied, unlike subjects with BMI levels > 24.9 kg/m2, where body heat dissipation was lower. There is a close relationship between skin surface temperature and BMI, where subjects with a normal BMI showed higher heat dissipation and surface temperature values, in all evaluated areas, unlike subjects with a BMI that was above the normal limit.

A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Plyometric-Jump Training on the Physical Fitness of Combat Sport Athletes.

We aimed to assess the athletic performance changes in combat sport athletes (CoSAs) after plyometric-jump training (PJT), compared to control conditions, through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases were searched for includable articles, according to a PICOS approach. Using a random-effects model, Hedges' g effects sizes (ES) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, with values of <25%, 25-75%, and >75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Twelve eligible articles were identified for systematic review, seven of high quality and five of moderate quality, according to the PEDro scale. The studies recruited taekwondo, silat, wrestling, judo, fencing, and karate athletes (292 total participants), including specific-active and active controls. Most participants had a mean age of <18 years and were males (n = 225). Compared to the control, PJT programmes, involving 4-12 weeks and 2-3 sessions per week, induced small to moderate improvements (ES = 0.47 to 1.04) in athletes' maximal strength (e.g., 1RM squat), vertical jump height, change-of-direction speed, and specific performance (e.g., fencing movement velocity), although without meaningful effects on body mass, fat mass, and muscle mass (ES = 0.02 to -0.06). Most (7 of 8) outcomes attained low heterogeneity. The outcome-level GRADE analysis indicated a certainty of evidence from low to moderate. In conclusion, PJT, when compared to control conditions, may improve CoSA athletic performance.

Effects of plyometric training on softer vs. Harder surfaces on jump-related performance in rugby sevens players.

This study aimed to compare jump-related performance after plyometric training on harder vs. softer surfaces in rugby sevens players. Fourteen players were randomly assigned to the harder surface group (H-G, n = 7) and softer surface group (S-G, n = 7). Three times per week, in the morning, the players performed plyometric training on different surfaces and strength training. Before and after the 4-week intervention period, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and CMJ with arms (CMJA) tests were performed to measure vertical jump displacement (d), rate of force development (r), and power (p). The main results indicated a significant improvement in S-G for CMJd (∆% = +8.2%; p = 0.029; ES = 0.59) and for CMJAp (∆% = +8.7%; p = 0.035; ES = 0.44). These improvements were significant compared to H-G for CMJAd (F1,12 = 8.50; p = 0.013; η p 2 = 0.41; ES = 0.83) and CMJAp (F1,12 = 7.69; p = 0.017; η p 2 = 0.39; ES = 0.79). This study reveals that performance related to the counter movement jump with arms on softer surfaces after 4-week plyometric training improved vertical jump displacement and lower body power in rugby sevens players.

Effect of a Six Week In-Season Training Program on Wrestling-Specific Competitive Performance.

The effect of multi-component training on specific performance is under-researched in wrestlers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of multi-component training on The Special Wrestling Fitness Test (SWFT) performances of wrestlers who were preparing for an international championship, and to, additionally, determine their inter-individual adaptive variability. The wrestlers (n = 13; 7 females; all international level) underwent technical-tactical and physical fitness training for the six weeks before the championship, 12 sessions per week (i.e., 36 h per week). Before and after the intervention the athletes were assessed with the SWFT, a wrestling-specific competitive performance test that includes measurements for throws, heart rate response to the SWFT, and the SWFT index. Significant pre-post intervention improvements were noted for throws (pre = 23.5 ± 2.9; post = 24.9 ± 3.6; p = 0.022) and SWFTindex (pre = 14.9 ± 2.2; post = 14.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.013. In conclusion, six weeks of multi-component training improved wrestling-specific competitive performances in highly-trained wrestlers, although with a meaningful inter-subject variability.

