Pudendal nerve block decreases narcotic requirements and time spent in post-anesthesia care units in patients undergoing primary inflatable penile prosthesis implantation.

Efforts to minimize narcotic usage following inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) implantation are vital, considering the current opioid epidemic in the United States. We aimed to determine whether pudendal nerve block (PNB) utilization in a multiethnic population undergoing primary IPP implantation can decrease rates of post-operative opiate usage. A single-institution, retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent primary IPP implantation between December 2015 and June 2022. PNB usage and intra- and post-operative outcomes were analyzed using multivariate binary logistic regression. 449 patients were included, with 373 (83.1%) in the PNB group. Median time (minutes) spent in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (1499 [119-198] vs. 235 [169-322], p < 0.001) was significantly lower in the PNB group. There were no significant differences in intra-operative and PACU morphine milligram equivalents or post-operative safety outcomes between groups. However, fewer patients in the PNB group called for pain medications post-operatively (10.2% vs 19.7%, p = 0.019). Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly decreased operative time (B -6.23; 95%CI -11.28, -1.17; p = 0.016) and decreased time in recovery (B: -81.62; 95%CI: -106.49, -56.76, p < 0.001) in the PNB group. PNB decreases post-operative opioid analgesic requirements and time spent in PACU in patients undergoing a primary IPP implantation and thus may represent an attractive, non-opioid adjunct.

Minimally invasive surgical therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia in the geriatric population: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Geriatric patients, prone to adverse events (AEs) and low compliance with drugs, may benefit from minimally invasive surgical therapies (MISTs) for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We evaluated the efficacy, safety, and procedural characteristics of MISTs in geriatric patients with BPH. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE database was systematically searched for relevant articles through October 1, 2023. Eligible studies focused on geriatric patients (≥65 years) with BPH who were treated with MISTs and evaluated follow-up surgical, micturition, and/or sexual outcomes. Studies were included if there was separate reporting for age subgroups ≥65 years, or if the mean age minus standard deviation was ≥65 years, or if the first quartile was ≥65 years. RESULTS: Out of 292 screened studies, 32 (N = 3972 patients) met inclusion criteria and assessed prostatic artery embolization (PAE), Rezum, GreenLight, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), thulium laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuLEP), diode laser enucleation of the prostate (DiLEP), and Aquablation. Except for Rezum, all MISTs required a planned overnight stay. While PAE and Rezum could be performed under local anesthesia, the other MISTs needed general or spinal anesthesia. Postoperative catheterization duration was longest for PAE (median 14 days) and Rezum (21 days) and shortest for GreenLight (1.9 days). At 12 months postoperatively, all MISTs exhibited significant percent changes in International Prostate Symptom Score (median -69.9%) and quality of life (median -72.5%). Clavien-Dindo Grade 1 AEs ranged widely, with PAE (5.8%-36.8%), Rezum (0%-62.1%), and GreenLight (0%-67.6%) having the largest range, and HoLEP (0%-9.5%), ThuLEP (2%-6.9%), and DiLEP (5%-17.5%) having the smallest. PAE, Rezum, DiLEP, and Aquablation reported no significant changes in the International Index of Erectile Function. CONCLUSIONS: Although all the MISTs reviewed in this study effectively treat BPH in geriatric patients, differences in procedural characteristics and safety profiles across MISTs were considerable. Physicians should use shared decision-making processes, considering risks and patient characteristics, when choosing a suitable treatment option for their patients.

