Síndrome de Horner por migración paravertebral cefálica del anestésico local / Horner syndrome secondary to cephalic paravertebral migration of local anaesthetic

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[Changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis]. / Evolución del equilibrio ácido-base del líquido pleural durante las 2 primeras horas de la toracocentesis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis and to determine whether, as with arterial blood, it is important to keep the fluid on ice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, descriptive, comparative study was performed in 53 consecutive patients with pleural effusion. Thoracentesis was performed and pleural fluid was collected in 5 heparinized syringes to determine the pH, PO2, and PCO2 at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In the first 26 patients, pleural fluid was collected in a further 4 syringes that were kept on ice prior to performing the same measurements at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. RESULTS: The patients had a mean (SD) age of 70 (14) years, 66% were smokers, 72% were men, 63% had right-sided pleural effusion, 85% had unilateral effusion, and 15% had massive effusion. In 10 patients the effusion was a transudate, in 35 it was lymphocytic, and in 8 it was neutrophilic. The etiology was benign in 34 cases and neoplastic in 19 cases. The baseline pH was 7.35 (0.1) and baseline values of PO2 and PCO2 were 57.8 (20) mm Hg and 53.7 (15) mm Hg, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the first 2 hours for either pH or PCO2, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change over this period. The difference between the baseline value and the value obtained at 120 minutes was 0.005 (0.02) for pH, 12.5 (19) mm Hg for PO2, and 0.8 (3) mm Hg for PCO2, with correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.49, and 0.98, respectively. Comparison of values by simple regression analysis did not reveal a significant difference in the changes in pH, PO2, or PCO2 associated with keeping samples on ice. Multivariate analysis revealed that neoplastic effusion and a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid had a significant influence on pH changes. CONCLUSIONS: The pH and PCO2 of pleural fluid did not change significantly during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change. Keeping samples on ice during this period is unnecessary. Only a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid and neoplastic effusion had a limited effect on changes in the pH of samples from our patients during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis.

Evolución del equilibrio ácido-base del líquido pleural durante las 2 primeras horas de la toracocentesis / Changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis

Objetivo: Valorar los cambios en el equilibrio ácido-base del líquido pleural durante las primeras 2 h de la toracocentesis y la importancia de su conservación en hielo como ocurre en la sangre arterial. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y comparativo de 53 pacientes consecutivos con un derrame pleural. Se realizó toracocentesis con extracción del líquido pleural en 5 jeringas heparinizadas para determinar el pH, presión parcial de oxígeno (PO2) y de anhídrido carbónico (PCO2) basales, a los 30, 60, 90 y 120 min. En los primeros 26 pacientes se obtuvieron 4 jeringas que se conservaron en hielo y se realizaron las mismas determinaciones en el tiempo. Resultados: Los pacientes tenían una edad media (± desviación estándar) de 70 ± 14 años, el 66% eran fumadores, el 72% varones, un 63% tenía un derrame derecho, un 85% unilateral y el 15% masivo. En 10 casos era un trasudado, en 35 exudado linfocitario y en 8 neutrofílico. La etiología fue benigna en 34 casos y neoplásica en 19. El valor basal del pH fue de 7,35 ± 0,1, y los de PO2 y PCO2 de 57,8 ± 20 y 53,7 ± 15 mmHg, respectivamente, y no presentaron cambios significativos durante las primeras 2 h, a excepción de la PO2. El pH presentó una diferencia entre su valor basal y a los 120 min de 0,005 ± 0,02, la PO2 de 12,5 ± 19 mmHg y la PCO2 de 0,8 ± 3 mmHg, con unos coeficientes de correlación de 0,97, 0,49 y 0,98, respectivamente. El estudio comparativo y la regresión simple no demostraron una influencia significativa de la conservación en hielo en los cambios de pH, PO2 o PCO2. Una etiología neoplásica y un mayor número de hematíes influyeron de forma significativa en los cambios de pH en el análisis multivariante. Conclusiones: El pH y la PCO2 pleurales no presentaron cambios significativos durante las primeras 2 h de la toracocentesis, a diferencia de la PO2. La conservación en hielo no estaría indicada durante este período. Sólo un número más elevado de hematíes o una etiología neoplásica tuvieron una influencia limitada en los cambios de los valores del pH de nuestros pacientes en las primeras 2 h

