Effects of three water-based resistance trainings on maximal strength, rapid strength and muscular endurance of sedentary and trained older women / Efectos de tres entrenamientos de fuerza en el medio acuático en la fuerza máxima, fuerza rápida y la resistencia muscular de mujeres mayores sedentarias y entrenadas

Water-based resistance training (WRT ) increases strength in sedentary elderly. However, it is not known if this modality pro-motes strength gains in the trained elderly. In addition, as all the existing studies compared the WRT group with the control group, it is not yet known what the best WRT strategy to promote strength gains in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of three WRT on the maximal strength, rapid strength and muscular endurance of sedentary and trained elderly women. Twenty-six women were allocated in groups: simple set of 30 seconds (1x30s, 66±1 years), multiple sets of 10 seconds (3x10s, 67±2 years) and simple set of 10 seconds (1x10s, 65±1 years). Training lasted for 20 weeks (two weekly sessions). Assessments were performed after 12 and 20 weeks of training to assess sedentary and trained women, respectively. Maximal strength was assessed by the 1RM test in knee extension, knee flexion and elbow flexion exercises. In these same exercises, the muscular endurance was evaluated, for this, the individual should perform the maximal of repeti-tions with the load corresponding to 60% of 1RM. Finally, rapid force was assessed by the rate of force development during knee extension. After 12 weeks of training, all groups significantly increased the maximal strength, muscular endurance and rapid strength. However, the groups showed no increase in strength from week 12 to week 20. In conclusion, the three WRT promoted an improvement in strength of sedentary older women, however, they were not efficient in promoting adaptations in trained women

El entrenamiento de fuerza en el medio acuático (WRT ) aumenta la fuerza de mayores sedentarios. Sin embargo, no se sabe si esta modalidad promueve ganancias de fuerza en mayores entrenados. Además, como todos los estudios existentes compararon el grupo WRT con el grupo control, aún no se sabe cuál es la mejor estrategia WRT para promover ganancias de fuerza en los ancianos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los efectos de tres WRT en la fuerza máxima, fuerza rápida y resistencia muscular en mujeres mayores sedentarias y entrenadas. Veintiséis mujeres fueron distribuidas en los grupos: serie simple de 30 segundos (1x30s, 66±1 años), series múltiples de 10 segundos (3x10s, 67±2 años) y serie simple de 10 segundos (1x10s, 65±1 años). Los entrenamientos tuvieron una duración de 20 semanas (dos sesiones semanales). Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas después de 12 y 20 semanas de entrenamiento para evaluar mujeres sedentarias y entrenadas, respectivamente. La fuerza máxima se evaluó mediante la prueba de 1RM en ejercicios de extensión de rodilla, flexión de rodilla y flexión de codo. En estos mismos ejercicios, se evaluó la resistencia muscular, para ello, el individuo debe realizar el máximo de repeticiones con la carga correspondiente al 60% de 1RM. Finalmente, la fuerza rápida se evaluó por la tasa de desarrollo de la fuerza durante la extensión de la rodilla. Después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento, todos los grupos aumen-taron significativamente la fuerza máxima, la resistencia muscular y la fuerza rápida. Sin embargo, los grupos no presentaron incremento en la fuerza de la semana 12 a la semana 20. En conclusión, los tres WRT promovieron incrementos en la fuerza de mujeres mayores sedentarias, sin embargo, no fueron efectivos en promover adaptaciones en mujeres entrenadas

Noninvasive Determination of Anaerobic Threshold Based on the Heart Rate Deflection Point in Water Cycling.

This study compared heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), percentage of maximal HR (%HRmax), percentage of maximal VO2, and cadence (Cad) related to the anaerobic threshold (AT) during a water cycling maximal test between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and ventilatory (VT) methods. In addition, the correlations between both methods were assessed for all variables. The test was performed by 27 men in a cycle ergometer in an aquatic environment. The protocol started at a Cad of 100 b · min(-1) for 3 minutes with subsequent increments of 15 b · min(-1) every 2 minutes until exhaustion. A paired two-tailed Student's t-test was used to compare the variables between the HRDP and VT methods. The Pearson product-moment correlation test was used to correlate the same variables determined by the 2 methods. There was no difference in HR (166 ± 13 vs. 166 ± 13 b · min(-1)), VO2 (38.56 ± 6.26 vs. 39.18 ± 6.13 ml · kg(-1) · min(-1)), %HRmax (89.24 ± 3.84 vs. 89.52 ± 4.29%), VO2max (70.44 ± 7.99 vs. 71.64 ± 8.32%), and Cad (174 ± 14 b · min(-1) vs. 171 ± 8 b · min(-1)) related to AT between the HRDP and VT methods. Moreover, significant relationships were found between the methods to determine the AT for all variables analyzed (r = 0.57-0.97). The estimation of the HRDP may be a noninvasive and easy method to determine the AT, which could be used to adapt individualized training intensities to practitioners during water cycling classes.

Neuromuscular adaptations to water-based concurrent training in postmenopausal women: effects of intrasession exercise sequence.

This study investigated the effects of different exercise sequences on the neuromuscular adaptations induced by water-based concurrent training in postmenopausal women. Twenty-one healthy postmenopausal women (57.14 ± 2.43 years) were randomly placed into two water-based concurrent training groups: resistance training prior to (RA, n = 10) or after (AR, n = 11) aerobic training. Subjects performed resistance and aerobic training twice a week over 12 weeks, performing both exercise types in the same training session. Upper (elbow flexors) and lower-body (knee extensors) one-repetition maximal test (1RM) and peak torque (PT) (knee extensors) were evaluated. The muscle thickness (MT) of upper (biceps brachii) and lower-body (vastus lateralis) was determined by ultrasonography. Moreover, the maximal and submaximal (neuromuscular economy) electromyographic activity (EMG) of lower-body (vastus lateralis and rectus femoris) was measured. Both RA and AR groups increased the upper- and lower-body 1RM and PT, while the lower-body 1RM increases observed in the RA was greater than AR (34.62 ± 13.51 vs. 14.16 ± 13.68 %). RA and AR showed similar MT increases in upper- and lower-body muscles evaluated. In addition, significant improvements in the maximal and submaximal EMG of lower-body muscles in both RA and AR were found, with no differences between groups. Both exercise sequences in water-based concurrent training presented relevant improvements to promote health and physical fitness in postmenopausal women. However, the exercise sequence resistance-aerobic optimizes the strength gains in lower limbs.