Short- and Long-Term Chest-CT Findings after Recovery from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

While ground-glass opacity, consolidation, and fibrosis in the lungs are some of the hallmarks of acute SAR-CoV-2 infection, it remains unclear whether these pulmonary radiological findings would resolve after acute symptoms have subsided. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate chest computed tomography (CT) abnormalities stratified by COVID-19 disease severity and multiple timepoints post-infection. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for relevant articles until 23 May 2023. Studies with COVID-19-recovered patients and follow-up chest CT at least 12 months post-infection were included. CT findings were evaluated at short-term (1-6 months) and long-term (12-24 months) follow-ups and by disease severity (severe and non-severe). A generalized linear mixed-effects model with random effects was used to estimate event rates for CT findings. A total of 2517 studies were identified, of which 43 met the inclusion (N = 8858 patients). Fibrotic-like changes had the highest event rate at short-term (0.44 [0.3-0.59]) and long-term (0.38 [0.23-0.56]) follow-ups. A meta-regression showed that over time the event rates decreased for any abnormality (ß = -0.137, p = 0.002), ground-glass opacities (ß = -0.169, p < 0.001), increased for honeycombing (ß = 0.075, p = 0.03), and did not change for fibrotic-like changes, bronchiectasis, reticulation, and interlobular septal thickening (p > 0.05 for all). The severe subgroup had significantly higher rates of any abnormalities (p < 0.001), bronchiectasis (p = 0.02), fibrotic-like changes (p = 0.03), and reticulation (p < 0.001) at long-term follow-ups when compared to the non-severe subgroup. In conclusion, significant CT abnormalities remained up to 2 years post-COVID-19, especially in patients with severe disease. Long-lasting pulmonary abnormalities post-SARS-CoV-2 infection signal a future public health concern, necessitating extended monitoring, rehabilitation, survivor support, vaccination, and ongoing research for targeted therapies.

Real-world four-year functional and surgical outcomes of Rezum therapy in younger versus elderly men.

BACKGROUND: Management of urinary symptoms in elderly patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is complex given challenges with medications and invasive surgeries. Rezum, a minimally invasive water vapor therapy, is an emerging alternative. We compare real-world Rezum outcomes between young and elderly patients over 4 years. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a multiethnic population treated with Rezum at a single center between 2017-2019. Patients were stratified into young (<65 years) or elderly (≥65 years) cohorts. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), decisional regret scores, and adverse events (AEs) were assessed at baseline, 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and/or 48-months. Descriptive statistics were compared using t-tests, Chi-squared, or Mann-Whitney U tests. Changes in outcomes were assessed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, stratified by age. RESULTS: 256 patients - 146 (57%) young and 110 (43%) elderly - were included. The majority were Asian (33.2%) or non-Hispanic Black (28.9%). Significant improvements were observed in the combined cohort at 4-years in IPSS, QoL, and Qmax when compared to baseline (all p < 0.05). Between the age cohorts, there were no significant differences in IPSS, QoL, or Qmax at any follow-up. Within both cohorts, significant improvements in IPSS and QoL were found from baseline to all follow-ups. In the young cohort, Qmax was significantly improved from baseline to all follow-ups while in the elderly cohort, this was observed only at the 3-month follow-up. No significant differences in AEs or regret was found between cohorts. There was no significant difference in 4-year surgical retreatment rates between cohorts (elderly 4.0% vs young 4.4%, p = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in IPSS, QoL, or AEs between elderly and younger men over 4 years following Rezum, suggesting comparable benefits and risks. Future research is warranted to clarify the impact of Rezum on Qmax in elderly men.