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess changes in the acid-base equilibrium of pleural fluid during the first 2 hours after thoracentesis and to determine whether, as with arterial blood, it is important to keep the fluid on ice. Patients and methods: A prospective, descriptive, comparative study was performed in 53 consecutive patients with pleural effusion. Thoracentesis was performed and pleural fluid was collected in 5 heparinized syringes to determine the pH, PO2, and PCO2 at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In the first 26 patients, pleural fluid was collected in a further 4 syringes that were kept on ice prior to performing the same measurements at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Results: The patients had a mean (SD) age of 70 (14) years, 66% were smokers, 72% were men, 63% had right-sided pleural effusion, 85% had unilateral effusion, and 15% had massive effusion. In 10 patients the effusion was a transudate, in 35 it was lymphocytic, and in 8 it was neutrophilic. The etiology was benign in 34 cases and neoplastic in 19 cases. The baseline pH was 7.35 (0.1) and baseline values of PO2 and PCO2 were 57.8 (20) mm Hg and 53.7 (15) mm Hg, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the first 2 hours for either pH or PCO2, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change over this period. The difference between the baseline value and the value obtained at 120 minutes was 0.005 (0.02) for pH, 12.5 (19) mm Hg for PO2, and 0.8 (3) mm Hg for PCO2, with correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.49, and 0.98, respectively. Comparison of values by simple regression analysis did not reveal a significant difference in the changes in pH, PO2, or PCO2 associated with keeping samples on ice. Multivariate analysis revealed that neoplastic effusion and a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid had a significant influence on pH changes. Conclusions: The pH and PCO2 of pleural fluid did not change significantly during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis, whereas PO2 did undergo a significant change. Keeping samples on ice during this period is unnecessary. Only a higher red blood cell count in pleural fluid and neoplastic effusion had a limited effect on changes in the pH of samples from our patients during the first 2 hours following thoracentesis

[Bronchoscopic lung biopsy with fluoroscopy to study 164 localized pulmonary lesions]. / Biopsia pulmonar broncoscópica con fluoroscopia en lesiones pulmonares localizadas. Estudio de 164 casos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of bronchoscopic lung biopsy (BLB) in the diagnosis of localized pulmonary lesions. METHODS: A prospective, descriptive study of consecutive patients with a suspected neoplastic nodule, mass, or infiltrate with nonspecific bronchoscopic findings after performing BLB with fluoroscopy. The lesions, clinical and patient characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-four patients with a mean (SD) age of 65 +/- 12 years and a total of 156 masses or nodules and 8 infiltrates (144 neoplasms and 20 nonneoplastic lesions) participated in the study. On average, the lesion was 4.3 +/- 2 cm in diameter and 6 +/- 2 BLBs were performed on each patient, with a rate of serious complications of less than 1%. BLB was diagnostic in 113 cases (69% of the neoplasms and 70% of the nonneoplastic). In cases diagnosed by BLB, the lesions were larger (4.6 +/- 2 cm), more samples were obtained (6 +/- 2 biopsies), nondiagnostic endoscopic alterations were found (30%), and the bronchus sign was present (22%). Moreover, bronchoscopy was better tolerated by those patients. CONCLUSIONS: BLB with fluoroscopy increased the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy for localized lesions with nonspecific findings, regardless of etiology. Larger neoplasms, the bronchus sign, good tolerance, and more tissue samples increased the number of diagnoses, with few complications.

Resolución espontánea de un quiste tímico primario / Spontaneous resolution of a primary thymic cyst

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[Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma: a report and diagnosis of 2 cases]. / Sarcoma sinovial pulmonar primario. Presentación y diagnóstico de dos casos.

Synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare primary pulmonary tumor whose description is based on a limited number of cases. We report two cases diagnosed by thoracotomy. One patient was initially treated surgically, and a later recurrence was controlled by combined chemotherapy and a second operation after three years of monitoring. In the second case, surgery was imperative to treat massive hemoptysis and was followed by combined chemotherapy after diagnosis of lesions consistent with extrapulmonary metastasis.

