Can caregivers' mental disorders be associated with childhood obesogenic eating behavior? / Os transtornos mentais dos cuidadores podem estar associados a comportamentos alimentares obesogênicos na infância?

Abstract Objective: to assess the association between caregivers' mental disorders and schoolchildren's obesogenic eating behavior. Methods: cross-sectional study used a public school-based sample of children and their primary caregivers. Caregivers had to report depressive episodes or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) during the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Children's obesogenic eating behavior were assessed using food responsiveness (FR) and emotional overeating (EOE) subscales of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Bivariate analysis was conducted using the t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and adjusted linear regression model was used (including variables caregivers: sex, age, economic indicator, and schooling; schoolchildren: sex and nutritional status). Results: study includes 596 children-caregiver dyads (309 boys and 287 girls). Among caregivers, 24.7% had experienced current depressive episodes, 38.7% had past depressive episodes, and 17.2% had GAD. We observed, after adjusted analysis, that having a caregiver in a current depressive episode, increases schoolchildren's obesogenic behavior of, for FR at 0.235 points (β=0.235; CI95%=0.022-0.449;) and EOE at 0.337 points (β=0.337; CI95%=0.162-0.512). Conclusion: caregivers' current depressive episodes were associated with higher averages of obesogenic eating behavior (caregiver-reported), both in consuming palatable food without feeling hungry (FR) and in increasing food intake in response to negative emotions (EOE).

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar associação entre transtornos mentais do cuidador e comportamento alimentar obesogênico de escolares. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra de crianças da rede pública de ensino e seu cuidador principal. Episódio depressivo atual e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) do cuidador foi avaliado pela Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Comportamentos alimentares obesogênicos das crianças foi avaliado pelas subescalas resposta à comida (FR) e sobreingestão emocional (EOE) Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Análise bivariada foi realizada por meio de teste-T, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson. Modelo de regressão linear ajustado (incluiu variáveis cuidadores: sexo, idade, indicador econômico e escolaridade; escolares: sexo e estado nutricional). Resultados: foram avaliadas 596 díades crianças-cuidadores (309 meninos e 287 meninas). Entre os cuidadores, 24,7% apresentaram episódio depressivo atual, 38,7% episódio depressivo passado e 17,2% TAG. Observamos, após análise ajustada, que ter um cuidador em episódio depressivo atual aumenta o comportamento obesogênico dos escolares, em 0,235 pontos para FR (β=0,235; IC95%=0,022-0,449) e em 0,337 pontos para EOE (β=0,337; IC95%=0,162-0,512). Conclusão: episódio depressivo atual do cuidador foi associado a maiores médias de comportamentos alimentares obesogênicos dos escolares, tanto no consumo de alimentos palatáveis mesmo sem fome (FR) quanto aumento da ingestão alimentar em resposta a emoções negativas (EOE).

Risk factors for new-onset bipolar disorder in a community cohort: A five-year follow up study.

The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for new-onset Bipolar Disorder (BD) in a community sample of young adults. This is a prospective cohort study including a population-based sample of young adults aged between 18-24 years. The baseline took place from 2007 to 2009, and 1560 subjects were included. Five years after, 1244 individuals were re-evaluated (79.7% retention). Substance abuse/dependence was assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and mental disorders were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 (MINI) at both waves. The cumulative incidence of BD in five years was 4.6%. There was no significant association between sociodemographic factors and BD incidence. Tobacco, cannabis, cocaine/crack, other substances abuse/dependence increased the relative risk for BD. Depressive, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders, and the suicide risk increased the relative risk to BD. Depressive episode was the strongest risk factor for BD, followed by other mental disorders and substance abuse/dependence in a probabilistic community sample of young adults. Preventive actions in mental health directed at the non-clinical population are needed for early detection and better management of BD.

Incidence of Common Mental Disorders in Teachers: Is There a Relationship with Voice Disorders?

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the risk factors associated with the incidence of common mental disorders (CMD) in teachers, particularly the possible relationship with voice disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal quantitative study of 469 teachers of the municipal schools of Pelotas in Brazil was conducted over three years after a baseline interview. The symptoms of CMD were assessed with the Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 items (SRQ-20 scale) and the voice disorder was assessed with the Voice Handicap Index Protocol with cutoff of 19 points. A bivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression to verify the difference in proportion of the incidence of CMD in the different categories of independent variables. RESULTS: The incidence of CMD was 18% (N = 265). In the bivariate analysis, the risk for CMD was 77% higher for teachers who presented with a voice disorder (RR 1.77 95% CI 1.04 to 3.03). CONCLUSIONS: Teachers who reported a voice disorder had an increased risk of developing a CMD.

