Thromboembolism in a bitch - diagnosis by infrared thermography

Background: Thermography is a noninvasive, non-contact, painless, and non-ionizing imaging technique that records cutaneous thermal patterns generated by infrared emission of the surface. The surface heat is closely related to dermal microcirculation. Thromboembolism is responsible for important changes in the thermal pattern of the body surface due to physical obstruction of blood flow, being the main complication in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The aim of this paper is to report a dog with thrombus in his left forelimb secondary to idiopathic hemolytic anemia, whose diagnostic screening was performed through infrared thermography. Case: A 9-year-old mixed breed bitch was referred to a veterinary hospital with a history of emesis, diarrhea and dark-colored urine for 2 days. The complete blood count showed hypochromic macrocytic anemia (hematocrit [HTC] 28%, reference: 37 to 55%) with the presence of nucleated erythrocyte (14/100 leukocytes, reference: 0 to 5/100 leukocytes), polychromasia and spherocytes. Leukocytosis (28,300 mm³, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³) by neutrophilia with left deviation and toxic granulations was also present, in addition to hemoglobinuria at urine exam. Therefore, treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) was instituted. After 2 days, the animal returned with acute functional impairment of the left forelimb. Physical examination revealed that the limb was cold, without pulse, proprioception, reflexes, and deep pain. New blood analyses revealed decreased hematocrit (HTC 17%, reference: 37 to 55%), and increased total leukocyte number (57,000 mm3, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³). Infrared thermography revealed an important temperature difference between the limbs, with the affected limb temperature considerably lower (31.3ºC) when compared to the contralateral limb (35.0ºC). Thermography showed the site of the thrombus in the medial portion of the limb (cephalic vein), where the catheter had been placed for fluid therapy. Due to the severity of the condition, the bitch was submitted to amputation surgery, which occurred without complications. The patient had a good response to treatment, with decreased signs of hemolysis and hypercoagulability. The medications were slowly withdrawn, and the clinical discharge occurred after 4 weeks. Discussion: In humans, thermography has been widely used in the assessment of thrombotic diseases, contributing to diagnosis, localization, and prognosis. In veterinary medicine, however, the use of this tool in the diagnosis of thromboembolism is still rare. The difference of 3.7°C between the affected and contralateral limb was objectively verified using thermography. A minimum difference of 2.4°C between limbs has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing thromboembolism and occurs due to the reduction in local blood flow. In the present case this tool was essential for the anatomical location of the thrombus, which was in the middle third of the forearm, and allowed an adequate surgical planning. It is known that the main complication of IMHA is thromboembolism. Its predisposing factors include venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, being exacerbated by cage confinement, decubitus and presence of a peripheral venous catheter. The reported case corroborates at least one of these factors since it had a peripheral venous catheter in the left forelimb, which later showed absence of pulse, spinal reflexes, pain and proprioception. The thermography showed to be an objective, rapid and non-invasive tool to diagnose and precisely locate the thrombus, which allowed for adequate treatment and surgical planning for the case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about use of thermography to diagnose thromboembolism secondary to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a dog.

Chemodectoma in a bitch

Background: Chemodectomas, better known as tumors of the base of the heart, arise from aortic bodies, respiratory chemoreceptors located near or inside the aortic arch or originate from receptors located in the carotid arteries. Relatively rare, they affect dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats. They gain great importance when they influence the function of the cardiovascular system, with animals showing clinical signs related to congestive heart failure. Clinical diagnosis is based on symptomatology and complementary tests such as radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography, while the definitive diagnosis is obtained by cytological and histopathological exams. This study aims to reports a case of malignant chemodectoma in a bitch, whose main symptomatology was neurological and not cardiovascular. Case: A 1-year-old Rottweiler bitch was attended with neurological alterations compatible with vestibular syndrome, hyporexia, dysphagia, apathy, melena, emesis, and purulent nasal discharge on the right nostril. On physical examination, the animal showed depressed level of consciousness, poor body condition, bilateral quemosis, paralysis of the right eye, inspiratory dyspnea and muffling of cardiac auscultation, besides a subcutaneous nodule between the scapulae. On neurological evaluation, horizontal nystagmus, head tilt to the right side, ventromedial strabismus and facial nerve paralysis on the right side were observed so that the localization of the lesion was set in peripheral vestibular system. During anesthesia for esophageal tube placement, a mass from the hard palate to the oropharynx was noted, making endotracheal intubation impossible to perform. Biopsy of this nodule was performed, and tracheostomy was indicated, but the owner opted for euthanasia before the procedure. Necropsy revealed white soft masses in the bilateral retromandibular region, on the subcutaneous tissue near the scapulae, in the right ear and since nasopharynx to the soft palate, in addition to sparse white nodules in the heart, lung, carotid artery, kidneys, right ovary, mesentery near to the spleen, and axillary lymph node. Histologically, the nodules were characterized by neoplastic cells population organized in short bundles or cords, arranged around small blood vessels surrounded by delicate connective tissue. Neoplastic cells infiltrated muscles and blood and lymphatic vessels were filled by multiple neoplastic emboli. The histological pattern of the cells allowed the diagnosis of chemodectoma. Discussion: The bitch from this case had 1-year-old when diagnosed with chemodectoma, differently from most cases from literature, that are between 7 to 15 years old. Furthermore, primarily cardiac tumors are considered rare, being chemodectoma the most common, often reported in Boxer and Boston Terrier dogs, but unusual in Rottweilers. Despites some articles mentioning seizure and Horner's Syndrome secondary to a carotid body chemodectoma, neurological signs are not commonly observed in these cases. The presence of the tumor in the middle ear region of the right side supports the occurrence of peripheral vestibular syndrome and facial nerve paralysis on the same side. Because it is a neoplasm that is usually detected late during the course of the disorder, most patients either cannot obtain diagnosis in vivo, as in this reported animal, which was in such a critical condition that underwent euthanasia, or there are no more possible therapeutic choices. In the patient described, there were numerous metastatic masses and nodules spread throughout the body. Although the typical clinical signs in animals with chemodectomas are often related to heart disease, neurological signs may also be present. This report emphasizes the importance of chemodectoma being included as a differential diagnosis in young dogs and even in breeds such as Rottweiler.

