[Traumatic intracranial aneurysms following combat damage]. / Travmaticheskie anevrizmy golovnogo mozga pri boevykh povrezhdeniyakh.

OBJECTIVE: To develop the principles for the treatment of traumatic intracranial aneurysms after combat damage to skull and brain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 18 patients with traumatic intracranial aneurysms from February 2022 to the present. Of these, 15 ones had gunshot penetrating wounds of the skull and brain. In 3 cases, aneurysms developed after explosive injury. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) of the brain, CT angiography of brain vessels and selective cerebral angiography. We analyzed nature of brain damage, trajectory of the wounding projectile and aneurysm location to determine predictors of traumatic intracranial aneurysms. Surgical treatment was performed in all cases. RESULTS: Hemorrhagic manifestations were observed in 11 patients. In 4 cases, traumatic intracranial aneurysms were diagnosed before rupture. Blunt head injury was followed by subarachnoid hemorrhage in 2 cases and ischemic stroke in 1 case. Endovascular or microsurgical intervention was performed depending on location of aneurysm, clinical manifestations and severity of brain damage. In case of distal aneurysms, endovascular and microsurgical destructive interventions prevailed. At the same time, proximal aneurysms (within or below the circle of Willis) required reconstructive endovascular treatment. CONCLUSION: Traumatic aneurysms should be suspected in all patients with penetrating craniocerebral injuries. Follow-up is contraindicated for traumatic intracranial aneurysms due to high risk of hemorrhage.

[Transradial approach in neuroendovascular procedures]. / Analiz primeneniya transradial'nogo vnutrisosudistogo dostupa v neirokhirurgicheskoi praktike.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate safety and feasibility of transradial approach for neuroendovascular procedures and to familiarize neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists with the capabilities and limitations of this approach, as well as technical features influencing its effectiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 270 patients who underwent transradial neuroendovascular procedures between January 2015 and December 2019. Diagnostic and surgical interventions were performed in 203 (75.2%) and 67 (24.8%) patients, respectively. The authors comprehensively describe catheterization technique and choosing the instrument for effective and safe transradial access. RESULTS: The right vertebral and both common carotid arteries were the most accessible for selective catheterization (100% of cases). The left common carotid artery was catheterized in all cases, the left internal carotid artery - only in 92% of cases. If catheterization of the left vertebral artery was necessary, we used the left-sided radial approach. Conversion to femoral approach was required in 2.6% of cases for the left internal carotid artery disease (n=7). Radial artery occlusion occurred in 3.7% of cases (n=10) and was asymptomatic in all cases. We present a video clip (https://youtu.be/3wZ6O8u-lpk) devoted to various surgical interventions through radial approach. CONCLUSION: Radial approach is safe and feasible and may be used for neuroendovascular procedures.

[Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural haematoma. Case series and literature review]. / Embolizatsiya srednei obolochechnoi arterii kak metod lecheniya khronicheskikh subdural'nykh gematom. Seriya klinicheskikh sluchaev i obzor literatury.

Middle meningeal artery embolization as primary method for treatment of chronic subdural hematomas became more popular in past decade. There are few large case series (>150 patients) and literature reviews characterizing advantages and drawbacks of endovascular treatment and technical features of surgeries. In this manuscript, the authors report 11 patients with chronic subdural hematoma scheduled for middle meningeal artery embolization and review the literature data on this issue.

[A prognosis scale for functional outcome at discharge after endovascular thrombectomy in the carotid artery territory]. / Shkala prognozirovaniya rannego funktsional'nogo iskhoda posle vnutrisosudistoi tromboembolektomii pri karotidnom ishemicheskom insul'te.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for early (24 hrs after intervention) prognosis of functional outcome at discharge in patients after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in anterior cerebral circulation based on NIHSS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of endovascular treatment in 362 acute stroke patients (189 men, 173 women, median age 69 years) with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion was performed in the regional vascular centers of St. Petersburg. RESULTS: The original scale (S10-10) developed for prognosis of functional outcome at discharge is based on total scores on 3 patterns: NIHSS 24 hrs after EVT (10 and less - 1, greater than 10 - 2), NIHSS improvement 24 hrs (greater than 10 - 0, 1-10 - 1, 0 and less - 2), older than 78 yr - 1. According to the total score, 5 grades are determined: 1 (good, mRs 0-2 75%, mRs 3-5 25%, mRs 6 0%), 2 (favorable, mRs 0-2 66%, mRs 3-5 26%, mRs 6 8%), 3 (unfavorable, mRs 0-2 14%, mRs 3-5 68%, mRs 6 18%), 4 (unfavorable with high mortality, mRs 0-2 1%, mRs 3-5 52%, mRs 6 47%), 5 (highly negative, mRs 0-2 0%, mRs 3-5 16%, mRs 6 84%). S10-10 greater than 2 indicates unfavorable prognosis. The scale allows accurate prognosis of functional outcome at discharge (AUC 0.89; AUC 0.84 in a validation cohort) and length of in-patient staying and time to death for S10-10 greater than 2. CONCLUSION: Accurate prognosis of functional outcome at discharge can be done 24 hrs after EVT in anterior cerebral circulation based on the widely used neurological scale (NIHSS) taking into account patient age.

[Retrospective analysis of endovascular thrombectomy in anterior cerebral circulation out of 6-hours «therapeutic window¼ in regional vascular centers of Saint-Petersburg]. / Retrospektivnyi analiz rezul'tatov vnutrisosudistoi tromboembolektomii v karotidnom basseine za predelami 6-chasovogo «terapevticheskogo okna¼ v regional'nykh sosudistykh tsentrakh Sankt-Peterburga.