Electronic Health Record Usage Patterns Across Surgical Subspecialties.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to utilize metrics from physician action logs to analyze surgeon clinical, volume, electronic health record (EHR) efficiency, EHR proficiency, and workload outside scheduled time as impacted by physician characteristics such as years of experience, gender, subspecialty, academic title, and administrative title. METHODS: We selected 30 metrics from Epic Signal, an analytic tool in Epic that extracts metrics related to clinician documentation. Metrics measuring appointments, messages, and scheduled hours per day were used as a correlate for volume. EHR efficiency, and proficiency were measured by scores built into Epic Signal. Metrics measuring time spent in the EHR outside working hours were used as a correlate for documentation burden. We analyzed these metrics among surgeons at our institution across 4 months and correlated them with physician characteristics. RESULTS: Analysis of 133 surgeons showed that, when stratified by gender, female surgeons had significantly higher EHR metrics for time per day, time per appointment, and documentation burden, and significantly lower EHR metrics for efficiency when compared to male surgeons. When stratified by experience, surgeons with 0 to 5 years of experience had significantly lower EHR metrics for volume, time per day, efficiency, and proficiency when compared to surgeons with 6 to 10 and more than 10 years of experience. On multivariate analysis, having over 10 years of experience was an independent predictor of more appointments per day, greater proficiency, and spending less time per completed message. Female gender was an independent predictor of spending more time in notes per appointment and time spent in the EHR outside working hours. CONCLUSION: The burden associated with volume, proficiency, efficiency, and workload outside scheduled time related to EHR use varies by gender and years of experience in our cohort of surgeons. Evaluation of physician action logs could help identify those at higher risk of burnout due to burdensome medical documentation.

Implementation of a shared research database to increase medical student awareness and involvement in urology research A pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to assess the effect of a shared institutional research database on medical students' scholarly work, perceived research competency, and self-reported satisfaction. METHODS: An institutional inventory database was created on Google Sheets with a listing of available mentors and a description of their ongoing research projects. The inventory database was shared with interested students and faculty. Students who agreed to participate were surveyed pre- and post-inventory. Survey questions assessed student demographics, prior research experience, and their perception of research competency and satisfaction. The number of presentations, publications, and articles pre- and post-inventory were also abstracted. Survey responses were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: A total of 20 students were surveyed pre-inventory and at a median followup of six months (5-7) post-inventory. There was a significant increase in scholarly presentations and publications post-inventory (p<0.05 for all). Furthermore, post-inventory, students reported feeling more confident in establishing an academic career, finding good mentors, managing their relationship with their mentor, managing professional challenges, and effectively showcasing themselves professionally and describing their research (p<0.05 for all). More than 65% of students agreed or strongly agreed that the database was easy to use, accessible, transparent, and would like a similar database created for other specialty departments. CONCLUSIONS: After performing mentorship-guided research through an institutional research database, medical students felt more confident in their ability to perform research and produced more scholarly work. Therefore, we recommend a research database be created across all institutional departments to foster interest in conducting research.

Predictors of mortality in chronic subdural hematoma evacuation.

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is one of the most common types of intracranial hemorrhages, particularly in the elderly. Despite extensive research regarding cSDH diagnosis and treatment, there is conflicting data on predictors of postoperative mortality (POM). We conducted a large retrospective review of patients who underwent a cSDH evacuation at a single urban institution between 2015 and 2022. Data were collected from the electronic medical record on prior comorbidities, anticoagulation use, mental status on presentation, preoperative labs, and preoperative/postoperative imaging parameters. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to analyze predictors of mortality. Mortality during admission for this cohort was 6.1%. Univariate analysis showed the mortality rate was higher in those presenting with a history of dialysis. In addition, those who presented with altered mental status, were intubated, and lower GCS scores had higher rates of POM. Usage of Coumadin was correlated with higher rates of POM. Examination of preoperative labs showed that patients who presented with anemia or thrombocytopenia had higher POM. Imaging data showed that cSDH volume and greatest dimension were correlated with higher rates of POM. Finally, patients that were not extubated postoperatively had higher rates of POM. Multivariate analysis showed that only altered mental status and being not being extubated postoperatively were correlated with a higher risk of mortality. In summation, we demonstrated that altered mental status and failure to extubate were independent predictors or mortality in cSDH evacuation. Interestingly, patient age was not a significant predictor of mortality.