Perfil de composición corporal en militares élite chilenos / Body composition profile of elite Chilean military

RESUMEN: La Bioimpedancia Eléctrica (BIA), al ser una técnica no invasiva pero de elevada precisión, se ha convertido en la actualidad en una herramienta valiosa para determinar la composición corporal en militares, facilitado el control de las distintas variables que se asocian a cada especialidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el perfil de composición corporal en militares de elite al momento de finalizar un curso de especialización. Participaron 11 militares con un rango de edad entre 22 y 29 años. Se evalúo la composición corporal a través de BIA, inmediatamente después de finalizado un curso de especialización para militares de élite. Las evaluaciones en los militares sobre las variables de la composición corporal a través de BIA mostraron: peso corporal de 84,3 ± 4,52 kg, talla 1,78 ± 0,06 m, índice de masa corporal (IMC) 26,5 ± 1,09, tejido adiposo de 13,7 ± 3,65 %, tejido muscular 49,5 ± 2,34 %, masa libre de grasa 72,7 ± 5,23 kg y 53,2 ± 3,78 l de agua corporal total. Conclusiones: Los militares de elite presentaron elevados niveles de masa libre de grasa, tejido muscular y bajos niveles de tejido adiposo lo que favorece el desarrollo de las actividades militares especializadas y disminuye el riesgo de lesiones. Los datos aquí recogidos sirven como marco de referencia para futuros estudios.

SUMMARY: Electrical bioimpedance (BIA), being a non- invasive technique but with high precision, has become a valuable tool for determining body composition in the military, facilitating the control of the different variables associated with each specialty. The aim of the present study was to describe the body composition profile of elite military personnel at the end of a specialization course. Eleven military personnel between 22 and 29 years of age participated in the study. Body composition was assessed by BIA immediately after completion of a specialization course for elite military personnel. Assessments in the military on body composition variables through BIA showed: body weight of 84.3 ± 4.52 kg, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m, body mass index (BMI) 26.5 ± 1.09, adipose tissue of 13.7 ± 3.65 %, muscle tissue 49.5 ± 2.34 %, fat free mass 72.7 ± 5.23 kg and 53.2 ± 3.78 l of total body water. Conclusions: Elite military personnel presented high levels of fat free mass, muscle tissue and low levels of adipose tissue which favors the development of specialized military activities and decreases the risk of injury. The data collected here serve as a frame of reference for future studies.

Distanciamiento físico y uso de máscaras faciales durante la actividad física escolar en pandemia covid-19: una breve comunicación / Physical distancing and use of face masks during school physical activity in the covid-19 pandemic: A brief communication

Resumen Azócar-Gallardo, J., Ojeda-Aravena, A., y Báez-San Martín, E. (2021). Distanciamiento físico y uso de máscaras faciales durante la actividad física escolar en pandemia Covid-19: Una breve comunicación. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-9. Con el objetivo de reducir la transmisión del virus Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) que genera la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) a nivel global, los gobiernos han adoptado múltiples políticas sanitarias. Entre las principales medidas potenciales para la disminución del riesgo de contagio se incluyen el distanciamiento físico o social, establecido en 1.5 m, y el uso de máscaras faciales. No obstante, este distanciamiento físico sugerido no es el recomendable durante la actividad física. Por otra parte, la Organización Mundial de la Salud no recomienda el uso de máscara facial durante la actividad física en adultos y en niños. Además, con el retorno a las clases presenciales y, en especial, la realización de actividad física escolar puede implicar un mayor riesgo de contagio al considerar los desplazamientos improvisados y si esta se realiza en espacios reducidos. Por lo tanto, la presente comunicación tiene por objetivo examinar la evidencia en torno al distanciamiento físico o social y el uso de la máscara facial en los escolares durante la realización de las diferentes actividades físicas escolares.

Abstract Azócar-Gallardo, J., Ojeda-Aravena, A., & Báez-San Martín, E. (2021). Physical distancing and use of face masks during school physical activity in the covid-19 pandemic: A brief communication. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-9. Governments have adopted multiple health policies in order to reduce the transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a global level. The major potential measures for diminishing the risk of infection include physical or social distancing, set at 1.5 m, and the use of face masks. This physical distancing, however, is not the recommended one for physical activity. On the other hand, the World Health Organization does not recommend wearing face masks during physical activity in adults and children. In addition, the return to in-person classes and, especially, carrying out school physical activity may involve a greater risk of contagion, when considering improvised displacements and whether this is carried out in small spaces. The present communiqué, therefore, is aimed at examining the evidence related to physical or social distancing and the use of face masks by schoolchildren when carrying out various school physical activities.

