Challenges and measures during management of mounting biomedical waste in COVID-19 pandemic: an Indian approach.

Background: During coronavirus pandemic, an unpredictable pile of biomedical waste (BMW) gathers at the top. India produces 710 tonnes of biomedical waste daily. The contribution of COVID-19 related biomedical waste was 126 tonnes per day in first wave of the pandemic. BMW's rapid growth is putting a strain on current waste management facilities, especially in developing countries. A sudden boost in biomedical waste needs rapid and proper segregation and disposal methods to avoid future consequences. Main body of the abstract: From literatures and statistical data available on Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) it shows that India lags behind in large-scale sorting, collection, careful storage, transfer and disposal of bio waste. India has its own guidelines set by the CPCB to ensure the safe disposal of biomedical waste during diagnosis, treatment and quarantine of COVID-19 patients. Although there are strict guidelines for bio-waste management, many hospitals in the process of implementing them often dispose of waste in inappropriate, chaotic and indiscriminate ways due to negligence or laziness. Often, due to poor separation practices, hospital waste is mixed with general waste, resulting in harmful overall waste flow. Waste disposal handlers are not safe due to their exposure to various health risks and inadequate training in waste management. The present review sheds light on guidelines, measures, and challenges related to biomedical waste management. Short conclusion: Improper waste separation leads to improper waste disposal. Waste generation and management issues are causing daily problems as they have a profound impact on the dramatically changing global environment, including air, water and soil pollution. In addition, BMW's daily production and its processing are inversely proportional. This situation suggests that India will soon be drowning in its own garbage. The focus of this review is on the generation and disposal of biomedical waste. Based on a review of the literature, this evaluation provides a comparative picture of the current status of waste generation, national waste management strategies, and some measures to contribute to waste management and avoid future disasters.

QSAR based virtual screening derived identification of a novel hit as a SARS CoV-229E 3CLpro Inhibitor: GA-MLR QSAR modeling supported by molecular Docking, molecular dynamics simulation and MMGBSA calculation approaches.

Congruous coronavirus drug targets and analogous lead molecules must be identified as quickly as possible to produce antiviral therapeutics against human coronavirus (HCoV SARS 3CLpro) infections. In the present communication, we bear recognized a HIT candidate for HCoV SARS 3CLpro inhibition. Four Parametric GA-MLR primarily based QSAR model (R2:0.84, R2adj:0.82, Q2loo: 0.78) was once promoted using a dataset over 37 structurally diverse molecules along QSAR based virtual screening (QSAR-VS), molecular docking (MD) then molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) analysis and MMGBSA calculations. The QSAR-based virtual screening was utilized to find novel lead molecules from an in-house database of 100 molecules. The QSAR-vS successfully offered a hit molecule with an improved PEC50 value from 5.88 to 6.08. The benzene ring, phenyl ring, amide oxygen and nitrogen, and other important pharmacophoric sites are revealed via MD and MDS studies. Ile164, Pro188, Leu190, Thr25, His41, Asn46, Thr47, Ser49, Asn189, Gln191, Thr47, and Asn141 are among the key amino acid residues in the S1 and S2 pocket. A stable complex of a lead molecule with the HCoV SARS 3CLpro was discovered using MDS. MM-GBSA calculations resulted from MD simulation results well supported with the binding energies calculated from the docking results. The results of this study can be exploited to develop a novel antiviral target, such as an HCoV SARS 3CLpro Inhibitor.

Target Specific Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Kinase in Conjunction With Cancer and SARS-COV-2 by Olive Nutraceuticals.

The fact that viruses cause human cancer dates back to the early 1980s. By reprogramming cellular signaling pathways, viruses encoded protein that can regulate altered control of cell cycle events. Viruses can interact with a superfamily of membrane bound protein, receptor tyrosine kinase to modulate their activity in order to increase virus entrance into cells and promotion of viral replication within the host. Therefore, our study aimed at screening of inhibitors of tyrosine kinase using natural compounds from olive. Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is an important factor for cancer progression and can be linked to coronavirus. It is evident that over expression of Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) enhance viral endocytosis and proliferation and the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduced the period of infection period. Functional network studies were carried out using two major PTKs viz. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and B-lymphocytic kinase (BTK). They are associated with coronavirus in regulation of cell signaling proteins for cellular processes. We virtually screened for 161 library of natural compounds from olive found overexpressed in ALK and BTK in metastatic as well as virus host cells. We have employed both ligand and target-based approach for drug designing by high throughput screening using Multilinear regression model based QSAR and docking. The QSAR based virtual screening of 161 olive nutraceutical compounds has successfully identified certain new hit; Wedelosin, in which, the descriptor rsa (ratio of molecular surface area to the solvent accessible surface area) plays crucial role in deciding Wedelosin's inhibitory potency. The best-docked olive nutraceuticals further investigated for the stability and effectivity of the BTK and ALK during in 150 ns molecular dynamics and simulation. Post simulation analysis and binding energy estimation in MMGBSA further revealed the intensive potential of the olive nutraceuticals in PTK inhibition. This study is therefore expected to widen the use of nutraceuticals from olive in cancer as well as SARS-CoV2 alternative therapy.