Efficacy and safety of the Rezum system for the treatment of catheter-dependent urinary retention: Three-year real-world outcomes in a multimorbid, multiethnic population.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term real-world efficacy and safety of Rezum for the treatment of catheter-dependent urinary retention in a multimorbid, multiethnic population. METHODS: A single-office, retrospective study was conducted on patients treated with Rezum between 2017 and 2019. Patients were included if they had catheter-dependent urinary retention prior to treatment and at least one follow-up within 36 months postoperatively. Patient demographics, procedural characteristics, adverse events (AEs), and outcome measures, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) medication usage and postvoid residual (PVR), were collected at 3, 6, 12, and/or 36 months postoperatively. Regret was assessed at 36 months using the 5-item Decisional Regret Scale (DRS). RESULTS: A total of 27 patients met the inclusion criteria, with the majority being Asian (29.6%), followed by non-Hispanic Black (26.0%) and Hispanic (22.2%). Most patients (77.8%) had at least one comorbidity. Trial of void (TOV) was attempted at a median of 8 days (7, 13). Fourteen patients (51.9%) failed their initial TOV. Median time until catheter independence was 13.5 days (8.5, 28.8). Common AEs included urinary retention (51.9%), urinary tract infections (UTIs) (25.9%), and dysuria (25.9%). All cases of UTIs (7/7) and most cases of dysuria (6/7) occurred in patients who failed their initial TOV. At 36 months, there was a significant median percentage change in PVR (-100.0% [-100.0, -36.7], p = .049), and 40.4% of patients discontinued their BPH medications (p = .001). Of the 11 patients who filled out the DRS, 10 (90.9%) agreed/strongly agreed that they made the right decision. By 36 months, 4 patients (14.8%) underwent reoperation and 24 (88.9%) remained catheter-independent. CONCLUSIONS: At long-term follow-up, Rezum effectively treated catheter-dependent urinary retention with minimal decisional regret. In patients with urinary retention, urologists should consider delaying TOV until 2 weeks postoperatively to maximize the likelihood of a successful TOV and minimize the risk of AEs.

Rezum water vapor therapy for patients with mild, moderate, or severe lower urinary tract symptoms: A retrospective study in a multiethnic population.

BACKGROUND: The Rezum System (Rezum) represents a novel, minimally invasive surgical therapy used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of Rezum in patients with mild, moderate, or severe LUTS. METHODS: A single office, retrospective study was conducted on patients from a multiethnic population treated with Rezum between 2017 and 2019. Patients were categorized into three cohorts based on baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) LUTS severity: mild LUTS (IPSS ≤ 7), moderate LUTS (IPSS 8-19), or severe LUTS (IPSS ≥ 20) cohorts. Outcome measures, including IPSS, quality of life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual (PVR), BPH medication usage, and adverse events (AEs) were collected and analyzed at baseline, 1-, 3-, 6-, and/or 12-months postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 238 patients were included: 33 with mild LUTS, 109 with moderate LUTS, and 96 with severe LUTS. At 1-month follow-up, the moderate and severe LUTS cohorts saw significant improvements in IPSS (moderate LUTS: -3.0 [-6.0, 1.5], p < 0.001; severe LUTS: -10.0 [-16.0, -5.0], p < 0.001) and QoL (moderate LUTS: -1.0 [-3.0, 0.0], p < 0.001; severe LUTS: -1.0 [-3.0, 0.0], p < 0.001) and improvements remained durable up to 12-months (p < 0.001). The mild LUTS cohort saw significant worsening in IPSS by 2.0 (0.0, 12.0) at 1-month (p = 0.002) but returned to baseline at 3-months (p = 0.114). However, the mild LUTS cohort experienced significant improvements in QoL by -0.5 (-3.0, 0.0) at 3-months (p = 0.035) and nocturia by 0.0 (-1.0, 0.0) at 6-months (p = 0.002), both of which remained durable to 12-months (p < 0.05). Most AEs were transient and nonserious, with gross hematuria (66.5%) being most common. There were no significant differences in QoL point reduction, Qmax improvement, PVR reduction, and AE occurrence between the cohorts at 12-months (p > 0.05). At 12-months, 80.0%, 87.5%, and 66.0% of the patients in the mild, moderate, and severe LUTS cohorts discontinued their BPH medications, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Rezum provides rapid and durable relief in LUTS in patients with moderate or severe LUTS and can be offered to patients with mild LUTS who have bothersome nocturia and wish to discontinue their BPH medications.