Resumo Azócar-Gallardo, J., Ojeda-Aravena, A., e Báez-San Martín, E. (2021). Distanciamento físico e uso de máscaras faciais durante a atividade física escolar na pandemia covid-19: Uma breve comunicação. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-9. Com o objetivo de reduzir a transmissão da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) que gera a doença coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) globalmente, os governos adotaram múltiplas políticas de saúde. Entre as principais medidas potenciais para a redução do risco de contágio estão o distanciamento físico ou social, estabelecido em 1,5 m, e o uso de máscaras faciais. No entanto, isso sugere que o distanciamento físico proposto não é o recomendável durante a atividade física. Por outro lado, a Organização Mundial da Saúde não orienta o uso de máscara facial durante a atividade física em adultos e crianças. Além disso, com a volta às aulas presenciais e, em particular, à realização da atividade física escolar pode resultar em um maior risco de contágio ao considerar deslocamentos improvisados e, ainda mais, se forem realizados em espaços pequenos. Portanto, esta comunicação tem como objetivo examinar as evidências em torno do distanciamento físico ou social e o uso de máscaras faciais em estudantes durante a realização de diferentes atividades físicas escolares.

Effects of Olympic Combat Sports on Older Adults' Health Status: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the studies centered on the effects of Olympic combat sports (OCS [i.e., boxing, fencing, judo, karate, taekwondo, wrestling]) on older adults' physical-functional, physiological, and psychoemotional health status. The review comprised randomised-controlled trials with OCS interventions, including older adults (≥60 years), and measures of physical-functional, physiological, and/or psychoemotional health. The studies were searched through SCOPUS, PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and EBSCO databases until 5 January 2021. The PRISMA-P and TESTEX scales were used to assess the quality of the selected studies. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42020204034). Twelve OCS intervention studies were found (scored ≥ 60% for methodological quality), comprising 392 females and 343 males (mean age: 69.6 years), participating in boxing, judo, karate, and taekwondo. The qualitative analysis revealed that compared to controls, OCS training improved muscle strength, cardiorespiratory capacity, agility, balance, movement, attention, memory, mental health, anxiety, and stress tolerance. Meta-analysis was available only for the chair stand test, and an improvement was noted after OCS training compared to control. In conclusion, OCS interventions improves older adults' physical-functional, physiological, and psychoemotional health. Our systematic review confirms that OCS training has high adherence (greater than 80%) in older adults.

Características antropométricas de personal militar masculino chileno / Anthropometric characteristics of Chilean male military personnel

Introducción: La preparación militar en sus distintas aristas es uno de los procesos más duros que viven los sujetos que desarrollan labores en pro de la defensa y mantenimiento de la paz de las naciones. Se espera que esta preparación impacte de manera progresiva en la condición física y composición corporal de los soldados con la finalidad de aportar a un mejor desenvolvimiento en sus labores diarias. Objetivo: Comparar el perfil antropométrico de varones militares chilenos en situación de soldados conscriptos y personal cuadro permanente. Métodos: Se valoraron 83 sujetos militares varones con edades entre los 18,91 ± 1,76 y 51,19 ± 7,96 años, se estimó el índice de masa corporal, la composición corporal y el somatotipo. Resultados: Se encontraron valores más elevados de índice de masa corporal (28,64 ± 3,56), tejido muscular (37,57 ± 5,02 kg) y tejido adiposo (24,95 ± 7,88 kg) en el personal cuadro permanente y menores valores en soldados conscriptos (22,53 ± 2,39) p < 0,000, tejido muscular (33,85 ± 4,11 kg), tejido adiposo (18,12 ± 5,01 kg), p < 0,024. En los componentes del somatotipo, de igual forma, hubo diferencias significativas (p < 0,000) en endomorfía, mesomorfía y ectomorfia. Conclusiones: Los sujetos militares presentan diferencias significativas en cuanto a la composición corporal, el somatotipo y el estado ponderal según su situación contractual. El uso del índice de masa corporal sería complejo de utilizar en sujetos militares, ya que pueden ser erróneamente clasificados en las categorías establecidas para este índice(AU)