Polymyositis associated with brainstem signs in a dog

Background: Polymyositis is a generalized inflammatory myopathy which can lead to rhabdomyolysis. This affection may have several origins, including degenerative, metabolic, autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, by drug use, induced by toxins and also of idiopathic origin. Diagnosis is made with seric dosage, electrodiagnostic tests and muscle biopsy. Lesions in the rostral oblong medulla may affect the central vestibular system, and there may be signs such as opisthotonos, nystagmus, and strabismus. The aim of this report is to describe a case of a mixed breed dog with manifestation of polymyositis associated with brainstem signs of probable idiopathic origin. Case: A 5-year-old mixed breed male dog was attended with opisthotonos episodes for 2 days, and pelvic limbs extension and thoracic limbs flexion that lasted 10 to 20 min at intervals of approximately 1 h. The animal was anorexic and had also presented one episode of emesis. Upon neurological examination, ventromedial strabismus and Horner's syndrome was observed on the right side, besides vertical nystagmus, flaccid tetraparesis and absence of proprioception in the four limbs. Biochemical analyses revealed creatine kinase (CK) increased (2,433.9 UI/L - reference: 1.5-28.4 UI/L), and urinalysis showed dark color and presence of occult blood without, however, erythrocyturia. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed QS wave and deviation of the electrical axis. Treatment with prednisolone (1 mg/kg, BID), phenobarbital (2 mg/kg, BID), maropitant citrate (1 mg/kg in 2 doses), and crystalloid fluid therapy (50 mL/kg/day) were prescribed. On the 4th day, the dog was more active and feeding without a tube, so it recommended keep the treatment at home. On the 10th day, the animal had proprioception present on the 4 limbs and normorexia. Biochemical analyses and urinalysis showed no alterations, but normochromic normochromic anemia with thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis by neutrophilia showed in blood count exam. PCR to Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon sp., and Babesia canis resulted negative. On the 15th day, blood count, biochemical analyses and urinalysis showed no alterations. Neurological examination revealed only positional vertical nystagmus. which remained as a sequel. Discussion: Polymyositis may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, characterized by acute muscle necrosis, increased CK and myoglobinuria. The animal had polymyositis of acute onset, with myoglobinuria and elevated CK values, whose presentation included myalgia and muscle weakness. In humans, polymyositis is accompanied by changes in electrocardiographic tracing without clinical alterations. In dogs, the first report that showed cardiac involvement was compatible with myocarditis. The changes in ECG in the present case was attributed to failure in myocardial electrical conduction. The patient also showed signs of brainstem and central vestibular system injuries. Stress myopathy, intoxication, snakebite, infectious, and metabolic diseases were discarded leading to a clinical suspicion as idiopathic origin. Similar to a published case, the patient of this report received symptomatic and supportive treatment, being discharged from the hospital 20 days after the onset of clinical signs. Thus, polymyositis may be accompanied by signs indicative of brainstem injury. Patients with rhabdomyolysis require intense monitoring due to the high risk of developing acute renal failure. Since no causative agent was identified, symptomatic treatment combined with the prevention of possible complications were fundamental for the maintenance of the animal's life.

Acute erythroid leukemia in a cat infected with feline leukemia virus

Background: Erythroid leukemia is a myeloproliferative hematopoietic disorder considered acute when there is a predominance of blasts in the bone marrow. It is frequently reported in cats infected with feline leukemia virus, but it is unclear whether this virus is involved in the oncogenesis. The clinical signs in cats are anorexia, apathy, weight loss, with evolution from 2 weeks to 2 months, pale mucous membranes, hemorrhages, ascites, salivation, and dyspnea due to pleural effusion. This affection responds little to chemotherapy with an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to report a case of a feline leukemia virus infected cat with the onset of severe hemolytic anemia. Case: A 8-year-old male mixed breed cat was attended with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia, apathy, progressive weight loss, and yellowish color of urine for 7 days. Laboratorial exams showed anemia (with metarubricytes, acanthocytes and ghost cells), leukocytosis and FeLV reagent test. The cat underwent treatment with methylprednisolone acetate and supportive care. One day later, the animal returned with icteric mucous membranes, and emesis. A blood count was performed that found worsening anemia, increased leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholangiohepatitis and lymphadenomegaly in mesenteric lymph nodes. Treatment was started with ondansetron, metronidazole, and amoxicilin with potassium clavulanate. The cat returned after 3 days and laboratorial exams revealed worsening of blood parameters, so blood transfusion was performed. After 2 days, the patient started with dyspnea and hypothermia, that evolved to cardiorespiratory arrest. The body was sent to necropsy and histopathology, where blast cells and rubricytes were found in blood vessels of various organs. The bone marrow was markedly cellular with complete disappearance of adipose tissue. Most of the cells were blasts with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nucleus with finely dotted chromatin and a large nucleolus. There were rubricytes, which made possible to confirm acute erythroid leukemia as a morphological diagnosis. Discussion: The clinical signs observed in acute erythroid leukemia are lethargy, inappetence, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenomegaly, associated with leukocytosis, severe anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The reported animal presented signs similar to those described in the literature except that there was no change in platelet counts. The diagnosis of leukemia was reached after histopathology, and it is made when is observed more than 30% of myeloblasts and monoblasts together or when the blast cells count including rubriblasts is greater than 30%. Although chemotherapy, the prognosis is usually poor. It is essential to perform the myelogram for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias in vivo. In this report, we only achieve final diagnosis after the cat's death, due to the aggressive behavior of the disease. Clinicians must be aware of the likely development of acute erythroid leukemia whenever a feline leukemia virus infected cat presents hemolytic anemia to get an early diagnosis, since this is an extremely aggressive disease, to propose prompt chemotherapy and give the patient a longer survival period.

