Hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and thrombophilia as the most common risk factors for retinal vein occlusion in patients under 50 years.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cardiovascular (CV) diseases are the most common risk factors (RFs) for retinal vein occlusion (RVO) development in general. The aim of this study was to identify the most frequent causes of RVO in patients under 50. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated a group of patients with RVO under 50 years. The parameters of interest included age and sex, RVO type, presence of arterial hypertension (HT), hyperlipidaemia (HLD), diabetes mellitus (DM), congenital thrombophilic disorder (TD), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), thyroid eye disease (TED), use of hormone contraception (HC) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT), glaucoma and other potential RFs. Patients with central RVO (CRVO), hemi-central RVO (HRVO), branch RVO (BRVO), impending CRVO and combined arterial-venous (AV) occlusion were included. RESULTS: The group consisted of 110 eyes of 103 patients. CV disease was the most common systemic abnormality. 55.3% patients had HT, 17.5% had HLD. TD was the third most frequent RF (12.6%). The cohort also included patients with DM (6.8%), glaucoma (6.8%) and women using HC/HRT (26.2% of female patients). There were isolated cases of RVO due to retinal vasculitis, intense exercise, antiphospholipid syndrome and COVID-19 pneumonia. None of the patients had OSAS, TED or a haemato-oncological disease. The etiology remained unexplained in 20.4% patients. No difference was observed in RF occurrence between patients with CRVO and HRVO and those with BRVO. CONCLUSION: The most common systemic abnormality in our cohort was CV disease, especially HT and HLD. The risk factors for central, hemi-central and branch RVOs were similar.

Correlation Between Ischemic Index of Retinal Vein Occlusion and Oxygen Saturation in Retinal Vessels.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between the ischemic index and the oxygen saturation in retinal vessels in patients with retinal vein occlusion. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS: We performed a prospective study. The cohort consisted of 43 eyes of 43 patients with retinal vein occlusions (RVO), 23 of whom had central retinal vein occlusions (CRVO) and 20 who had branch retinal vein occlusions (BRVO). We evaluated the retinal vessel saturation using an automatic retinal oximetry device. The retinal ischemic index (ISI) was determined using ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography. RESULTS: Mean arterial saturation (±SD) was 100% ± 11%, mean vein saturation was 52% ±13%, and mean A-V difference was 48% ± 16% in eyes with BRVO. The average ISI in the same group was 0.48 (range 0-1). There was no statistically significant correlation between the retinal ischemic index and retinal saturation in the BRVO group. The affected eye in the CRVO group had a mean arterial saturation of 101% ± 6%, vein saturation of 44% ± 11 % and A-V difference of 58% ± 10%. The average ISI in the CRVO group was 0.54 (range 0-1). A statistically significant negative correlation between ISI and vein saturation was found in the CRVO group (r = -0.686; P =.0003). A significant positive correlation between ISI and the A-V difference was found in the CRVO group (r = 0.893; P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Oxygen saturation in the retinal vein and the arteriovenous difference correlated with the ischemic index in CRVO patients. No correlation was found for BRVO patients.

Long term visual outcome after arteriolar constriction in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion.

AIM: To evaluate the final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) treated with either (1) laser arteriolar constriction (ACo) or (2) the standard treatment recommended by the Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group (grid laser photocoagulation (GLP) or only observation (if indication criteria for GLP were not met). METHODS: 358 BRVOs were treated in three different ways: early ACo (n=133) performed ≤9 weeks after onset of BRVO, late ACo (n=62) performed >9 weeks after onset and controls which included GLP and observation (n=163). The groups were further divided according to initial BCVA into: ≤0.1; 0.16-0.3 and ≥0.4. RESULTS: Based on the proportion of 1 year BCVA≤0.1 as a risk category, the results of early ACo (3.8%) were significantly better than for the controls (22.7%, P<0.001) and late ACo (16.1%, P=0.006). The greatest difference in final BCVA was in patients with the worst initial VA (≤0.1). In the intermediate initial BCVA group 0.16-0.3, a significant difference was only found between the early ACo group and controls (P=0.007). There was no significant difference between any treatment group and prevalence of a final BCVA≤0.1 for patients with an initial BCVA≥0.4. CONCLUSIONS: Early ACo significantly reduces the prevalence of a final BCVA≤0.1 in patients with BRVO and an initial BCVA≤0.3 compared to controls (standard treatment treated with GLP or observed).