Introduction: The military preparation in its different edges is one of the hardest processes that live the subjects that develop work in favor of the defense and maintenance of the peace of the nations. It is expected that this preparation will progressively impact the physical condition and body composition of the soldiers in order to contribute to a better performance in their daily tasks. Objective: To compare the anthropometric profile of Chilean military men in a situation of conscripted soldiers and permanent staff. Methods: 83 male military subjects aged between 18.91 ± 1.76 and 51.19 ± 7.96 years were evaluated, body mass index, body composition and somatotype were estimated. Results: Higher values ​​of body mass index (28.64 ± 3.56), muscle tissue 37.57 ± 5.02 kg and adipose tissue (24.95 ± 7.88 kg) were found in permanent staff and lower values ​​in conscripted soldiers (22.53 ± 2.39) p < 0.000 muscle tissue (33.85 ± 4.11 kg), adipose tissue (18.12 ± 5.01) p < 0.024. In the somatotype components, similarly, there were significant differences (p <0.000) in endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy. Conclusion: The military subjects present significant differences in terms of body composition, somatotype and weight status according to their contractual situation. The use of the body mass index would be complex to use in military subjects, since these can be erroneously classified in the categories established for the body mass index(AU)

Validation of a novel equation to predict lower-limb muscle mass in young soccer players: a brief communication / Validación de una nueva ecuación para predecir la masa muscular de los miembros inferiores en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol: una comunicación breve

Lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass is a key body composition trait related to health and performance. Considering the relevance of lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass in soccer players, the assessment and monitoring of this variable with a low-cost tool would be of great value in order to improve performance through training and nutritional interventions. This study aimed to develop a multiple regression model in order to validate, through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, a novel equation to predict lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass in young soccer players using anthropometric variables. Forty-two soccer players of the Chilean National Team (age, 17.1±1.3 years; body mass, 70.0±6.8 kg; height, 175.0±6.6 cm) underwent anthropometrically and body composition assessments. Forward stepwise linear regression was used to develop the equation to estimate the lower-limb appendicular muscle mass. The estimated results were compared with measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The best predictor model to estimate lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass was (kg): (-21.268 + (0.087*height) - (0.853*middle thigh circumference) - (0.329*middle thigh skinfold) + (1.136*corrected middle thigh circumference) + (0.306*calf circumference)) (R2= 0.83). The lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass estimated by the equation and measured by DXA were similar (14.71±1.72 kg vs 14.76±1.89 kg, respectively), and have a good concordance according to Bland-Altman method (mean difference: 0.049 kg; 95 % IC: -1.481 to 1.578 kg) and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (0.91; 95 % CI: 0.85 - 0.96) methods. In conclusion, the predictive equation is a valid, easy to calculate, and a low-cost tool to predict lower-limbs appendicular muscle mass in young soccer players.

La masa muscular de los miembros inferiores es un factor antropométrico clave relacionado a la salud y el rendimiento deportivo. Considerando la relevancia de este factor en jugadores de fútbol, la medición y monitoreo de esta variable a través de herramientas prácticas de bajo costo puede ser de gran utilidad para lograr objetivos relacionados a mejorar el rendimiento a través del entrenamiento e intervenciones nutricionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un modelo de regresión lineal con el objetivo de validar una nueva ecuación predictiva de la masa muscular de miembros inferiores en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol. Cuarenta y dos jugadores jóvenes de fútbol pertenecientes a la Selección Nacional Chilena (17,1±1,3 años; 70,0±6,8 kg; 175,0±6,6 cm) fueron sometidos a evaluaciones antropométricas y de composición corporal. La regresión lineal de pasos hacia adelante fue utilizada para desarrollar la ecuación para estimar la masa muscular de miembros inferiores. Los resultados estimados fueron comparados con medición de absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DEXA). El mejor modelo predictor de masa muscular de miembros inferiores (kg) fue: (-21,268 + (0,087*talla) - (0,853*circunferencia de muslo medio) - (0,329*pliegue de muslo medio) + (1,136*circunferencia de muslo medio corregida) + (0,306*circunferencia de pantorrilla)) (R2= 0,83). La masa muscular estimada por la ecuación y la medida por DEXA fue similar (14,71±1,72 kg vs 14,76±1,89 kg, respectivamente), y tuvo una buena concordancia acorde al método Bland-Altman (diferencia promedio: 0,049 kg; 95 % IC: -1,481 to 1,578 kg) y el coeficiente de correlación de concordancia de Lin (0,91; 95 % CI: 0,85 - 0,96). En conclusión, la ecuación predictiva desarrollada en este estudio es una herramienta válida, fácil de calcular y de bajo costo que permite estimar la masa muscular de miembros inferiores en futbolistas jóvenes.

Differences in energy expenditure, amount of physical activity and physical exertion level during a Zumba fitness class among adult women who are normal weight, overweight and obese.