Non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma with systemic dissemination in a dog

Background: Cutaneous lymphoma is a highly malignant neoplasm, which can originate in the epidermis or dermis, aswell as be disseminated to other organs such as lung, heart, arm, liver and bone marrow. It comes in the form of nodes ofvarious sizes, erythematous and alopecic, itching may or may not occur. The diagnosis is made by cytological and histopathological examination of the compromised tissue. However, it is important to perform complementary tests for clinicalstaging and prognostic characterization. The objective is to report a case of non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma withsystemic dissemination in a dog.Case: A female mixed bred adult canine was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grossodo Sul with a history of progressive weight loss and the presence of alopecic and non-pruritic subcutaneous nodules in thetorso, nasal plane and pelvic limbs, starting 4 months ago. After approximately 20 days, the presence of rapidly evolvingulcerated nodules was noted. On physical examination, generalized lymphadenomegaly was observed and among thedermatological findings were multiple nodules of varying sizes with the presence of ulceration in the center of the lesions,alopecia, erythema and raised edges, in the region of the nasal sinus, pelvic and thoracic limbs, tail, thoracolumbar andabdominal region. The animal also presented right pelvic limb edema with painful sensibility to manipulation CBC andbiochemical tests (albumin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, globulins, total proteins andfractions) were performed, being observed as normocytic normochromic type anemia alteration (erythrocytes: 2.78 106/µL; hemoglobin: 6.8 g/µL; globular volume: 18.8%), leukopenia (4,000/mm3) with presence of metamyelocytes (120/mm3) and rods (1,080/mm3) and lymphopenia (80/mm3). Three samples of the nodules were...(AU)

Non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma with systemic dissemination in a dog

Background: Cutaneous lymphoma is a highly malignant neoplasm, which can originate in the epidermis or dermis, aswell as be disseminated to other organs such as lung, heart, arm, liver and bone marrow. It comes in the form of nodes ofvarious sizes, erythematous and alopecic, itching may or may not occur. The diagnosis is made by cytological and histopathological examination of the compromised tissue. However, it is important to perform complementary tests for clinicalstaging and prognostic characterization. The objective is to report a case of non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma withsystemic dissemination in a dog.Case: A female mixed bred adult canine was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grossodo Sul with a history of progressive weight loss and the presence of alopecic and non-pruritic subcutaneous nodules in thetorso, nasal plane and pelvic limbs, starting 4 months ago. After approximately 20 days, the presence of rapidly evolvingulcerated nodules was noted. On physical examination, generalized lymphadenomegaly was observed and among thedermatological findings were multiple nodules of varying sizes with the presence of ulceration in the center of the lesions,alopecia, erythema and raised edges, in the region of the nasal sinus, pelvic and thoracic limbs, tail, thoracolumbar andabdominal region. The animal also presented right pelvic limb edema with painful sensibility to manipulation CBC andbiochemical tests (albumin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, globulins, total proteins andfractions) were performed, being observed as normocytic normochromic type anemia alteration (erythrocytes: 2.78 106/µL; hemoglobin: 6.8 g/µL; globular volume: 18.8%), leukopenia (4,000/mm3) with presence of metamyelocytes (120/mm3) and rods (1,080/mm3) and lymphopenia (80/mm3). Three samples of the nodules were...

Squamous cell carcinoma in the third eyelid of a dog

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and predominantly affect light-skinned animals. In dogs, breeds such as American Staffordshire Terriers, white or speckled Bull Terriers, and Beagles have a higher predisposition. Squamous cell carcinoma presents in the skin, at slightly pigmented or hairy sites, especially in digits, but also may occur in the nasal planum, oral mucosa, and rarely, in the eye. Considering that few reports have been published on eye neoplasms, the aim of this paper is to describe a dog with a lesion in the third eyelid of his right eye which was diagnosticated with squamous cell carcinoma. Case: A 10-year-old male American Staffordshire dog was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil with injury to the right eye. During the physical examination, there was also a non-adhered lump near the foreskin, measuring 1.5 cm in diameter. In addition, there was another lump in the third eyelid of the right eye, approximately 3 mm in diameter. Cytology of the dermal nodule was performed by fine-needle aspiration cytology; however, the sample was insufficient for cytological evaluation. Therefore, the animal was placed under general anesthesia for skin lump excision and for fine-needle aspiration cytology of the third eyelid nodule. The histopathological exam revealed high cellularity of epithelial cells, intense anisocytosis and pleomorphism, cytoplasmic basophilia and vacuolation, multiple evident nucleoli, and anisocariosis and coarse chromatin. These finds were compatible with squamous cell carcinoma, which was the same result suggested by fine-needle aspiration cytology of the third...

