Anterior lens capsule: Biological drape.

Small perforations are often managed with cyanoacrylate glue - bandage contact lens (BCL). An additional layer with substances like sterile drape often enhances the strength of the glue. Herein, we describe a novel method of using anterior lens capsule as biological drape to secure perforation. The anterior capsule was secured from femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and placed over the perforation after folding it twice. The area was dried and a small aliquot of cyanoacrylate glue was applied over it. The BCL was applied over it after the glue was dry. In our series of five patients, none of them needed repeat surgery and all cases healed by three months without vascularization. It is a unique technique to secure small corneal perforations.

Comparison of Pre-Descemet Endothelial Keratoplasty and Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Endothelial Decompensation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of pre-Descemet endothelial keratoplasty (PDEK) and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in cases of endothelial decompensation. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, interventional study conducted at a tertiary eye hospital in North India. Thirty eyes of 28 patients with corneal decompensation were randomly subjected to PDEK (n = 15 eyes) and DMEK (n = 15 eyes). Preoperative demographic details, surgical indications, uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, anterior and posterior segment details, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, endothelial cell count, and corneal aberrometry tracing on wavefront analysis were recorded. Patients were followed up for 6 months postsurgery. Visual and graft survival outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, a surgeon reported better ease of preparation and intracameral handling with PDEK grafts. Both groups showed comparable improvement in visual acuity, contrast, and high-order aberrations. A decrease in central corneal thickness was significantly higher in DMEK (196 ± 26 vs. 140 ± 14 µm) patients. DMEK grafts were significantly thinner than PDEK grafts at the 6-month follow-up (16 ± 2.17 vs. 27.2 ± 1.93 µm). Endothelial cell loss (35% in DMEK vs. 33.4% in PDEK, P = 0.48) and rise of intraocular pressure (from 15.33 ± 2.85 mm Hg to 15.53 ± 2.2 mm Hg in the DMEK group vs. from 14.6 ± 1.99 mm Hg to 16.2 ± 1.43 mm Hg in the PDEK group) were comparable. Rebubbling rates were higher in the DMEK group (3/15, 20%) compared with the PDEK group (1/15, 6.66%; P = 0.165). CONCLUSIONS: DMEK and PDEK were comparable for both quantitative and qualitative visual outcomes and anatomically for graft survival at the 6-month follow-up.

Premium intraocular lenses in children.

Multifocal and toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) or the so-called premium IOLs are currently widely used in adult patients as a one-step refractive solution following cataract surgery. However, the decision to implant a premium IOL in a pediatric patient involves multiple factors affecting the child's visual development and is associated with several dilemmas and surgical challenges. The purpose of this review is to summarize these factors and analyse the influence of each of them on the visual outcomes following premium IOL implantation. A review of literature was conducted using the relevant keywords from various databases until 31st January 2022. All pertinent studies with multifocal or toric IOL implantation in children were reviewed, and relevant articles were studied in detail for age, IOL power calculation, visual outcomes (refractive outcomes, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis) and complications such as dysphotic phenomena and others. A total of 17 relevant studies (10 case series/interventional studies and 7 case reports) on the subject were included. All studies showed a favourable refractive outcome; however, the data available was significantly less. Studies with earlier models of multifocal IOLs showed a higher incidence of IOL decentration and posterior capsule opacification; however, more recent studies with newer IOL models showed much better safety profiles. Toric IOLs showed promising results in all the studies evaluated. Premium IOLs have shown promising results in the pediatric age group. However, their long-term outcomes specifically concerning refractive shift, capsular contraction and role in the management of amblyopia needs to be explored further.

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Corneal Tissue of Deceased Asymptomatic Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Donors.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the corneal tissue of asymptomatic deceased novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed at a tertiary eye hospital. All corneas of the deceased asymptomatic donors who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on a nasopharyngeal swab at the time of corneal tissue harvesting were included in the study. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry were performed. mRNA in situ hybridization for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in all specimens that showed positive immunostaining. The main outcome measure was the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the corneal tissues. RESULTS: Twenty-two corneal tissues of 11 donors were analyzed. The mean age was 72.2 ± 14.2 years. On histological examination, no signs of inflammation or any other abnormalities were detected in the cornea and adjacent bulbar conjunctiva. Immunohistochemistry revealed faint to moderate cytoplasmic staining in the basal layer of the corneal epithelium in 8 specimens from 5 patients. None of the specimens with positive immunostaining showed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: In line with previous studies , our study also reflects the absence of SARS-CoV-2 viral mRNA in corneal tissues of clinically asymptomatic deceased COVID-19 donors, thereby indicating a probable low risk of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through the transplantation of corneas from donors who tested positive for, but were asymptomatic for COVID-19. In addition, further studies on the subject should include histopathological examination because of the false positive and negative rates of molecular tests.