BACKGROUND: One of the most popular expressions of massive group classes of aerobic physical activity is Zumba fitness. The aim of the study was to compare and relate the energy expenditure and the amount and intensity of physical effort during a Zumba fitness class in women with different Body Mass Index (BMI). METHODS: Body displacements of 61 adult women who performed a one-hour Zumba session were evaluated with triaxial accelerometers. In order to observe the effect of BMI women were divided into normal weight (N.=26), overweight (N.=21) and obese groups (N.=14). RESULTS: The average number of steps was 4533.3±1351 and the percentage of total class time of moderate to vigorous intensity (% MVPA) was 53.8±14.4%. The metabolic intensity average was 3.64±1.1 MET, with an energy expenditure by total body mass of 3.9±1.6 kcal/kg. When analyzing groups, the normal weight group had a greater number of steps (5184.2±1561.1 steps/class) compared to overweight (4244.8±1049.3 steps/class) and obese women (3756.9±685.7 steps/class) with P<0.05. Also, the normal weight group spent a lower percentage of class time at the lower levels of intensity (sedentary and lifestyle activity levels) and more time at the highest levels (vigorous and very vigorous) compared to obese women (P<0.05). Participants with a normal weight obtained a higher % MVPA (62.1±15%) compared to overweight (50.1±9.4%) and obese (44.1±11.9%) groups with P<0.05. A metabolic intensity of 4.6±1.9 MET in the normal weight group was higher compared to 3.5±1.0 MET in the overweight (P<0.05) and 3.1±1.2 MET in the obese group (P<0.05), was observed. The subjective perception of effort was 7.84±0.9 (Borg CR 10), no differences between groups. Also we observed in all participants that at higher BMI values, there were lower energy expenditure values per kilo of weight (r=-0.40; P<0.001), metabolic intensity (r=-0.39; P<0.001), step counts (r=-0.43; P<0.001) and % MVPA (r=-0.50; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that a higher BMI is associated with a lower intensity of effort, energy expenditure and amount of physical activity during a one-hour Zumba class, restricting to overweight and obese women to achieving the effort parameters recommended to control weight and improve cardiovascular fitness.

Control autonómico del ritmo cardiaco, lactato sanguíneo y aceleración durante un combate simulado en atletas de taekwondo de elite / Autonomic control of heart rate, blood lactate and acceleration during combat simulation in taekwondo elite athletes

Propósito: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación (FCR), lactato sanguíneo y aceleración pico (ACCp) durante un combate simulado de atletas de taekwondo de elite. Métodos: doce (n = 12) sujetos varones, seleccionados nacionales y con más de cinco años de práctica en esta disciplina participaron en el estudio. Los atletas realizaron un combate simulado de tres asaltos de dos minutos con un minuto de pausa entre ellos, evaluando los siguientes parámetros: (¡) lactato sanguíneo al final de cada minuto de descanso entre asaltos; (¡¡) FCR a los treinta y sesenta segundos en cada minuto de descanso; (¡¡¡) ACCp en cada asalto disputado. El nivel de significancia se propuso a un valor de p 0,05) a los treinta y sesenta segundos en ninguna de las pausas, en el delta de lactato sanguíneo al final de cada pausa (p > 0,05), en la aceleración pico por round (p > 0,05) y en la aceleración promedio del combate (p = 0,18). Tampoco se encontraron correlaciones entre delta de lactato y FCR (r = -0,23; p = 0,18), entre delta de lactato y ACCp (r = 0,01; p = 0,93), y entre ACCp y FCR (r = 0,003; p = 0,98). Conclusiones: los datos sugieren que las variables estudiadas no serían determinantes en el resultado final de un combate simulado. Otros factores, como variables técnico/tácticas o psicológicas, podrían influir de manera significativa en el rendimiento deportivo (AU)

Purpose: the aim of the study was to measure the heart rate recovery, blood lactate and movement acceleration during simulated taekwondo competition. Methods: twelve male subjects who belong to the national team, with at least five years of experience participated in this research. They performed a simulated combat to evaluate the following variables: (i) Blood lactate after one minute recovery between each round, (ii) Heart rate recovery (HRR) at thirty and sixty seconds in each minute rest between rounds, (iii) Peak acceleration (ACCp) in each round performed. The significance level was set at p 0.05), blood lactate (p > 0.05), peak acceleration (p > 0.05) and the average acceleration of combat (p = 0.18). There was no correlation between delta lactate and ACCp (r = 0.01; p = 0.93), delta lactate and HRR (r = -0.23; p = 0.18), and ACCp and HRR (r = 0.003; p = 0.98). Conclusions: these data suggest that studied variables would not be decisive in the simulated combat outcomes. Other factors such as technical-tactical or psychological variables could have a significant impact on athletic performance (AU)

[AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF HEART RATE, BLOOD LACTATE AND ACCELERATION DURING COMBAT SIMULATION IN TAEKWONDO ELITE ATHLETES]. / CONTROL AUTONÓMICO DEL RITMO CARDIACO, LACTATO SANGUÍNEO Y ACELERACIÓN DURANTE UN COMBATE SIMULADO EN ATLETAS DE TAEKWONDO DE ELITE.

PURPOSE: the aim of the study was to measure the heart rate recovery, blood lactate and movement acceleration during simulated taekwondo competition. METHODS: twelve male subjects who belong to the national team, with at least five years of experience participated in this research. They performed a simulated combat to evaluate the following variables: (i) Blood lactate after one minute recovery between each round, (ii) Heart rate recovery (HRR) at thirty and sixty seconds in each minute rest between rounds, (iii) Peak acceleration (ACCp) in each round performed. The significance level was set at p < 005. RESULTS: the results showed no significant differences between winners and losers in the HRR at both, thirty and sixty seconds (p > 0.05), blood lactate (p > 0.05), peak acceleration (p > 0.05) and the average acceleration of combat (p = 0.18). There was no correlation between delta lactate and ACCp (r = 0.01; p = 0.93), delta lactate and HRR (r = -0.23; p = 0.18), and ACCp and HRR (r = 0.003; p = 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: these data suggest that studied variables would not be decisive in the simulated combat outcomes. Other factors such as technical-tactical or psychological variables could have a significant impact on athletic performance.

Propósito: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación (FCR), lactato sanguíneo y aceleración pico (ACCp) durante un combate simulado de atletas de taekwondo de elite. Métodos: doce (n = 12) sujetos varones, seleccionados nacionales y con más de cinco años de práctica en esta disciplina participaron en el estudio. Los atletas realizaron un combate simulado de tres asaltos de dos minutos con un minuto de pausa entre ellos, evaluando los siguientes parámetros: (¡) lactato sanguíneo al final de cada minuto de descanso entre asaltos; (¡¡) FCR a los treinta y sesenta segundos en cada minuto de descanso; (¡¡¡) ACCp en cada asalto disputado. El nivel de significancia se propuso a un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: los resultados muestran que no hubo diferencias significativas entre ganadores y perdedores en la FCR (p > 0,05) a los treinta y sesenta segundos en ninguna de las pausas, en el delta de lactato sanguíneo al final de cada pausa (p > 0,05), en la aceleración pico por round (p > 0,05) y en la aceleración promedio del combate (p = 0,18). Tampoco se encontraron correlaciones entre delta de lactato y FCR (r = -0,23; p = 0,18), entre delta de lactato y ACCp (r = 0,01; p = 0,93), y entre ACCp y FCR (r = 0,003; p = 0,98). Conclusiones: los datos sugieren que las variables estudiadas no serían determinantes en el resultado final de un combate simulado. Otros factores, como variables técnico/tácticas o psicológicas, podrían influir de manera significativa en el rendimiento deportivo.

Hydration status after exercise affect resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability / El estado de hidratación después del ejercicio afecta la tasa metabólica basal y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca

Introduction: Heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate are commonly to assess athlete´s physiological status and energy requirements. Exercise-induced dehydration can reach up to 5% of body mass per hour. Consequently, dehydration may have a profound physiological effect on human’s homeostasis. Objectives: To compare the effects of dehydration and rehydration after exercise on heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate in college athletes. Methods: 14 college athletes were divided into a dehydration group (n=7) and a rehydration group (n=7),both submitted to basal (T1) heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate measurements. After basal measurements both groups were actively dehydrated (-3.4 ±0.4% of body mass for both groups). Afterwards, dehydration group rested, while rehydration group receive a fluid intake (during a 3 h period) equivalent to 150% of body mass loss achieved during active dehydration. Four hours after active dehydration heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate were re-assessed (T2).Results: At T2 both rehydration group (+13%) and dehydration group (+30%) achieve a significant (p<0.05)increase in resting metabolic rate, however, only dehydration group ..showed a significant reduction in heart rate variability. More so, the change in resting metabolic rate was significantly higher in dehydration group compared to rehydration group. Discussion: Hydric homeostasis after exercise affects resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability, highlighting the necessity to control hydration state before resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability assessment (AU)