Eosinophilic folliculitis in a dog

Background: Canine eosinophilic folliculitis is a dermatological disease of acute onset with development of erosive to ulcerative papular lesions, especially on the nasal bridge, that may cause severe skin abnormalities leading to discomfort and pain to the patient. The aim of this report was to characterize a case of a canine eosinophilic folliculitis with papular, ulcerative and crusting dermatitis on the nasal bridge, papules on eyelid and pinna, with confirmed diagnosis based on aspiration cytology, history and response to immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoid. Case: An 1-year-old intact Daschund was attended showing an acute onset (over 4 h) of generalized urticarial reaction and nonpruriginous lesion at the muzzle with mild serosanguineous exudate, which persisted for 96 h when the dog was evaluated. It was observed a papular and ulcerative dermatitis with serosanguineous exudate and hematic crusts at nasal bridge, papules measuring 2 mm in diameter in the medial and lateral canthus of the left eyelid, ulcerative papule with hematic crust in the border of left ear pinna, multifocal papules on the skin, dyskeratosis and generalized hair loss. The patient was anesthetized for blood sampling (CBC and serum biochemistry), lesions fine-needle aspiration, scraping and imprint for cytological examination, bacterial culture and nasal turbinates radiography. Fragments for histopathological evaluation were also collected. Erythrogram and platelet evaluation were unremarkable. Leukogram revealed leukocytosis (neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis and eosinophilia). Serum biochemistry revealed hyperalbuminemia and discrete hyperproteinemia; values of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and globulins were within normal range. In cytological examination, intense cellularity was observed with predominance of eosinophils (60%), neutrophils (35%), macrophages performing cytophagocytosis (5%) and degenerated cells. There was no bacterial growth within 48 h after incubation of nasal bridge lesion swab. There were no abnormalities identified at radiographic evaluation of nasal turbinates. As the patient was already with antibiotic therapy and steroidal anti-inflammatory, it was opted to maintain it, since interruption between the day of examination and laboratory results could cause more prejudice than benefit, corticosteroid dose, however, was readjusted (prednisone 2 mg/kg/per os/every 24h). After 1 week of treatment the owner reported significant improvement of clinical signs without any further complaint. Discussion: Typically, type I hypersensitivity reactions such as insect bites do not exceed clinical signs of erythema, local edema and pruritus, with spontaneous remission of clinical signs within few hours after exposure to the antigen. Eosinophilic folliculitis, however, may cause more severe clinical alterations, such as pain, apathy and hyporexia. Nasal bridge is the predominant site described to be affected in cases of eosinophilic folliculitis, being auricular pinna, thorax and limbs considered atypical presentations which can delay proper diagnosis, since in endemic regions for diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis, infectious etiology may be listed first. Differential diagnosis also includes superficial pyoderma, juvenile cellulitis, pemphigus foliaceus and pharmacodermia. The case described in this report emphasize the importance of an accurate diagnosis as well as an early and adequate treatment in order to promote satisfactory response. Also, highlights inadequate use of antimicrobials as a direct consequence of lack of laboratorial investigation.

Liver cysts in a kitten with Platynosomum sp

Background: Hepatic cysts are rarely described in association with infections by Platynosomum sp. Infected animals are most often asymptomatic, and the severity of symptoms is associated with the number of biliary tract parasites, which may lead to cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis. Although platinosomiasis is often associated with cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis, it rarely is with polycystic disease. For the parasite's life cycle to occur, the infected cat must eliminate the eggs in the feces and three intermediate hosts are needed: snails, terrestrial isopods and vertebrates like the frog or the gecko. The eggs are ingested by the snails, then the miracids are released and matured into the mother sporocyst form, which originates child sporocysts containing the cercariae, that leave the mollusks for the soil and are ingested by the terrestrial isopod in which the cercariae matures until metacercariae. Vertebrates ingest terrestrial isopods and are ingested by felines. The present study aimed to report an unusual case of platinosomiasis with the development of multiple hepatic cysts. Case: A mixed breed male kitten was admitted with a history of apathy, hyporexia, increased abdominal volume and jaundice. In the ultrasound examination, we could see hepatomegaly and several hypoecogenic rounded structures, similar to cysts. There was an increase of serum concentration of the hepatic enzymes alanine transaminase and gamma glutamyl transferase enzyme. The parasite's eggs were investigated in the patient's feces using the simple sedimentation method, with a negative result. The animal was submitted to celiotomy and it was possible to observe several cystic structures in the liver. The cysts content was sent to cytology and culture. Cytology result was compatible with liver cyst and there was no bacterial growth in the culture. Bile fluid was collected and sent for Platynosomum sp. research using the centrifugal sedimentation test in formalin-ether solution, which allowed the parasite's eggs to be observed. The cat was treated with praziquantel,silymarin, S-Adenosyl methionine, and ursodeoxycholic acid. The patient gradually improved from jaundice and there was a reduction in abdominal volume. Discussion: This report describes a case of platinossomiasis associated with polycystic liver disease in a domestic cat, which seems to be an uncommon presentation. Most infected cats are asymptomatic, but some animals may exhibit anorexia, apathy, increased abdominal volume due to hepatomegaly and/or ascitis and jaundice. Although infestation in domestic cats is relatively common, its association with liver cysts is rare or poorly reported in the literature, representing a diagnostic challenge, which makes mandatory the inclusion of this differential diagnosis in polycystic liver diseases in cats. The diagnosis of this parasitosis can be made based on the association among clinical signs, laboratory tests and ultrasound examination, but the definitive diagnosis is usually made by visualizing the parasite's eggs. In the case described, it was not possible to observe parasite's eggs in the patient's feces, but in the bile. Platynosomum sp. infection should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of polycystic liver disease in cats, especially in countries with tropical or subtropical climate. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment were fundamental for the improvement of the patient's clinical condition.

