The Neuroprotective Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Cognitive Impairment of an Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Mouse Model.

Background and Objectives: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) shows promise as an approach with neuroprotective effects, capable of reducing secondary brain damage and intracranial pressure following successful mechanical thrombectomy in the acute phase. However, its effect on cognitive impairment remains unclear. This study investigated whether TH can improve cognitive impairment in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by reperfusion (tMCAO/R). Materials and Methods: Nine-week-old C57BL/6N mice (male) were randomly assigned to three groups: sham, tMCAO/R, and tMCAO/R with TH. Cognitive function was assessed 1 month after model induction using the Y-maze test, and regional cerebral glucose metabolism was measured through positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Results: tMCAO/R induced cognitive impairment, which showed improvement with TH. The TH group exhibited a significant recovery in cerebral glucose metabolism in the thalamus compared to the tMCAO/R group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that TH may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for alleviating ischemia/reperfusion-induced cognitive impairment.

KMU-1170, a Novel Multi-Protein Kinase Inhibitor, Suppresses Inflammatory Signal Transduction in THP-1 Cells and Human Osteoarthritic Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Suppressing Activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway.

Protein kinases regulate protein phosphorylation, which are involved in fundamental cellular processes such as inflammatory response. In this study, we discovered a novel multi-protein kinase inhibitor, KMU-1170, a derivative of indolin-2-one, and investigated the mechanisms of its inflammation-inhibiting signaling in both THP-1 cells and human osteoarthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). We demonstrated that in THP-1 cells, KMU-1170 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and, furthermore, suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of transforming growth factor-ß-activated kinase 1, JNK, ERK, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α/ß (IKKα/ß), and NF-κB p65 as well as nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Moreover, KMU-1170 suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6, and, notably, inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells. Importantly, KMU-1170 attenuated LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in human osteoarthritic FLS, such as the upregulation of IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 and the phosphorylation of IKKα/ß and NF-κB p65. Collectively, these results suggest that KMU-1170 inhibits inflammatory signal transduction and could be developed as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Novel PIM Kinase Inhibitor KMU-470 in RAW 264.7 Cells through the TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 Pathway.

PIM kinases, a small family of serine/threonine kinases, are important intermediates in the cytokine signaling pathway of inflammatory disease. In this study, we investigated whether the novel PIM kinase inhibitor KMU-470, a derivative of indolin-2-one, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells. We demonstrated that KMU-470 suppressed the production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthases that are induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of TLR4 and MyD88, as well as the phosphorylation of IκB kinase and NF-κB in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, KMU-470 suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation at the transcriptional level of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IL-6. Notably, KMU-470 inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of a major component of the inflammasome complex, NLRP3, in RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, PIM-1 siRNA transfection attenuated up-regulation of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1ß in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that PIM-1 plays a key role in inflammatory signaling and that KMU-470 is a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel (177)Lu-DOTA-[Gly(3)-cyclized(Dap(4), (d)-Phe(7), Asp(10))-Arg(11)]α-MSH(3-13) analogue for melanocortin-1 receptor-positive tumor targeting.

In this study, a novel α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analogue 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) coupled [Gly(3)-cyclized(Dap(4), (d)-Phe(7), Asp(10))-Arg(11)]α-MSH(3-13) (DOTA-GMSH) for melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) targeting was newly synthesized, radiolabeled with (177)Lu, and in vitro and in vivo characterized. (177)Lu-labeled peptides were prepared with a high radiolabeling yield (>98%), and its Log p value was -2.89. No degradation was observed not only by serum incubation at 37°C for 7 days but also by an HPLC analysis of radioactive metabolites in urine. A cell binding assay revealed that an inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC(50)) of the peptide was 3.80 nM. The tumor-to-blood ratio, which was 14.27 at 2 hours p.i., was increased to 56.37 at 24 hours p.i., which means that the radiolabeled peptide was highly accumulated in a tumor and was rapidly cleared from the blood pool. We, therefore, conclude that (177)Lu-DOTA-GMSH has promising characteristics for application in nuclear medicine, namely for the diagnosis of MC-1R over-expressing tumors.