Introducción: La variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco y la tasa metabólica basal se utilizan en evaluaciones de deportistas. La deshidratación por ejercicio puede conducir a pérdidas de hasta 5% de la masa corporal. En consecuencia, la deshidratación produce un profundo efecto sobre la homeostasis humana. Objetivos: Comparar los efectos de la deshidratación y la rehidratación después del ejercicio en la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco y la tasa metabólica basal. Métodos: 14 atletas universitarios fueron divididos en un grupo de deshidratación (n=7) y un grupo de rehidratación (n=7), ambos fueron sometidos mediciones basales (Tiempo 1) de variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco y tasa metabólica basal. Después de las mediciones basales, ambos grupos se deshidrataron activamente (-3,4 ± 0,4% masa corporal). Posteriormente, el grupo de deshidratación descansado, mientras que el grupo de rehidratación recibió agua equivalente al 150% de la masa pérdida. Cuatro horas después de la deshidratación se re-evaluó la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco y tasa metabólica (Tiempo 2). Resultados: El grupo de rehidratación (+13%) y el de deshidratación (+30%) lograron un aumento significativo en la tasa metabólica basal (p <0.05), sin embargo, solo el grupo de deshidratación muestran cambios significativos en la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco (es decir, disminuye). El cambio en la tasa metabólica basal fue significativamente mayor en el grupo deshidratación comparado con el grupo de rehidratación. Discusión: la homeostasis hídrica después del ejercicio afecta la tasa metabólica basal y la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco, destacando la necesidad de controlar el estado de hidratación antes de las evaluaciones de la tasa metabólica basal y variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco (AU)

Hydration status after exercise affect resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability.

INTRODUCTION: Heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate are commonly to assess athlete's physiological status and energy requirements. Exercise-induced dehydration can reach up to 5% of body mass per hour. Consequently, dehydration may have a profound physiological effect on human's homeostasis. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of dehydration and rehydration after exercise on heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate in college athletes. METHODS: 14 college athletes were divided into a dehydration group (n=7) and a rehydration group (n=7), both submitted to basal (T1) heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate measurements. After basal measurements both groups were actively dehydrated (-3.4 ± 0.4% of body mass for both groups). Afterwards, dehydration group rested, while rehydration group receive a fluid intake (during a 3 h period) equivalent to 150% of body mass loss achieved during active dehydration. Four hours after active dehydration heart rate variability and resting metabolic rate were re-assessed (T2). RESULTS: At T2 both rehydration group (+13%) and dehydration group (+30%) achieve a significant (p<0.05) increase in resting metabolic rate, however, only dehydration group ..showed a significant reduction in heart rate variability. More so, the change in resting metabolic rate was significantly higher in dehydration group compared to rehydration group. DISCUSSION: Hydric homeostasis after exercise affects resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability, highlighting the necessity to control hydration state before resting metabolic rate and heart rate variability assessment.

Introducción: La variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco y la tasa metabólica basal se utilizan en evaluaciones de deportistas. La deshidratación por ejercicio puede conducir a pérdidas de hasta 5% de la masa corporal. En consecuencia, la deshidratación produce un profundo efecto sobre la homeostasis humana. Objetivos: Comparar los efectos de la deshidratación y la rehidratación después del ejercicio en la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco y la tasa metabólica basal. Métodos: 14 atletas universitarios fueron divididos en un grupo de deshidratación (n=7) y un grupo de rehidratación (n=7), ambos fueron sometidos mediciones basales (Tiempo 1) de variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco y tasa metabólica basal. Después de las mediciones basales, ambos grupos se deshidrataron activamente (-3,4 ± 0,4% masa corporal). Posteriormente, el grupo de deshidratación descansado, mientras que el grupo de rehidratación recibió agua equivalente al 150% de la masa pérdida. Cuatro horas después de la deshidratación se re-evaluó la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco y tasa metabólica (Tiempo 2). Resultados: El grupo de rehidratación (+13%) y el de deshidratación (+30%) lograron un aumento significativo en la tasa metabólica basal (p.