Molecular detection of Cercopithifilaria bainae and other tick-borne pathogens in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. isolated from dogs in Midwest Brazil.

The aim of the present study was to detect Cercopithifilaria bainae and other tick-borne pathogens and to perform molecular characterization of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. collected from dogs. Ticks (n = 432, including 8 larvae, 59 nymphs, and 365 adults) were sampled from domiciled dogs (n = 73) living in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (Midwest Brazil). All ticks were morphologically identified as R. sanguineus. Genomic DNA was extracted in pools (three to five ticks per animal) and was used for definition of R. sanguineus haplotypes (based on 16S rRNA analysis) and pathogen identification (Cercopithifilaria sp., Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia vogeli and Rickettsia spp.). Rhipicephal us sanguineus specimens were identified as haplotypes A and B. DNA of Cercopithifilaria bainae (43.83%; 32/73), Ehrlichia canis (24.65%; 18/73), Anaplasma platys (19.17%; 14/73), and Hepatozoon canis (5.47%; 4/73) was detected. The identity of pathogens was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. The present study confirms the presence of haplotypes A and B of R. sanguineus in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and its importance as a vector of several pathogens of veterinary concern. Finally, this is the first report to identify C. bainae in ticks in the Midwestern region of Brazil.

Molecular detection of Cercopithifilaria bainae and other tick-borne pathogens in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. isolated from dogs in Midwest Brazil / Detecção molecular de Cercopithifilaria bainae e outros patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos em Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. isolados de cães no Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Abstract The aim of the present study was to detect Cercopithifilaria bainae and other tick-borne pathogens and to perform molecular characterization of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. collected from dogs. Ticks (n = 432, including 8 larvae, 59 nymphs, and 365 adults) were sampled from domiciled dogs (n = 73) living in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (Midwest Brazil). All ticks were morphologically identified as R. sanguineus. Genomic DNA was extracted in pools (three to five ticks per animal) and was used for definition of R. sanguineus haplotypes (based on 16S rRNA analysis) and pathogen identification (Cercopithifilaria sp., Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia vogeli and Rickettsia spp.). Rhipicephal us sanguineus specimens were identified as haplotypes A and B. DNA of Cercopithifilaria bainae (43.83%; 32/73), Ehrlichia canis (24.65%; 18/73), Anaplasma platys (19.17%; 14/73), and Hepatozoon canis (5.47%; 4/73) was detected. The identity of pathogens was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. The present study confirms the presence of haplotypes A and B of R. sanguineus in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and its importance as a vector of several pathogens of veterinary concern. Finally, this is the first report to identify C. bainae in ticks in the Midwestern region of Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar Cercopithifilaria bainae e outros patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos e realizar a caracterização molecular do carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. coletado em cães. Carrapatos (n = 432, incluindo 8 larvas, 59 ninfas e 365 adultos) foram amostrados de cães domiciliados (n = 73) residentes no município de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (centro-oeste do Brasil). Todos os carrapatos foram identificados morfologicamente como R. sanguineus. O DNA genômico foi extraído em pools (três a cinco carrapatos por animal), seguido pela definição de haplótipos (com base no gene 16S rRNA) e pela investigação de patógenos (Cercopithifilaria sp., Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia vogeli e Rickettsia spp.). Os espécimes coletados foram identificados como haplótipos A e B de R. sanguineus. Foram detectados DNA de Cercopithifilaria bainae (43,83%; 32/73), Ehrlichia canis (24,65%; 18/73), Anaplasma platys (19,17%; 14/73) e Hepatozoon canis (5,47%; 4/73). A identidade dos patógenos foi confirmada por análise de sequência de DNA. O presente estudo confirma a circulação dos haplótipos A e B de R. sanguineus no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e sua importância como vetor de vários patógenos de interesse veterinário. Finalmente, este é o primeiro relato de C. bainae em carrapatos na região centro-oeste do Brasil.

Black hair follicular dysplasia in a fox paulistinha dog: clinical and histopathological features / Displasia folicular do pelo preto em um cão Fox paulistinha–características clínicas e histopatológicas

Black hair follicular dysplasia (BHFD) is an unusual canine skin disorder defined as alopecia confined to black regions of the hair coat. First clinical abnormalities are usually noted around four weeks of age and comprise fracture of hair shafts in black-coated regions, later resulting in partial alopecia, usually, on the head, ear pinnae, neck, and back, whereas some nonblack-coated areas may exhibit normal hair. The diagnosis is confirmed by histopathologic features. This article aims to report a case of black hair follicular dysplasia in a seven-month-old Fox Paulistinha male dog showing alopecia restricted to black-haired areas, in which diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological exams that showed follicular dysplasia associated with melanic accumulation in the hair shaft and in and deep dermal tissue.