TikTok as a source of information regarding premature ejaculation: a qualitative assessment.

Background: Patients are increasingly looking to social media platforms for medical information. Aim: In this study we aimed to evaluate the quality of information regarding premature ejaculation (PE) on TikTok. Methods: The term "premature ejaculation" was searched on TikTok on a single day in May 2022. Videos were sorted by 3 reviewers as reliable or unreliable based on the accuracy of video content. Relevant user metrics were collected for each video, including the numbers of likes, shares, and followers, and the video length, source of upload, and speaker type. The quality of information was objectified with 2 validated tools, with mean scores obtained from the 3 reviewers, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and the 5-point modified DISCERN instrument. Outcomes: Outcomes were video reliability categorization, video and user metrics as described above, and video quality as quantified by PEMAT and DISCERN scores. Results: Eight videos were categorized as reliable and 32 videos were categorized as unreliable. The mean number of "likes" per video was higher in the reliable than in the unreliable group (1238 vs 126, P < .018). Accounts posting reliable videos had higher mean numbers of followers than those posting unreliable videos (55 050 vs 12 042, P = .025). The majority of unreliable videos (75%) vs reliable videos (12.5%) were posted by self-identified patients or individual users, whereas 62.5% of reliable videos vs versus 6.3% of unreliable videos were posted by individual physicians or physician groups. Few videos overall mentioned PE definition, indications for PE treatment, types of treatment, or value of psychological intervention (12.5%, 15%, 22.5%, and 5.0% of videos, respectively). Video length and number of shares did not differ between groups. Reliable videos had higher PEMAT (73.0 vs 45.1, P < .001) and DISCERN (2.7 vs 0, P < .001.) scores. Clinical implications: There exists a critical need for enhanced quality of medical information on social media platforms in hopes of encouraging patients with impaired sexual function to seek appropriate medical care. Strength and limitations: Strengths of this study include the objective use of validated quality assessment tools and a focus on TikTok as an emerging social media platform. Limitations include large numbers of excluded videos. Conclusion: The quality of available information regarding PE on TikTok is low, with a significant percentage of videos on this topic fraught with inaccuracies. Given TikTok's prominence as a social media platform primarily geared toward younger audiences, we emphasize the need for improvement in the quality of information available regarding PE and its management.

Accuracy of prostate cancer screening recommendations for high-risk populations on YouTube and TikTok.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate content quality and racial/ethnic representation, particularly of high-risk cohorts, of prostate cancer screening videos on YouTube (YT) and TikTok (TK). Materials and Methods: The top 50 videos populated for the search term 'prostate cancer screening' on YT and TK that met inclusion criteria were retrieved in a cache-cleared browser. Three reviewers analysed all videos using validated criteria for the quality of consumer health information (DISCERN and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool [PEMAT]). High quality was defined as follows: DISCERN ≥ 4, PEMAT understandability ≥75% and PEMAT actionability ≥75%. A 5-point Likert scale was used to demonstrate the level of misinformation compared to American Urological Association and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Perceived race and ethnicity of people in the videos were assessed by consensus approach. Results: TK videos were shorter (median 3.7 vs. 0.5 min, p < 0.001) and had more views per month (5437.5 vs. 19.3, p = 0.03) than YT videos. Perceived Black and Hispanic representation was present in 10% and 6% of YT videos and 20% and 12% of TK videos, respectively. High-risk racial/ethnic groups were explicitly discussed in 46% of YT videos and 8% of TK videos. A total of 98% of YT videos and 100% of TK videos had low- to moderate-quality consumer health information, and 88% of YT videos and 100% of TK videos had moderate to high levels of misinformation based on screening guidelines. Conclusions: YT and TK videos about prostate cancer screening are widely viewed but do not provide quality consumer health information. Black and Hispanic men remain under-represented on both platforms, and high-risk racial groups were not discussed in most videos despite the importance for screening criteria. The low understandability and actionability, significant misinformation and lack of diversity in online videos support the need for higher quality videos with adequate attention to high-risk ethnic cohorts.