Hitch suture assisted tuck in Tenon's Patch Graft for management of Corneal Perforations.

PURPOSE: To describe a novel modification of tuck-in Tenon's patch graft (TPG) using temporary horizontal mattress sutures and fibrin glue to hitch the graft in the management of corneal perforations. DESIGN: Ambispective interventional case series. METHODS: Modified technique of autologous TPG was used to seal corneal perforations measuring 3-5 mm, using horizontal mattress sutures to hitch the graft in a lamellar pocket, followed by application of fibrin glue. The horizontal mattress sutures were removed after the reformation of the anterior chamber. The primary outcome measure was a well formed anterior chamber in the post-operative period and the secondary outcome was epithelization time. RESULTS: The surgery was performed in 22 eyes. The mean age was 43.86 ± 16.02 (26-66) years, with 14 males and eight females. The etiologies of corneal perforation included dry eye (n = 10), neurotrophic keratitis (n = 6), trauma (n = 2), chemical injury (n = 2) and exposure (n = 2). The mean size of the perforation with the thinned-out area was 4.3 mm (range 3-5 mm). The mean duration of epithelialization was 14.31 ± 2.63 days (7-21 days). No intraoperative complications were observed. All eyes had a well-formed anterior chamber in the immediate postoperative period. Postoperatively, two eyes had graft pseudoectasia due to a thick graft and supra tenon haemorrhage each; one eye each had graft thinning with the formation of pseudopterygium and graft melting. CONCLUSION: Tenon's patch graft, along with the use of temporary horizontal mattress sutures and fibrin glue, is an effective modification of the technique for managing corneal perforations measuring 3-5 mm.

Tuck-in deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty for the management of post-radial keratotomy keratectasia.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of tuck-in deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for the management of post-radial keratotomy (RK) keratectasia. SETTING: Institution. DESIGN: Retrospective. METHODS: Medical records of all cases presenting with post-RK keratectasia from January 2012 to December 2019 were included. Data on corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refraction, keratometry, ultrasonic pachymetry, corneal topography, endothelial cell count, applanation tonometry, and dilated fundus examination recorded at all follow-up visits were included. Details of surgical steps, including intraoperative and postoperative complications and any secondary procedures performed subsequently, were also recorded. RESULTS: 7 eyes of 5 patients that developed corneal ectasia after a previous RK procedure underwent DALK with peripheral tuck-in. All eyes had CDVA ≤6/24, preoperatively. The surgical procedure was successfully performed in all eyes without any intraoperative complications. CDVA at the final follow-up ranged between 6/9 and 6/60, with 6 eyes achieving CDVA of 6/18 or better. The median keratometric cylinder reduced from a preoperative value of 7.2 ± 9.27 diopters (D) to 2 ± 1.83 D at the final follow-up. The median central corneal thickness at the final follow-up was 598 ± 40.01 µm, and spherical equivalent ranged between -1.75 D and -3.5 D (median -2 ± 0.57). The percentage of endothelial cell loss ranged between 2.1% and 8.4%. All eyes retained graft clarity, and none showed any evidence of significant interface haze or corneal vascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Tuck-in DALK could successfully address corneal ectasia developing after RK, achieving visual gains. Moreover, it was able to restore the peripheral corneal thickness with a minimal risk for dehiscence of RK incisions.

Validating the use of U-tool as a novel method for measuring the corneal diameter in infants screened for congenital glaucoma.

PURPOSE: The Castroviejo caliper is routinely used for measuring the corneal diameter in patients with primary congenital glaucoma, but needs an examination under anesthesia (EUA) or sedation. A simple U-shaped tool was devised to aid in the estimation of the corneal diameters of patients in settings where an ophthalmic caliper is not available or EUA is not feasible. METHODS: Infants presenting to the congenital glaucoma clinic posted for EUA were recruited. The demographic details of the patients such as age, sex, and diagnosis were noted. A simple U-shaped tool was devised using three Schirmer strips or a printable ruler. Before the patient underwent a EUA, the corneal diameters were measured using the U-tool. During EUA, corneal diameters were measured using the Castroviejo caliper. RESULTS: The mean age of infants was 6.7 ± 3.39 months (R = 1-12). The mean corneal diameter measured using the U-tool was 13.29 ± 1.33 mm and with Castroviejo caliper was 13.18 ± 1.39 mm. The difference between the corneal diameters measured using the two techniques was -0.114 mm with the Bland-Altman plot 95% Limits of agreement (LoA) from -0.965 to 0.737 mm. Corneal diameters measured with both instruments had a good correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.95, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: U-tool can be used for screening congenital glaucoma by first-contact physicians or optometrists. It can also be used by ophthalmologists when EUA is delayed.