A displasia folicular do cabelo preto (BHFD) é uma doença incomum da pele canina definida como alopecia confinada a regiões de pelo preto. As primeiras anormalidades clínicas são geralmente notadas em torno de quatro semanas de idade e compreendem fratura dos pelos em regiões cobertas de pelagem preta, resultando posteriormente em alopecia parcial, geralmente, na cabeça, orelha, pescoço e dorso, enquanto algumas áreas cobertas por pelos que não são pretos, podem ser normais. O diagnóstico é confirmado por características histopatológicas. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de displasia folicular do pelo preto em um cão macho Fox Paulistinha de sete meses de idade mostrando alopecia restrita a áreas de pelos pretos, em que o diagnóstico foi confirmado por exames histopatológicos que mostraram displasia folicular associada ao acúmulo melânico no folículo piloso e no tecido dérmico profundo.(AU)

Black hair follicular dysplasia in a fox paulistinha dog: clinical and histopathological features / Displasia folicular do pelo preto em um cão Fox paulistinha–características clínicas e histopatológicas

Black hair follicular dysplasia (BHFD) is an unusual canine skin disorder defined as alopecia confined to black regions of the hair coat. First clinical abnormalities are usually noted around four weeks of age and comprise fracture of hair shafts in black-coated regions, later resulting in partial alopecia, usually, on the head, ear pinnae, neck, and back, whereas some nonblack-coated areas may exhibit normal hair. The diagnosis is confirmed by histopathologic features. This article aims to report a case of black hair follicular dysplasia in a seven-month-old Fox Paulistinha male dog showing alopecia restricted to black-haired areas, in which diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological exams that showed follicular dysplasia associated with melanic accumulation in the hair shaft and in and deep dermal tissue.

A displasia folicular do cabelo preto (BHFD) é uma doença incomum da pele canina definida como alopecia confinada a regiões de pelo preto. As primeiras anormalidades clínicas são geralmente notadas em torno de quatro semanas de idade e compreendem fratura dos pelos em regiões cobertas de pelagem preta, resultando posteriormente em alopecia parcial, geralmente, na cabeça, orelha, pescoço e dorso, enquanto algumas áreas cobertas por pelos que não são pretos, podem ser normais. O diagnóstico é confirmado por características histopatológicas. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de displasia folicular do pelo preto em um cão macho Fox Paulistinha de sete meses de idade mostrando alopecia restrita a áreas de pelos pretos, em que o diagnóstico foi confirmado por exames histopatológicos que mostraram displasia folicular associada ao acúmulo melânico no folículo piloso e no tecido dérmico profundo.

Molecular detection of Cercopithifilaria bainae and other tick-borne pathogens in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. isolated from dogs in Midwest Brazil / Detecção molecular de Cercopithifilaria bainae e outros patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos em Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. isolados de cães no Centro-Oeste do Brasil

The aim of the present study was to detect Cercopithifilaria bainae and other tick-borne pathogens and to perform molecular characterization of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. collected from dogs. Ticks (n = 432, including 8 larvae, 59 nymphs, and 365 adults) were sampled from domiciled dogs (n = 73) living in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (Midwest Brazil). All ticks were morphologically identified as R. sanguineus. Genomic DNA was extracted in pools (three to five ticks per animal) and was used for definition of R. sanguineus haplotypes (based on 16S rRNA analysis) and pathogen identification (Cercopithifilaria sp., Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia vogeli and Rickettsia spp.). Rhipicephal us sanguineus specimens were identified as haplotypes A and B. DNA of Cercopithifilaria bainae (43.83%; 32/73), Ehrlichia canis (24.65%; 18/73), Anaplasma platys (19.17%; 14/73), and Hepatozoon canis (5.47%; 4/73) was detected. The identity of pathogens was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. The present study confirms the presence of haplotypes A and B of R. sanguineus in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and its importance as a vector of several pathogens of veterinary concern. Finally, this is the first report to identify C. bainae in ticks in the Midwestern region of Brazil.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar Cercopithifilaria bainae e outros patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos e realizar a caracterização molecular do carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. coletado em cães. Carrapatos (n = 432, incluindo 8 larvas, 59 ninfas e 365 adultos) foram amostrados de cães domiciliados (n = 73) residentes no município de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (centro-oeste do Brasil). Todos os carrapatos foram identificados morfologicamente como R. sanguineus. O DNA genômico foi extraído em pools (três a cinco carrapatos por animal), seguido pela definição de haplótipos (com base no gene 16S rRNA) e pela investigação de patógenos (Cercopithifilaria sp., Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Hepatozoon canis, Babesia vogeli e Rickettsia spp.). Os espécimes coletados foram identificados como haplótipos A e B de R. sanguineus. Foram detectados DNA de Cercopithifilaria bainae (43,83%; 32/73), Ehrlichia canis (24,65%; 18/73), Anaplasma platys (19,17%; 14/73) e Hepatozoon canis (5,47%; 4/73). A identidade dos patógenos foi confirmada por análise de sequência de DNA. O presente estudo confirma a circulação dos haplótipos A e B de R. sanguineus no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e sua importância como vetor de vários patógenos de interesse veterinário. Finalmente, este é o primeiro relato de C. bainae em carrapatos na região centro-oeste do Brasil.(AU)