Risk Factors and Real-World Short-Term Outcomes of a Failed Trial of Void After Rezum Therapy in a Multiethnic Population.

Background: Postoperative urinary retention is a common complication following surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia. We aimed to identify risk factors for a failed trial of void (TOV) following treatment with the Rezum system and assess the impact of a failed TOV on short-term outcomes. Methods: A single-office retrospective study was conducted on patients treated with Rezum therapy between 2017 and 2019. A urinary catheter was placed in all patients following Rezum therapy. Demographic data and outcome measures, including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual (PVR), and adverse events, were analyzed at baseline and 1, 3, and/or 6 months postoperatively. Risk factors were identified through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 289 patients were included. Thirty-five patients (12.1%) failed a TOV, while 254 (87.9%) had an effective TOV. All patients were given a TOV after a median of 5 days (4-5). Those who failed the TOV spent an additional mean of 13.7 ± 13.3 days with a catheter. Patients who failed the TOV were more likely to get a urinary tract infection compared with those who had an effective TOV (20.0% vs 4.7%, p < 0.001). All patients experienced significant improvements in IPSS, QoL, and Qmax at 1, 3, and/or 6 months. On multivariate analysis, a high baseline PVR was the only independent predictor of a failed TOV (odds ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.01). A greater proportion of patients with a baseline PVR >200 mL failed the TOV (40.0%) compared with patients with a baseline PVR <200 mL (10.9%, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Approximately one in eight patients failed the TOV following Rezum therapy. Baseline PVR was the only independent risk factor for a failed TOV. Nevertheless, all patients experienced significant relief of urinary symptoms. Patients with high baseline PVR, particularly >200 mL, may require a catheter for an extended duration.

Rezum Outcomes in Relationship to Number of Injections: Is Less More?

Objectives: To assess efficacy and safety outcomes in relationship to the number of injections given during Rezum treatment. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) treated with Rezum. Patients were stratified into cohorts based on the number of injections received per lateral prostatic lobe: 1, 2, 3, or 4 injections. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual (PVR), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-Erectile Function, IIEF-Orgasmic Function, and adverse events were collected at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and/or 12 months postoperatively. Results: A total of 179 patients were included: 58, 91, 22, and 8 patients in the 1, 2, 3, and 4 injections cohorts, respectively. Baseline demographics significantly different across cohorts were age, history of urinary retention, prostate-specific antigen, prostate volume, prostatic urethral length, and presence of median lobe. At 3 months, all cohorts reported significant improvements in IPSS and QoL, which remained durable to 12 months. There were no significant differences in changes in IPSS, QoL, PVR, and IIEF-Erectile and Orgasmic Function between the cohorts at any follow-up. Multiple linear regression showed that the number of injections did not predict changes in IPSS, QoL, PVR, and IIEF-Erectile and Orgasmic Function at any follow-up (p > 0.05) but predicted change in Qmax at 3 months (ß = 5.7, p = 0.019). Multiple logistic regression showed that for each additional injection, the odds of gross hematuria, penile burning, penile pain, and dysuria increased by 3.8, 2.6, 2.2, and 3.0, respectively. Conclusions: Utilizing less injections represents a safe treatment strategy without compromising Rezum's efficacy in providing durable relief in LUTS.

Assessing the Quality of YouTube Videos on Adhesive Capsulitis.