Sarcoma sinovial pulmonar primario. Presentación y diagnóstico de dos casos / Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma: a report and diagnosis of 2 cases

El sarcoma sinovial es un tumor pulmonar primario extremadamente raro y con una descripción basada en un número limitado de casos, de los que presentamos los hallazgos de dos pacientes diagnosticados por una toracotomía. Uno de los casos fue tratado inicialmente con cirugía, seguido de una recidiva más tarde controlada con poliquimioterapia y reintervención tras tres años de seguimiento, mientras que en el otro la cirugía fue necesaria por presentar una hemoptisis masiva y se asoció a un tratamiento con poliquimioterapia tras el diagnóstico de lesiones compatibles con metástasis extrapulmonares (AU)

[Video thoracoscopy and video-assisted thoracic surgery. An analysis of 303 consecutive cases]. / Videotoracoscopia y cirugía torácica videoasistida. Análisis de 303 casos consecutivos.

OBJECTIVES: To present our experience in video thoracoscopy and video-assisted thoracic surgery from November of 1991 until November of 1997. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 303 endoscopic thoracic surgery procedures (210 males and 93 females with a mean age of 42.2 years) with the following indications: 151 spontaneous pneumothorax, 51 pulmonary biopsies, 50 pulmonary nodules, 15 mediastinal tumors, 13 pleuroparietal tumors, 8 pericardial windows and 15 thoracic sympathectomies. RESULTS: Mean postoperative stay was of 5.5 days. The thoracotomy conversion was necessary in 32 cases (10.9%). The morbimortality has been: one parietal recidive of a tumor in the way of one of the trocars and one death of a patient to who was accomplished a pulmonary biopsy by diffuse pneumopathy. CONCLUSIONS: The video thoracoscopy and thoracic surgery are effective and sure technical options for diagnosis and treatment of various thoracic affections.

Videotoracoscopia y cirugía torácica videoasistida.Análisis de 303 casos consecutivos / Videothoracoscopy and videoassisted thoracic surgery

Objetivos: Comunicar nuestra experiencia en videotoracoscopia y cirugía torácica videoasistida desde noviembre de 1991 hasta noviembre de 1997. Pacientes y métodos: Comprende 303 procedimientos de cirugía torácica endoscópica (210 varones, 93 mujeres y edad media de 42,2 años). Las indicaciones fueron: 151 neumotórax espontáneos, 51 biopsias pulmonares, 50 nódulos pulmonares, 15 tumores mediastínicos, 13 tumores pleuroparietales, 8 ventanas pericárdicas y 15 simpatectomías torácicas. Resultados: La estancia media postoperatoria fue de 5,5 días. La conversión a toracotomía fue necesaria en 32 casos (10,9%). La morbimortalidad ha sido: recidiva parietal de tumor en el trayecto de uno de los trócares y fallecimiento por sepsis de un paciente a quien se le realizó una biopsia pulmonar por neumopatía difusa. Conclusiones: La videotoracoscopia y cirugía torácica videoasistida son opciones técnicas seguras y eficaces para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversas afecciones torácica (AU)

[Pulmonary biopsy in diffuse interstitial disease: videothoracoscopy versus thoracotomy]. / Biopsia pulmonar en la enfermedad intersticial difusa: videotoracoscopia frente a toracotomía.

The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the results of lung biopsies performed by videothoracoscopy (VT) and minithoracotomy (MT) in diffuse interstitial disease between 1992 and 1994, during which period 45 lung biopsies were performed on patients (20 women) with a mean age of 56 years. Thirty-one biopsies were performed by VT (group I) and 14 by MT (group II). For all patients we recorded duration of procedure, days to discharge after surgery, total time with a pleural drain in place, and volume of tissue sample. Diagnosis was possible in all cases. Mean duration of surgery was 49.3 minutes for group I and 58.2 minutes for group II. Mean time to discharge was 6.7 days for group I and 10.1 for group II. Mean time of pleural drainage was 3.8 days for group I and 5.9 days for group II. Mean volume of tissue sample was 6.5 cm3 for group I and 5.18 cm3 for group II. One patient died in group I from causes unrelated to surgical technique. In conclusion, lung biopsy with VT is effective and useful for diagnosing diffuse interstitial lung diseases. The sample obtained is in every way comparable to that obtained by thoracotomy. Mean hospital stay and mean time of postoperative drainage decreases significantly (p < 0.05) with VT.