RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hyperkalaemia is a significant electrolyte imbalance in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) have beneficial cardio-renal properties, although they can often cause hyperkalaemia. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of hyperkalaemia in CKD, identify factors associated with its appearance and the relationship between hyperkalaemia and mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study on patients with CKD in the period 1971-2017. The population was categorised into 3groups: Group 1, patients with CKD without renal replacement therapy; Group 2, patients on haemodialysis; and Group 3, patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. RESULTS: A total of 2,629 patients were evaluated. The prevalence observed in the different groups was: 9.6%, 16.4% and 10.6%, respectively. Risk factors related to the appearance of hyperkalaemia in the CKD group were glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (P<.001), plasma creatinine (P<.001), plasma sodium (P<.001), haemoglobin (P=.028), diastolic blood pressure (P=.012), intake of ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin ii receptor blockers (P=.008), treatment with metformin (P<.001) and diabetes (P=.045). Treatment with RAASi significantly increased hyperkalaemia as GFR decreased, as well as in patients with diabetes or heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperkalaemia is a frequent metabolic alteration in CKD patients that increases in the presence of drugs with beneficial cardio-renal properties (RAASi), which means that patients often lose the benefit associated with these drugs. New, recently-appearing non-absorbable compounds, which bind to potassium in the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing faecal excretion and thus maintaining the cardio-renal benefit of the RAASi, could be relevant in the progress of patients with CKD.
Asunto(s)
Hiperpotasemia/epidemiología , Hiperpotasemia/etiología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/mortalidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) tienen tendencias hemorrágicas y trombóticas, por lo que la indicación de anticoagulación ante la aparición de fibrilación auricular (FA) es compleja. La FA es la arritmia cardíaca crónica más frecuente, siendo el tromboembolismo y el ictus isquémico en particular las complicaciones más importantes. En los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevos fármacos anticoagulantes orales que han mostrado superioridad respecto a los clásicos antagonistas de la vitaminaK (AVK) en la prevención de ictus, embolismo sistémico y riesgo de sangrado, constituyendo una alternativa eficaz a ellos (AU)
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop bleeding and thrombotic tendencies, so the indication of anticoagulation at the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) is complex. AF is the most common chronic cardiac arrhythmia, and thromboembolism and ischemic stroke in particular are major complications. In recent years, new oral anticoagulant drugs have been developed, and they have shown superiority over the classical AVK in preventing stroke, systemic embolism and bleeding risk, constituting an effective alternative to those resources (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Anticoagulantes/uso terapéutico , Fibrilación Atrial/tratamiento farmacológico , Diálisis Renal/métodos , Aprobación de Drogas , Factores de Riesgo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/prevención & control , Soluciones para Hemodiálisis/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop bleeding and thrombotic tendencies, so the indication of anticoagulation at the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) is complex. AF is the most common chronic cardiac arrhythmia, and thromboembolism and ischemic stroke in particular are major complications. In recent years, new oral anticoagulant drugs have been developed, and they have shown superiority over the classical AVK in preventing stroke, systemic embolism and bleeding risk, constituting an effective alternative to those resources.