Introduction  YouTube is the most popular video-based source of information on the Internet. It is accessed by over 1 billion users, which approximates to almost one-third of all Internet users. Orthopaedic video content published on YouTube is not screened and does not go through an editorial process, and most videos do not have information about authorship or appropriate references. Users who do not have the knowledge to assess the accuracy and reliability of the source may be misinformed about their medical condition. Previous studies have evaluated the quality of YouTube content for information in orthopaedics such as meniscus,kyphosis, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), but the quality of frozen shoulder videos on YouTube has not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality and educational value of YouTube videos concerning adhesive capsulitis. Methods A YouTube search was performed using the term "frozen shoulder." Videos were excluded if they had no audio, were in a language other than English, or were longer than 10 minutes. A total of 70 videos were screened, and the first 50 videos that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated by three observers. Six video characteristics were extracted, and videos were categorized by source and content. Quality and educational value were assessed using the DISCERN (score range, 0-5), Global Quality score (GQS; score range, 0-4), and a Frozen Shoulder-Specific Score (FSSS; score range, 0-16). Results  The mean video duration was 242.46 ± 164.32 seconds. The mean number of views was 137,494 ± 262,756 and the total view count across 50 videos was 6,874,706. The mean DISCERN, GQS, and FSSS scores were 2.72 ± 0.85, 2.37 ± 0.895, and 4.42 ± 3.15, respectively. The video sources were primarily from non-physician healthcare professionals (32%), and most of the video content was focused on disease-specific information (50%). Significant between-group effects were observed for the DISCERN score and video source (P = .005), with videos from academic sources having the highest mean DISCERN score. DISCERN scores also differed significantly based on video content (P = .007), with disease content having the highest DISCERN score. Both GQS and FSSS scores differed significantly based on video content (both P < .001) but did not differ significantly based on the video source. Conclusions Information about frozen shoulder on YouTube is low quality and has limited educational value. Thus, providers for orthopaedic conditions should warn their patients and provide better alternatives for education.

Gender Bias in YouTube Videos Describing Common Urology Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To study implicit and explicit gender biases in YouTube videos describing common urologic conditions based on language patterns, speaker gender, and speaker profession. METHODS: Using a Boolean search, the top 30 videos for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), kidney stones, urinary tract infections (UTIs), overactive bladder (OAB), erectile dysfunction (ED), and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) were retrieved. Using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC) software, video transcripts were analyzed for 16 word categories and compared by speaker gender and urology topic to assess for bias. RESULTS: OAB and POP had the least view counts and subscribers; kidney stone and ED videos had the most. Student education channels were more likely to feature male than female speakers (19 male vs. 6 female, P=0.01). A significant difference was noted between speaker gender in BPH (25 male vs. 4 female, P<0.001), OAB (4 male vs. 22 female, P<0.001), and POP (6 male vs. 23 female, P<0.001) videos. When examining linguistic patterns with the LIWC program, female speakers were more likely to mention personal concerns and use tentative words when speaking alone compared to males. CONCLUSIONS: Gender bias exists in YouTube videos concerning common urologic conditions. We must be mindful of how information is distributed in order to minimize the perpetuation of gender stereotypes that are common in medicine. Awareness of these patterns and biases should encourage Urologists to proactively consider how they present themselves and how they reference the conditions they present in social media outlets.

Nanotechnology as a tool to advance research and treatment of non-oncologic urogenital diseases.

Nanotechnology represents an expanding area of research and innovation in almost every field of science, including Medicine, where nanomaterial-based products have been developed for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Because of their small, nanoscale size, these materials exhibit unique physical and chemical properties that differ from those of each component when considered in bulk. In Nanomedicine, there is an increasing interest in harnessing these unique properties to engineer nanocarriers for the delivery of therapeutic agents. Nano-based drug delivery platforms have many advantages over conventional drug administration routes as this technology allows for local and transdermal applications of therapeutics that can bypass the first-pass metabolism, improves drug efficacy through encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs, and allows for a sustained and controlled release of encapsulated agents. In Urology, nano-based drug delivery platforms have been extensively investigated and implemented for cancer treatment. However, there is also great potential for use of nanotechnology to treat non-oncologic urogenital diseases. We provide an update on research that is paving the way for clinical translation of nanotechnology in the areas of erectile dysfunction (ED), overactive bladder (OAB), interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Overall, preclinical and clinical studies have proven the utility of nanomaterials both as vehicles for transdermal and intravesical delivery of therapeutic agents and for urinary catheter formulation with antimicrobial agents to treat non-oncologic urogenital diseases. Although clinical translation will be dependent on overcoming regulatory challenges, it is inevitable before there is universal adoption of this technology to treat non-oncologic urogenital diseases.