Emotional and behavioral problems: a school-based study in southern Brazil / Problemas emocionais e comportamentais: um estudo de base escolar no sul do Brasil

Abstract Introduction Mental health assessment in childhood needs to be carried out within a broader context that includes different factors. Objective To assess the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in schoolchildren and associated factors. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with a school-based sample at 20 schools selected by systematic random sampling. Participants consisted of children aged 7-8 year old and their parents or primary caregivers. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to screen for the presence of emotional and behavioral problems in children. Results A total of 596 dyads were evaluated. The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems was 30.0% among boys and 28.2% among girls. Hyperactivity/inattention were more prevalent among boys (p=0.015). Belonging to economically disadvantaged strata increased the likelihood of emotional and behavioral problems among schoolchildren by 71% (p=0.001), while having parents or caregivers with mental disorder increased by 2.2 times that probability (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings showed a high prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among schoolchildren, as well as the influence of economic conditions and of the mental health of parents and caregivers on child mental health.

Resumo Introdução A avaliação da saúde mental na infância necessita ser realizada dentro de um contexto amplo que considere os diferentes fatores envolvidos. Objetivo Verificar a prevalência de problemas emocionais e comportamentais em escolares, bem como fatores associados. Método Estudo transversal, com amostra de base escolar em que foram selecionadas 20 escolas por amostragem aleatória sistemática. Participaram crianças com 7-8 anos e seus pais ou principais cuidadores. A presença de problemas emocionais e comportamentais nas crianças foi rastreada pelo Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Resultados Foram avaliadas 596 díades. A prevalência de problemas emocionais e comportamentais foi de 30,0% entre os meninos e 28,2% entre as meninas. Sintomas de hiperatividade/desatenção foram mais prevalentes entre meninos (p=0,015). Pertencer a camadas menos favorecidas economicamente aumentou em 71% a probabilidade de problemas emocionais e comportamentais entre os escolares (p=0,001), enquanto ter pais ou cuidadores com transtorno mental aumentou 2,2 vezes tal probabilidade (p<0,001). Conclusões: Nossos achados demonstram a elevada prevalência de problemas emocionais e comportamentais entre escolares, bem como a influência das condições econômicas e da saúde mental de pais e cuidadores sobre a saúde mental infantil.

Emotional and behavioral problems: a school-based study in southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Mental health assessment in childhood needs to be carried out within a broader context that includes different factors. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in schoolchildren and associated factors. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a school-based sample at 20 schools selected by systematic random sampling. Participants consisted of children aged 7-8 year old and their parents or primary caregivers. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to screen for the presence of emotional and behavioral problems in children. RESULTS: A total of 596 dyads were evaluated. The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems was 30.0% among boys and 28.2% among girls. Hyperactivity/inattention were more prevalent among boys (p=0.015). Belonging to economically disadvantaged strata increased the likelihood of emotional and behavioral problems among schoolchildren by 71% (p=0.001), while having parents or caregivers with mental disorder increased by 2.2 times that probability (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings showed a high prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among schoolchildren, as well as the influence of economic conditions and of the mental health of parents and caregivers on child mental health.

Biological Rhythm Disruption Associated with Obesity in School Children.

BACKGROUND: Biological rhythm is the daily metabolic cycle of mammals that involves the sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, eating habits and digestion, body temperature, and other important bodily functions that are repeated daily. Thus, greater difficulty in maintaining the circadian rhythms may be involved in the increased risk of obesity. This study assessed the association between biological rhythm disruption and childhood obesity among school children. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with 7-8-year-old school children enrolled in a public school in the city of Pelotas-RS. The sample was drawn through multistage sampling. The Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry-Kids (BRIAN-Kids) was used to assess the degree of difficulty maintaining the biological rhythm. BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2). RESULTS: A total of 596 children and their caregivers participated in this study. The prevalence of obesity was 24% among school children, 28.9% for girls, and 19.4 for boys (p = 0.009). Obese children had greater difficulties in maintaining the biological rhythm compared to nonobese children (p = 0.007). Some of these difficulties included sleep (p = 0.008), overall activities (p = 0.027), social rhythm (p = 0.033), and eating (p = 0.032) pattern. CONCLUSION: Approximately one-quarter of children were obese. This finding was associated with the caregiver characteristics and some difficulties in maintaining the biological rhythm.

Salivary cortisol levels and biological rhythm in schoolchildren with sleep bruxism.

OBJECTIVE: Salivary cortisol levels and biological rhythms could be hypothesized as part of the multifactorial framework that explains bruxism etiology. The objective of this study was to examine salivary cortisol levels and biological rhythms in schoolchildren with sleep bruxism (SB). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a school-based sample. The Biological Rhythms Interview for Assessment in Neuropsychiatry for Kids (BRIAN-K) was used to evaluate biological rhythms. Salivary samples were collected by the spitting method. The salivary cortisol level was measured by electrochemiluminescence. The criteria proposed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) were used to evaluate SB. RESULTS: The SB prevalence was 16%. The SB presence was associated with belonging to families of lower economic status (p = 0.003). In addition, children with SB showed greater difficulty in maintaining biological rhythm (p = 0.002) and had higher levels of salivary cortisol (p = 0.034) compared with children without SB. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of cortisol and disruption of biological rhythm was associated with SB in schoolchildren.