Tenon's Patch Graft: A Review of Indications, Surgical Technique, Outcomes and Complications.

PURPOSE: Corneal perforations are common corneal emergencies faced by ophthalmologists across the globe. There are multiple modalities of management, most of which require an eye bank support or availability of tissue adhesives. Tenon's patch graft (TPG) is a technique that does not depend on these factors as the graft is harvested from the same eye of the patient. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the indications, technique, normal postoperative course, and management of complications. METHODS: After carrying out a literature search on "tenon's capsule", "corneal patch graft", "tenon's patch graft", "multilayered amniotic membrane" and "corneal perforations", 28 articles were included for this review. RESULTS: TPG graft can be performed in cases of small to moderate perforations without active suppuration. The procedure can also be combined with amniotic membrane grafting or tissue adhesives to provide additional tectonic support. Postoperatively, the epithelium heals over a course 2-3 weeks and restoration of a stable ocular surface with a corneal scar is completed by the third postoperative month. Complications following the surgical procedure are rare but can include graft displacement, melt and pseudoectasia. Subsequent visual rehabilitation with contact lenses or keratoplasties can be planned in these eyes that yields good visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Tenon's patch graft is a simple yet viable option in management of small to moderate corneal perforations. The procedure does not necessitate the prior availability of specialized products and can be performed with routine equipment of an ophthalmic theatre, making it an attractive option in low resource settings.

Rapid spontaneous resolution of corneal hydrops in post-CXL keratitis.

An 11-year-old boy presented with right eye post-Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL) keratitis, which was complicated by acute corneal hydrops (CH). Keratitis was managed by topical antibiotics, and CH was managed conservatively. Cornea was monitored with serial anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) scans. Spontaneous resolution of CH usually takes 8-12 weeks, but in this case it completely resolved in 3 weeks. Rapid resolution of CH after post-CXL keratitis could be attributed to a thinner cornea, increased interlamellar cohesive strength between collagen fibrils of corneal stroma coupled with normal functioning endothelial pump.

i-PDEK: Microscope-integrated OCT-assisted pre-Descemet endothelial keratoplasty.

Four patients with pseudophakic corneal edema were subjected to pre-Descemet endothelial keratoplasty (PDEK) under the direct guidance of microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (i-OCT). i-OCT facilitated successful type 1 big bubble formation during donor preparation, debridement of the hypertrophic epithelium, planning and placement of surgical wounds, descemetorrhexis with removal of remnant Descemet membrane tags, and identification of correct donor orientation and interface details. It was also possible to discern the stability of intraocular lens, flat iris configuration, adequate stromal hydration, and wound apposition on i-OCT. Preoperative visual acuity was counting fingers (50%), 0.78 logMAR (25%), and 1.48 logMAR (25%), whereas postoperative visual acuity was 0.6 logMAR (50%) and 0.3 logMAR (50%). At 6-months of follow-up, all grafts were clear and well attached, the mean central corneal thickness, graft size, graft thickness, and endothelial cell loss were 557.25 ± 13.45 µm, 7.75 ± 0.20 mm, 25.5 ± 2.64 µm, and 21.6 ± 0.02%, respectively. To conclude, i-OCT helped during various surgical steps of PDEK.

Case Report: Subconjunctival Triamcinolone Acetate-associated Scleral Necrosis: Is It Really Obsolete?

SIGNIFICANCE: Recent studies have established the safety of subconjunctival steroids for anterior scleritis, refuting scleral necrosis as a potential complication. However, presently, we report a rare case of scleral necrosis associated with subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report a case of scleral necrosis after subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate administration for nonresponsive anterior nodular scleritis. CASE REPORT: A 45-year-old man diagnosed with nodular anterior scleritis was administered subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate (4 mg) adjacent to the nodule after noting nonresponse for 4 months. Worsening of congestion was noted 3 weeks after the injection. Slit-lamp examination revealed diffuse congestion, 10 clock hours of anterior scleral necrosis, superior whitish depot of subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate, anterior segment flare, and few posterior synechiae. Ultrasound biomicroscopic imaging and contrast-enhanced computerized tomography showed a localized outpouching of sclera and buckling of anterior scleral wall superiorly. The result of the comprehensive blood profile and systemic evaluation undertaken to rule out any underlying autoimmune disorders and herpes zoster ophthalmicus was found negative. A diagnosis of subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate-associated scleral necrosis was made, and the patient was managed conservatively. Gradual improvement with dissolution of subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate and no recurrences till 2 years of follow-up were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Scleral necrosis is a potential complication of subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate. Judicious and cautious use of subconjunctival triamcinolone acetate is advocated for nonresolving anterior scleritis.

Microscope Integrated Optical Coherence Tomography Guided Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty in Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy.