Clinical challenges of scrotal lymphangioma in an adult: a rare case of scrotal swelling.

Scrotal lymphangiomas represent an extremely rare cause of scrotal swelling. We report a case of scrotal lymphangioma in an 18-year-old male who presented with painful scrotal swelling. Scrotal ultrasound revealed a complex multicystic structure in the left hemiscrotum. The patient underwent successful surgical excision of the mass. Postoperatively, he developed a hydrocele which eventually spontaneously regressed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. We outline the unusual presentation, characteristic imaging and histology findings, and surgical management of scrotal lymphangiomas. With this information, urologists may exercise a heightened level of awareness for this rare cause of scrotal swelling.

Rates of False-Negative Screening in Prostate Specific Antigen Secondary to 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Usage: A Quality-Improvement Initiative

ABSTRACT Purpose Patients often take 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, 5-ARIs can decrease prostate specific antigen (PSA) by approximately half and therefore may lead to false negative PSA tests. We investigated false-screening rates in men on 5-ARIs undergoing PSA testing and whether ordering physicians noticed false negative findings. Materials and Methods A single institution, retrospective study was conducted on patients with a PSA value documented between 2014 and 2017. Patient demographics, PSA results, 5-ARI usage, and providing clinician characteristics were collected. Published normal PSA values were used to determine PSA test positivity; values for those on 5-ARIs were doubled. Results A total of 29,131 men were included. 1,654 (5.7%) were prescribed 5-ARIs at least 12 months prior to PSA evaluation. 118 men (7.1%) had a value that would be positive if corrected for 5-ARI usage, 33 (27.9%) of which had no indication that the provider had noted this. There was no effect on rates of false negative values if the PSA was ordered by a different provider than the one who prescribed the 5-ARI (p = 0.837). However, if the provider who ordered the PSA test was an urologist, the likelihood that a false negative value would be identified was lower (p=0.001). Conclusions More than a quarter of men with false negative tests were missed. This occurred more often when the ordering provider was not an urologist. An educational opportunity exists to improve the quality of PSA testing by preventing false negative tests.

Rates of False-Negative Screening in Prostate Specific Antigen Secondary to 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Usage: A Quality-Improvement Initiative.

PURPOSE: Patients often take 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, 5-ARIs can decrease prostate specific antigen (PSA) by approximately half and therefore may lead to false negative PSA tests. We investigated false-screening rates in men on 5-ARIs undergoing PSA testing and whether ordering physicians noticed false negative findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single institution, retrospective study was conducted on patients with a PSA value documented between 2014 and 2017. Patient demographics, PSA results, 5-ARI usage, and providing clinician characteristics were collected. Published normal PSA values were used to determine PSA test positivity; values for those on 5-ARIs were doubled. RESULTS: A total of 29,131 men were included. 1,654 (5.7%) were prescribed 5-ARIs at least 12 months prior to PSA evaluation. 118 men (7.1%) had a value that would be positive if corrected for 5-ARI usage, 33 (27.9%) of which had no indication that the provider had noted this. There was no effect on rates of false negative values if the PSA was ordered by a different provider than the one who prescribed the 5-ARI (p = 0.837). However, if the provider who ordered the PSA test was an urologist, the likelihood that a false negative value would be identified was lower (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: More than a quarter of men with false negative tests were missed. This occurred more often when the ordering provider was not an urologist. An educational opportunity exists to improve the quality of PSA testing by preventing false negative tests.