Ependimoma anaplásico em cão / Anaplasic ependymoma in a dog

Background: Anaplastic ependymoma is a rare primary intracranial neoplasm in dogs and cats, which originates fromependymal cells that line the ventricular system of the brain and spinal cord. Normally, this neoplasm occurs as a single,expansive mass that develops mainly in the lateral ventricles, and neurological changes are due to local tissue impairmentand peritumoral tissue compression. This article reports a case of anaplastic ependymoma in a dog treated at the VeterinaryHospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), emphasizing and describing the neurological signsand histopathology of this tumor.Case: This article reports the case of a 11-year-old mongrel dog with a history of butting its head against obstacles, ofcompulsive walking, and altered proprioception of the right side limbs. The condition evolved to positional strabismus ofthe left eye, left lateral deviation of the head, vertical nystagmus, decreased level of consciousness, and constant lateraldecubitus. Due to the suspicion of intracranial neoplasia and worsening of its clinical condition, the animal was euthanized. Necropsy of its body revealed a mass of approximately 3 cm in diameter in the third ventricle (in the left lateralregion). A histological examination revealed random clusters of ependymal cells with a few rosettes and pseudorosettes.The cells were cuboid to cylindrical in shape, with moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm with indistinct borders, and round tooval moderately hyperchromatic nuclei with 1-2 visible nucleoli. Based on these findings, the tumor was characterized asanaplastic ependymoma.Discussion: Intracranial tumors occur more frequently in older animals, and usually neurological signs tend to evolve progressively. Most affected dogs are mongrels, like the dog described in this report, but Golden Retrievers, Boxers, LabradorRetrievers...(AU)

Ependimoma anaplásico em cão / Anaplasic ependymoma in a dog

Background: Anaplastic ependymoma is a rare primary intracranial neoplasm in dogs and cats, which originates fromependymal cells that line the ventricular system of the brain and spinal cord. Normally, this neoplasm occurs as a single,expansive mass that develops mainly in the lateral ventricles, and neurological changes are due to local tissue impairmentand peritumoral tissue compression. This article reports a case of anaplastic ependymoma in a dog treated at the VeterinaryHospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), emphasizing and describing the neurological signsand histopathology of this tumor.Case: This article reports the case of a 11-year-old mongrel dog with a history of butting its head against obstacles, ofcompulsive walking, and altered proprioception of the right side limbs. The condition evolved to positional strabismus ofthe left eye, left lateral deviation of the head, vertical nystagmus, decreased level of consciousness, and constant lateraldecubitus. Due to the suspicion of intracranial neoplasia and worsening of its clinical condition, the animal was euthanized. Necropsy of its body revealed a mass of approximately 3 cm in diameter in the third ventricle (in the left lateralregion). A histological examination revealed random clusters of ependymal cells with a few rosettes and pseudorosettes.The cells were cuboid to cylindrical in shape, with moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm with indistinct borders, and round tooval moderately hyperchromatic nuclei with 1-2 visible nucleoli. Based on these findings, the tumor was characterized asanaplastic ependymoma.Discussion: Intracranial tumors occur more frequently in older animals, and usually neurological signs tend to evolve progressively. Most affected dogs are mongrels, like the dog described in this report, but Golden Retrievers, Boxers, LabradorRetrievers...

Occurrence of Mycoplasma haemocanis in dogs infested by ticks in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Hemotropic mycoplasmas in dogs, such as Mycoplasma haemocanis, have been described worldwide. Recently, these pathogens have been reported to be causative agent of zoonosis. It is known that its transmission may occur through the action of blood-sucking arthropods (e.g. ticks or fleas), through blood transfusion, contaminated fomites and/or transplacentally. In Brazil, M. haemocanis is present in practically all regions and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato is suspected the main vector. In the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there is little information about infection of dogs by M. haemocanis, or on the main epidemiological features associated with it. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of M. haemocanis among dogs infested by ticks and to assess possible associations with some epidemiological factors. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to analyze dog blood samples (n = 94). DNA from M. haemocanis was detected in four samples. No significant associations were observed with any epidemiological parameter analyzed here. However, the results from this study confirm that this pathogen is circulating in this region and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases among anemic dogs.

Occurrence of Mycoplasma haemocanis in dogs infested by ticks in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Ocorrência de Mycoplasma haemocanis em cães infestados por carrapatos em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Abstract Hemotropic mycoplasmas in dogs, such as Mycoplasma haemocanis, have been described worldwide. Recently, these pathogens have been reported to be causative agent of zoonosis. It is known that its transmission may occur through the action of blood-sucking arthropods (e.g. ticks or fleas), through blood transfusion, contaminated fomites and/or transplacentally. In Brazil, M. haemocanis is present in practically all regions and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato is suspected the main vector. In the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there is little information about infection of dogs by M. haemocanis, or on the main epidemiological features associated with it. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of M. haemocanis among dogs infested by ticks and to assess possible associations with some epidemiological factors. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to analyze dog blood samples (n = 94). DNA from M. haemocanis was detected in four samples. No significant associations were observed with any epidemiological parameter analyzed here. However, the results from this study confirm that this pathogen is circulating in this region and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases among anemic dogs.