PURPOSE: To describe the outcomes of descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and to evaluate the role of microscope integrated optical coherence tomography (Mi-OCT) during the surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis. METHODS: A retrospective study from the medical records of all those patients who were diagnosed with CHED and underwent DSAEK at our centre from 2015 were evaluated. All patients underwent Mi-OCT-guided standard DSAEK procedure. Intra-operative difficulties, visual outcomes and graft survival were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 48 eyes of 29 patients with a mean age of 9.87 ± 8.2 years and mean follow-up of 17.3 months were evaluated. Thirty-nine eyes underwent primary DSAEK and 9 eyes underwent PKP. Three eyes who underwent PKP had failed graft for which they underwent DSAEK. The mean preoperative Snellen's visual acuity was 1.71 ± 0.66 and the mean preoperative central corneal thickness was 1.10 ± 0.174 mm. Intraoperatively, all the grafts were attached which was confirmed using Mi-OCT. Graft detachment was seen in the immediate postoperative period in 10.4% (4 eyes) of primary DSAEK, out of which DM scoring was not performed in 2 eyes. Following DSAEK, cornea cleared at four-week follow-up in 89.7% eyes and in all the eyes the cornea cleared at six-week follow-up. CONCLUSION: Primary DSAEK could be a preferred option over PKP for CHED with early presentation and in those eyes with failed primary PKP. Mi-OCT is a very useful tool in these eyes for various intraoperative procedures, thereby improving the outcomes of the procedure.

Intrascleral haptic fixation for haptic exposure after Yamane technique.

A 55-year-old patient presented with exposure of both the haptics beyond the conjunctiva of the scleral fixated multipiece intraocular lens (IOL). Two diagonally opposite scleral pockets were created, and the exposed haptics was redirected and repositioned aseptically into these pockets to facilitate intrascleral fixation. Herein, we report a simple rescue method for management of exposed haptic after Yamane technique of scleral fixated IOL.

Management of small perforated corneal ulcers: Training model in mammalian eye to enhance surgical skills of residents.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate a training technique on the mammalian eye for optimum Cyanoacrylate Tissue adhesive application in cases of perforated corneal ulcers. METHODS: A full-thickness defect simulating a perforation was created on the goat's eye cornea to teach the technique of cyanoacrylate glue application in cases of corneal perforations to novice surgeons. RESULTS: This training model on the mammalian eye was tested by 10 residents at our centre. All the 10 candidates involved in our series were newly joined Cornea fellows with proficient skill in cataract surgeries and minor ophthalmic procedures such as suture removal, chalazion excision, pterygium removal and administration of an intravitreal injection. None of the candidates had prior experience of corneal surgeries. Each resident made an average of 4.4 attempts to seal the corneal defect, obtain a regular corneal surface and form the anterior chamber. CONCLUSION: This training model helps in mastering one of the skills of corneal surgeries.

Complications of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is one of the most commonly performed kerato-refractive surgery globally. Since its introduction in 1990, there has been a constant evolution in its technology to improve the visual outcome. The safety, efficacy, and predictability of LASIK are well known, but complications with this procedure, although rare, are not unknown. Literature review suggests that intraoperative complications include suction loss, free cap, flap tear, buttonhole flap, decentered ablation, central island, interface debris, femtosecond laser-related complications, and others. The postoperative complications include flap striae, flap dislocation, residual refractive error, diffuse lamellar keratitis, microbial keratitis, epithelial ingrowth, refractive regression, corneal ectasia, and others. This review aims to provide a comprehensive knowledge of risk factors, clinical features, and management protocol of all the reported complications of LASIK. This knowledge will help in prevention as well as early identification and timely intervention with the appropriate strategy for achieving optimal visual outcome even in the face of complications.

Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation for Refractive Correction in Corneal Ectatic Disorders: A Review.

PURPOSE: To summarize the indications and outcomes of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) implantation in corneal ectasias including keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD), post-refractive surgery, and post-keratoplasty ectasias. METHODS: A review of the literature was conducted using the relevant keywords from various databases up to August 15, 2020. All pertinent studies were reviewed, and the relevant articles were studied in detail for efficacy, stability, predictability, and safety outcomes. In addition, visual quality, corneal biomechanical outcomes, complications, the role of posterior chamber PIOL in combination treatment, and comparison of posterior chamber PIOL with other PIOLs for ectasias were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 30 relevant studies (13 prospective, 13 retrospective, 4 case reports) on the subject were studied and summarized. All studies showed a favorable refractive outcome. Quality of vision remained unaffected and no significant complications were reported in any of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior chamber PIOLs represent a viable option in the treatment of mild to moderate and stable corneal ectasia in patients with contact lens intolerance who have low irregular astigmatism, a clear central cornea, and good preoperative corrected distance visual acuity. [J Refract Surg. 2021;37(5):351-359.].