OBJECTIVE: Based on a retrospective analysis, to evaluate technical results and functional outcomes at discharge after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in anterior circulation out of 6-hours «therapeutic window¼ in patients with stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The retrospective analysis of EVT in 594 acute stroke patients (303 male, 291 female, median age 69 years) with the anterior circulation large vessel occlusion was performed. EVT was carried out before 6 hrs in 550, later in 44 patients. Time to artery puncture was defined as a cut point. Patients were included in the study if they met the criterion for 0-6 hours «therapeutic window¼. RESULTS: No significant differences in functional outcomes at discharge assessed with the Rankin scale (mRs 0-2 29.8% and 20.5% p<0.19; mRs 3-5 38.7% and 38.6% p<0.99; mRs 6 31.5% and 40.9% p<0.2) and the rates of intracranial haemorrhage, haemorrhagic transformation and symptomatic haemorrhagic transformation (4% and 0% p<0.17; 20.9% and 29.5% p<0.49; 10.1% and 11.4% p<0.78) were observed in patients exposed to EVT before 6 hrs and later. CONCLUSION: EVT in anterior circulation stroke over 6 hrs «therapeutic window¼ based on the criterion for 0-6 hrs provides comparable functional outcomes at discharge without the increase in the frequency of intracranial haemorrhages, haemorrhagic and symptomatic haemorrhagic transformations.

[Fourth ventricle meningiomas. A case report and literature review]. / Meningiomy IV zheludochka golovnogo mozga. Sluchai iz praktiki i obzor literatury.

Intraventricular meningiomas are rare and account for approximately 0.5 to 3% of all meningiomas and 9.8 to 14% of all intraventricular tumors. Most rarely, intraventricular meningomas occur in the third and fourth ventricles. The article reviews the literature devoted to meningiomas of a rare localization, in the fourth ventricle. On the basis of published surgical procedures and neuroimaging data, we divided posterior cranial fossa meningiomas into tumors completely located in the fourth ventricle cavity and those with a partial intraventricular component, which are not associated with any structures outside the ventricle. The reason for this study was our own clinical observation.

[Segmental agenesis of the cervical internal carotid artery with collateral blood supply from the ascending pharyngeal artery and intercavernous anastomosis: a clinical case and literature review]. / Segmentarnaia ageneziia tservikal'nogo segmenta vnutrennei sonnoi arterii s kollateral'nym krovosnabzheniem iz voskhodiashchei arterii glotki i mezhkavernoznogo anastomoza (klinicheskoe nabliudenie i obzor literatury).

The article presents a clinical case of segmental agenesis of the cervical ICA with collateral blood supply to the ICA territory through the intercavernous anastomosis and ascending pharyngeal artery with the branching primitive stapedial artery - the aberrant ICA variant. A feature of the case is a unique combination of the intercavernous anastomosis and the aberrant ICA, which provide collateral blood flow in cervical ICA agenesis. In the world literature, there are no reports of similar combinations. The discussion provides information on the stages of circle of Willis formation and presents a literature review of cases of intercavernous anastomoses associated with ICA agenesis.

[Outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy for acute stroke in regional vascular centers of a metropolis (St.-Petersburg)]. / Rezul'taty lecheniia ishemicheskogo insul'ta s primeneniem vnutrisosudistoi tromboémboléktomii v usloviiakh regional'nykh sosudistykh tsentrov v megapolise (Sankt-Peterburg).

AIM: To assess technical results and close functional outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients treated with endovascular thrombecomy (ET) in regional vascular centers (RVC) of St-Petersburg. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 183 patients with AIS, including 143 patients with AIS due to a large intracranial vessel occlusion in anterior (AC) and 25 patients in posterior cerebral (PC) circulation, 15 with isolated extracranial carotid occlusion treated in 6 RVC in 2017 was performed. All patients underwent ET. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Effective reperfusion (mTICI 2b-3) was achieved in 71.5% (71.3% AC, 72% PC). On discharge, 35,7% patients had good (mRs 0-2) functional outcome (37.1% AC, 28% PC). The incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (according to ECASS II criteria) was 10.7% (9.1% AC, 20% PC), the mortality was 29.2% (22.4% AC, 68% PC).). The results of our study show the possibility of effective and safe application of ET in patients with AIS in the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation in regional vascular centers of St.-Petersburg.

[Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. A series of clinical cases and an analysis of the literature data]. / Dural'nye spinal'nye arteriovenoznye fistuly. Seriia sobstvennykh klinicheskikh nabliudenii i analiz dannykh literatury.

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are the most common vascular malformation of the spinal cord, causing segmental lesions of the spinal cord due to venous ischemia. Functional outcomes of treatment in SDAVF patients are favorable, but the rate of improvement varies from 25 to 100%, which complicates prediction of the treatment outcome. AIM: the study aim was to identify a relationship between fistula localization and clinical manifestations and evaluate the effect of disease duration and severity of neurological impairments on immediate and long-term treatment outcomes, based on analysis of the literature and own data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In September 2016, we performed a PubMed search for publications using keywords 'spinal arteriovenous fistula', 'treatment', and 'outcome'. We selected publications containing information on the patient's age, fistula location, disease duration, and evaluation of symptom severity (Aminoff-Logue scale) preoperatively, postoperatively, and at least 3 months after surgery. The analysis also included data on patients operated on at the clinic. A total of 187 patients were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The fistula was most often located at the T6, T7, and T9 level, with motor disorders being more severe for fistulas located at or below the T9 vertebra. Surgical isolation of the fistula improved the functional state of patients, with patients under the age of 60 years having a better prognosis for recovery of impaired functions. Motor disorders significantly regressed in the early postoperative period in all patients, but in the long-term period, there was worsening of motor disorders in patients with a better baseline functional state.