Resumo Micoplasmas hemotrópicos de cães, como Mycoplasma haemocanis, já foram descritos em todo o mundo. Recentemente, esses patógenos têm sido apontados como causadores de zoonoses. É sabido que a transmissão pode ocorrer devido à ação de artrópodes sugadores de sangue (carrapatos, pulgas), transfusão sanguínea e/ou fômites contaminados e por via transplacentária. No Brasil, Mycoplasma haemocanis está presente em praticamente todas as regiões, e o carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato é suspeito como principal vetor. No município de Campo Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil não existem muitas informações acerca de infecções de cães por M. haemocanis, assim como quais são os principais aspectos epidemiológicos associados a este patógeno. Assim, o objetivo, no presente estudo, foi determinar a ocorrência de M. haemocanis em cães infestados por carrapatos e analisar possíveis associações com alguns fatores epidemiológicos. A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e o sequenciamento de DNA foram utilizados para analisar amostras de sangue de cães (n = 94). DNA de M. haemocanis foi identificado em quatro amostras. Não foram observadas associações significativas com qualquer parâmetro epidemiológico analisado. No entanto, os resultados deste estudo confirmam que esse patógeno está circulando na região e deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de causas de anemia em cães.

Occurrence of Mycoplasma haemocanis in dogs infested by ticks in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Ocorrência de Mycoplasma haemocanis em cães infestados por carrapatos em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Abstract Hemotropic mycoplasmas in dogs, such as Mycoplasma haemocanis, have been described worldwide. Recently, these pathogens have been reported to be causative agent of zoonosis. It is known that its transmission may occur through the action of blood-sucking arthropods (e.g. ticks or fleas), through blood transfusion, contaminated fomites and/or transplacentally. In Brazil, M. haemocanis is present in practically all regions and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato is suspected the main vector. In the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there is little information about infection of dogs by M. haemocanis, or on the main epidemiological features associated with it. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of M. haemocanis among dogs infested by ticks and to assess possible associations with some epidemiological factors. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to analyze dog blood samples (n = 94). DNA from M. haemocanis was detected in four samples. No significant associations were observed with any epidemiological parameter analyzed here. However, the results from this study confirm that this pathogen is circulating in this region and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases among anemic dogs.

Resumo Micoplasmas hemotrópicos de cães, como Mycoplasma haemocanis, já foram descritos em todo o mundo. Recentemente, esses patógenos têm sido apontados como causadores de zoonoses. É sabido que a transmissão pode ocorrer devido à ação de artrópodes sugadores de sangue (carrapatos, pulgas), transfusão sanguínea e/ou fômites contaminados e por via transplacentária. No Brasil, Mycoplasma haemocanis está presente em praticamente todas as regiões, e o carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato é suspeito como principal vetor. No município de Campo Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil não existem muitas informações acerca de infecções de cães por M. haemocanis, assim como quais são os principais aspectos epidemiológicos associados a este patógeno. Assim, o objetivo, no presente estudo, foi determinar a ocorrência de M. haemocanis em cães infestados por carrapatos e analisar possíveis associações com alguns fatores epidemiológicos. A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e o sequenciamento de DNA foram utilizados para analisar amostras de sangue de cães (n = 94). DNA de M. haemocanis foi identificado em quatro amostras. Não foram observadas associações significativas com qualquer parâmetro epidemiológico analisado. No entanto, os resultados deste estudo confirmam que esse patógeno está circulando na região e deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de causas de anemia em cães.

Occurrence of Mycoplasma haemocanis in dogs infested by ticks in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Ocorrência de Mycoplasma haemocanis em cães infestados por carrapatos em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Abstract Hemotropic mycoplasmas in dogs, such as Mycoplasma haemocanis, have been described worldwide. Recently, these pathogens have been reported to be causative agent of zoonosis. It is known that its transmission may occur through the action of blood-sucking arthropods (e.g. ticks or fleas), through blood transfusion, contaminated fomites and/or transplacentally. In Brazil, M. haemocanis is present in practically all regions and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato is suspected the main vector. In the municipality of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, there is little information about infection of dogs by M. haemocanis, or on the main epidemiological features associated with it. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of M. haemocanis among dogs infested by ticks and to assess possible associations with some epidemiological factors. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to analyze dog blood samples (n = 94). DNA from M. haemocanis was detected in four samples. No significant associations were observed with any epidemiological parameter analyzed here. However, the results from this study confirm that this pathogen is circulating in this region and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diseases among anemic dogs.(AU)

Resumo Micoplasmas hemotrópicos de cães, como Mycoplasma haemocanis, já foram descritos em todo o mundo. Recentemente, esses patógenos têm sido apontados como causadores de zoonoses. É sabido que a transmissão pode ocorrer devido à ação de artrópodes sugadores de sangue (carrapatos, pulgas), transfusão sanguínea e/ou fômites contaminados e por via transplacentária. No Brasil, Mycoplasma haemocanis está presente em praticamente todas as regiões, e o carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato é suspeito como principal vetor. No município de Campo Grande, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil não existem muitas informações acerca de infecções de cães por M. haemocanis, assim como quais são os principais aspectos epidemiológicos associados a este patógeno. Assim, o objetivo, no presente estudo, foi determinar a ocorrência de M. haemocanis em cães infestados por carrapatos e analisar possíveis associações com alguns fatores epidemiológicos. A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e o sequenciamento de DNA foram utilizados para analisar amostras de sangue de cães (n = 94). DNA de M. haemocanis foi identificado em quatro amostras. Não foram observadas associações significativas com qualquer parâmetro epidemiológico analisado. No entanto, os resultados deste estudo confirmam que esse patógeno está circulando na região e deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de causas de anemia em cães.(AU)