Suicide risk and childhood trauma in individuals diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder / Risco de suicídio e trauma na infância em indivíduos diagnosticados com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático

Abstract Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after exposure to a potentially traumatic event. Its clinical condition may lead to the development of risk behaviors, and its early detection is a relevant aspect to be considered. The aim of this study was to assess the association between childhood trauma and suicide risk in individuals with PTSD. Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted with individuals aged 18 to 60 years who were evaluated at a mental health research outpatient clinic. PTSD diagnosis and suicide risk identification were performed using specific modules of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to evaluate traumatic events in childhood. Results Of the 917 individuals evaluated, 55 were diagnosed with PTSD. The suicide risk prevalence in individuals with PTSD was 63.6%. Emotional neglect and emotional abuse scores tended to be higher in the suicide risk group (p<0.2). Conclusion Our findings showed a higher prevalence of suicide risk in individuals with PTSD and support the hypothesis that the investigation of childhood traumatic experiences, especially emotional neglect and abuse, may help in the early detection of suicide risk in individuals with PTSD.

Resumo Introdução O transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) desenvolve-se após exposição a evento traumático grave. É uma condição clínica que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de comportamentos de risco, e sua detecção precoce é um aspecto relevante a ser considerado. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre trauma na infância e risco de suicídio em indivíduos com TEPT. Método Este foi um estudo transversal conduzido com indivíduos de 18 a 60 anos de idade avaliados em um ambulatório de pesquisa e extensão em saúde mental. O diagnóstico do TEPT e a identificação do risco de suicídio foram realizados através dos módulos específicos da Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus). O Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) foi utilizado para avaliar eventos traumáticos na infância. Resultados Dos 917 indivíduos avaliados, 55 foram diagnosticados com TEPT. A prevalência de risco de suicídio em indivíduos com TEPT foi de 63,6%. Os escores de negligência emocional e abuso emocional mostraram tendência a estarem mais elevados no grupo com risco de suicídio (p<0,2). Conclusão Nossos achados mostram a alta prevalência de risco de suicídio em indivíduos com TEPT e suportam a hipótese de que a investigação de experiências traumáticas na infância, especialmente a negligência e o abuso emocionais, poderá auxiliar na identificação precoce do risco de suicídio em indivíduos com TEPT.

Suicide risk and childhood trauma in individuals diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after exposure to a potentially traumatic event. Its clinical condition may lead to the development of risk behaviors, and its early detection is a relevant aspect to be considered. The aim of this study was to assess the association between childhood trauma and suicide risk in individuals with PTSD. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with individuals aged 18 to 60 years who were evaluated at a mental health research outpatient clinic. PTSD diagnosis and suicide risk identification were performed using specific modules of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to evaluate traumatic events in childhood. RESULTS: Of the 917 individuals evaluated, 55 were diagnosed with PTSD. The suicide risk prevalence in individuals with PTSD was 63.6%. Emotional neglect and emotional abuse scores tended to be higher in the suicide risk group (p<0.2). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed a higher prevalence of suicide risk in individuals with PTSD and support the hypothesis that the investigation of childhood traumatic experiences, especially emotional neglect and abuse, may help in the early detection of suicide risk in individuals with PTSD.

Well-being and associated factors among elementary school teachers in southern Brazil / Bem-estar e fatores associados em professores do ensino fundamental no sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the prevalence of well-being and its association with sociodemographic features, health and work-related conditions, and vocal behavior in elementary school teachers in the city of Pelotas, RS. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study with 575 teachers from urban and rural areas. The participants answered a structured questionnaire that included items on sociodemographic, health and work-related conditions. The Faces Scale (Andrews) was used to evaluate their psychological well-being. The Vocal Behavior Profile verified occurrences of abuse and vocal misuse. Poisson regression was used for the multivariate analysis. Results: of the total sample, 79.5% of teachers experienced well-being. It was observed that vocal behavior profile was significantly associated with well-being, and the number of students in the classroom showed a trend towards significance. Conclusion: most teachers had a satisfactory well-being perception. Moreover, a lower well-being perception in the teaching population was mainly related to abusive vocal behavior and, less clearly, to the high number of students per classroom.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a prevalência de bem-estar e sua relação com características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e de trabalho e comportamento vocal em professores do ensino fundamental da cidade de Pelotas. Métodos: estudo observacional transversal analítico com 575 professores da zona rural e urbana. Eles responderam a um questionário estruturado com questões referentes a dados sociodemográficos e perguntas sobre condições de saúde e de trabalho. A Escala de Faces de Andrews foi utilizada para aferir o bem-estar. Situações de abuso e mau uso vocal foram observadas através do Perfil de Comportamento Vocal. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para análise multivariada. Resultados: 79,5% apresentaram bem-estar. Observou-se que o perfil do comportamento vocal esteve significativamente associado ao bem-estar e o número de alunos em sala de aula apresentou uma tendência de significância. Conclusão: a maioria dos professores do ensino fundamental têm uma percepção satisfatória de bem-estar. Além disso, a menor percepção de bem-estar na população de docentes está vinculada principalmente ao comportamento vocal abusivo e, de maneira menos evidente, ao elevado número de alunos por classe.