Five-year results of incompetent perforator vein closure using TRans-Luminal Occlusion of Perforator.

UNLABELLED: In 2000, we developed a percutaneous method of treating incompetent perforator veins (IPV) using ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which we termed TRansluminal Occlusion of Perforator (TRLOP). OBJECTIVE: To audit the five-year outcome of the TRLOP technique as indicated by the rate of IPV closure on duplex ultrasound (DUS). METHODS: Patients underwent DUS five years post-TRLOP. Experienced vascular technologists documented the presence of IPVs using a two co-ordinate system, blinded to previous results. Results were then compared with preoperative scans. IPVs were classified as: closed; not closed/reopened; or de novo. Closed IPVs were defined as the absence of any IPV at or within 5 cm of a previous IPV in the vertical and horizontal plane. Any IPVs found outside the delineated area were defined as de novo IPVs. RESULTS: Of 67 patients invited, 37 attended DUS (55% participation rate; men to women ratio of 14:23, age 40-84; mean 64). Preoperative clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological classification: C2, 36.2%; C3, 27.6%; C4, 34.5%; C6, 1.7%. From 125 IPVs analysed, 101 were closed (81%), 24 were not closed/reopened (19%) and 14 de novo IPVs were found. DISCUSSION: Despite these results representing our learning curve for the procedure, we found TRLOP to be an effective treatment for IPVs. The closure rates described are comparable with the published clinical series data for subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery.

A comparison of intensive mixture therapy with basal insulin therapy in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes receiving oral antidiabetes agents.

AIM: In patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin therapy is commonly initiated with either a single dose of basal insulin or twice-daily premixed (basal plus prandial) insulin despite no widely accepted recommendation. We compared the glycaemic control, as measured by a change in HbA1c, of intensive mixture therapy (IMT), a basal plus prandial regimen using insulin lispro mixture 50/50 (50% lispro and 50% NPL) before breakfast and lunch and insulin lispro mixture 25/75 (25% lispro and 75% NPL) before dinner, vs. once-daily insulin glargine therapy, while continuing patients on oral antidiabetes medications. METHODS: Following inadequate glycaemic control (HbA1c 1.2-2.0 times the upper limit of normal) and at least 2 months of two or more oral antidiabetes agent therapy, 60 insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of the insulin regimens for 4 months with crossover to the alternative regimen for an additional 4 months. Glycaemic goals were preprandial blood glucose <120 mg/dl (6.7 mmol/l) and 2-h postprandial blood glucose <180 mg/dl (10.0 mmol/l). The insulin dose was optimized by investigators without forced titration. RESULTS: Mean prestudy (baseline) HbA1c for all patients was 9.21 +/- 1.33% (+/-s.d.). IMT compared to glargine resulted in both a lower endpoint in HbA1c (7.08 +/- 0.11% vs. 7.34 +/- 0.11%; p = 0.003) and a greater change in HbA1c from pretherapy (-1.01 +/- 0.10% vs. -0.75 +/- 0.10%; p = 0.0068). Forty-four per cent of patients receiving IMT and 31% of patients receiving insulin glargine achieved HbA1c < or = 7%. Two-hour postprandial glucose values (for all three meals) and predinner glucose values were significantly less with IMT than with insulin glargine (p = 0.0034, 0.0001, 0.0066 and 0.0205). Overall hypoglycaemia throughout the complete treatment period was infrequent (IMT vs. Glargine: 3.98 +/- 4.74 vs. 2.57 +/- 3.22 episodes/patient/30 days, p = 0.0013), and no severe hypoglycaemia was observed during the study with either therapy. There was no difference in nocturnal hypoglycaemia between the two therapies. The mean insulin dose at the end of therapy was greater for IMT than for once-daily insulin glargine (0.353 +/- 0.256 vs. 0.276 +/- 0.207 IU/kg, p = 0.0107). CONCLUSIONS: In combination with oral antidiabetes agents, multiple daily injections of a basal plus prandial insulin IMT regimen (using premixed insulin lispro formulations) resulted in greater improvements and a lower endpoint in HbA1c compared with a basal-only insulin regimen. IMT also resulted in improved postprandial blood glucose control at each meal and enabled administration of a greater daily dose of insulin, which most likely contributed to these lower HbA1c measures. This greater reduction in HbA1c with IMT is accompanied by a small increased occurrence of mild hypoglycaemia but without any severe hypoglycaemia. Greater consideration should be given to initiating insulin as a basal plus prandial regimen rather than a basal-only regimen.

Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia.

Oxidative stress, through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been proposed as the root cause underlying the development of insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It has also been implicated in the progression of long-term diabetes complications, including microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction. Excess nourishment and a sedentary lifestyle leads to glucose and fatty acid overload, resulting in production of ROS. Additionally, reaction of glucose with plasma proteins forms advanced glycation end products, triggering production of ROS. These ROS initiate a chain reaction leading to reduced nitric oxide availability, increased markers of inflammation and chemical modification of lipoproteins, all of which may increase the risk of atherogenesis. With the postulation that hyperglycaemia and fluctuations in blood glucose lead to generation of ROS, it follows that aggressive treatment of fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia is important for prevention of micro and macrovascular complications in T2DM.

Adolescent sexuality and pregnancy.

The adolescent pregnancy rate has decreased throughout the USA. However, compared with other industrialized countries, US rates remain high. Efforts to decrease the number of teenage pregnancies are centered on sex education, postponing sexual activity, and safe sex practices.

Correlation between the clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis and the results of a proline aminopeptidase assay.

OBJECTIVE: The object of this study was to develop a simple and inexpensive test for detection of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnant patients and to test its accuracy in a clinic population. METHODS: We developed a modified proline aminopeptidase (PAMP) assay to detect BV and compared the results of the assay with the clinical diagnosis of BV. RESULTS: The results of the PAMP assay in 55 asymptomatic and 50 symptomatic subjects significantly correlated with a clinical diagnosis of BV. The prevalence of BV in the asymptomatic population was 42% (PAMP assay) and 38% (clinical diagnosis). In the symptomatic population, it was 50% (PAMP assay) and 54% (clinical diagnosis). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the PAMP assay were 86, 85, 86, 78, and 91%, respectively, in asymptomatic patients and 89, 96, 92, 96, and 88%, respectively, in symptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The modified PAMP assay, which we describe, met our goals for simplicity, cost, and accuracy. We feel it could be best used as a screening test for BV in asymptomatic pregnant patients.