RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The importance of minimizing the exaggerated sympatho-adrenergic responses and QT interval and QT interval dispersion changes that may develop due to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation during anesthesia induction in the hypertensive patients is clear. Esmolol decreases the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation. However, the effect of esmolol in decreasing the prolonged QT interval and QT interval dispersion as induced by laryngoscopy and intubation is controversial. We investigated the effect of esmolol on the hemodynamic, and corrected-QT interval and corrected-QT interval dispersion changes seen during anesthesia induction in hypertensive patients using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. METHODS: 60 ASA I-II patients, with essential hypertension using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were included in the study. The esmolol group received esmolol at a bolus dose of 500 mcg/kg followed by a 100 mcg/kg/min infusion which continued until the 4th min after intubation. The control group received 0.9% saline similar to the esmolol group. The mean blood pressure, heart rate values and the electrocardiogram records were obtained as baseline values before the anesthesia, 5 min after esmolol and saline administration, 3 min after the induction and 30 s, 2 min and 4 min after intubation. RESULTS: The corrected-QT interval was shorter in the esmolol group (p = 0.012), the corrected-QT interval dispersion interval was longer in the control group (p = 0.034) and the mean heart rate was higher in the control group (p = 0.022) 30 s after intubation. The risk of arrhythmia frequency was higher in the control group in the 4-min period following intubation (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Endotracheal intubation was found to prolong corrected-QT interval and corrected-QT interval dispersion, and increase the heart rate during anesthesia induction with propofol in hypertensive patients using angiotensin ...
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: É óbvia a importância de minimizar as respostas simpatoadrenérgicas exageradas e o intervalo QT e a dispersão do intervalo QT que podem ocorrer por causa de laringoscopia e intubação traqueal durante a indução da anestesia em pacientes hipertensos. Esmolol diminui a resposta hemodinâmica à laringoscopia e à intubação. Porém, o efeito de esmolol sobre a redução do intervalo QT prolongado e a dispersão do intervalo QT induzida pela laringoscopia e intubação é controverso. Pesquisamos o efeito de esmolol sobre a hemodinâmica e o intervalo QT corrigido e as alterações da dispersão do intervalo QT observadas durante a indução da anestesia em pacientes hipertensos que receberam inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 60 pacientes, estado físico ASA I-II, com hipertensão arterial essencial e que receberam IECA. O grupo esmolol recebeu uma dose em bolus de 500 mcg kg-1, seguida por infusão contínua de 100 mcg kg-1 min-1 até o quarto minuto após a intubação. O grupo controle recebeu solução salina a 0,9%, semelhantemente ao grupo esmolol. Os valores da pressão arterial média e da frequência cardíaca e os registros do eletrocardiograma foram obtidos durante a fase inicial pré-anestesia, cinco minutos após a administração de esmolol e solução salina, três minutos após a indução e 30 segundos, dois minutos e quatro minutos após a intubação. RESULTADOS: O intervalo QT corrigido foi menor no grupo esmolol (p = 0,012), o intervalo de dispersão do intervalo QT corrigido foi maior no grupo controle (p = 0,034) e a frequência cardíaca média foi maior no grupo controle (p = 0,022) 30 segundos após a intubação. O risco da frequência de arritmia foi maior no grupo controle no quarto minuto após a intubação (p = 0,038). CONCLUSÃO: Descobrimos que a intubação traqueal prolonga o intervalo e a dispersão do intervalo QT corrigido e aumenta a frequência cardíaca durante a indução da ...
JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Es evidente la importancia que tiene minimizar las respuestas simpatoadrenérgicas exageradas y el intervalo QT y la dispersión del intervalo QT que pueden ocurrir a causa de la laringoscopia e intubación traqueal durante la inducción de la anestesia en pacientes hipertensos. El esmolol disminuye la respuesta hemodinámica a la laringoscopia y a la intubación. Sin embargo, su efecto sobre la reducción del intervalo QT prolongado y la dispersión del intervalo QT inducida por la laringoscopia e intubación es controvertido. Investigamos el efecto del esmolol sobre la hemodinámica y el intervalo QT corregido, y las alteraciones de la dispersión del intervalo QT observadas durante la inducción de la anestesia en pacientes hipertensos que recibieron inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina. MÉTODOS: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 60 pacientes, estado físico ASA I-II, con hipertensión arterial esencial y que recibieron inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina. El grupo esmolol recibió una dosis en bolos de 500 mcg/kg, seguida de infusión continua de 100 mcg/kg/min hasta el cuarto minuto después de la intubación. El grupo control recibió una solución salina al 0,9%, de forma similar al grupo esmolol. Los valores de la presión arterial media y de la frecuencia cardíaca y los registros del electrocardiograma fueron obtenidos durante la fase inicial preanestésica, 5 min después de la administración del esmolol y la solución salina, 3 min después de la inducción, y 30 s, 2 min y 4 min después de la intubación. RESULTADOS: El intervalo QT corregido fue menor en el grupo esmolol (p = 0,012), el intervalo de dispersión del intervalo QT corregido fue mayor en el grupo control (p = 0,034) y la frecuencia cardíaca media fue mayor en el grupo control (p = 0,022) 30 s después de la intubación. El riesgo de la frecuencia de arritmia fue mayor en el grupo control en el cuarto minuto después de la intubación ...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Síndrome de QT Prolongado/cirugía , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/administración & dosificación , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Método Doble Ciego , Estudios Prospectivos , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Intubación Intratraqueal/instrumentación , Laringoscopía/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The importance of minimizing the exaggerated sympatho-adrenergic responses and QT interval and QT interval dispersion changes that may develop due to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation during anesthesia induction in the hypertensive patients is clear. Esmolol decreases the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation. However, the effect of esmolol in decreasing the prolonged QT interval and QT interval dispersion as induced by laryngoscopy and intubation is controversial. We investigated the effect of esmolol on the hemodynamic, and corrected-QT interval and corrected-QT interval dispersion changes seen during anesthesia induction in hypertensive patients using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. METHODS: 60 ASA I-II patients, with essential hypertension using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were included in the study. The esmolol group received esmolol at a bolus dose of 500mcg/kg followed by a 100mcg/kg/min infusion which continued until the 4th min after intubation. The control group received 0.9% saline similar to the esmolol group. The mean blood pressure, heart rate values and the electrocardiogram records were obtained as baseline values before the anesthesia, 5min after esmolol and saline administration, 3min after the induction and 30s, 2min and 4min after intubation. RESULTS: The corrected-QT interval was shorter in the esmolol group (p=0.012), the corrected-QT interval dispersion interval was longer in the control group (p=0.034) and the mean heart rate was higher in the control group (p=0.022) 30s after intubation. The risk of arrhythmia frequency was higher in the control group in the 4-min period following intubation (p=0.038). CONCLUSION: Endotracheal intubation was found to prolong corrected-QT interval and corrected-QT interval dispersion, and increase the heart rate during anesthesia induction with propofol in hypertensive patients using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. These effects were prevented with esmolol (500mcg/kg bolus, followed by 100mcg/kg/min infusion). During induction, the blood pressure tends to decrease with esmolol where care is needed.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Emergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. METHODS: 62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2-7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75mLkg(-1), 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25mgkg(-1), midazolam 0.03mgkg(-1) and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow-up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia.
RESUMEN
Background and objectives: Emergence agitation is a common postanaesthetic problem in children after sevoflurane anaesthesia. We aimed to compare the effects of ketamine and midazolam administered intravenously, before the end of surgery, for prevention of emergence agitation in children who received caudal block for pain relief under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Methods: 62 American Society of Anesthesiologists patient classification status I children, aged 2–7 years, scheduled for inguinal hernia repair, circumcision or orchidopexy were enrolled to the study. Anaesthesia was induced with sevoflurane 8% in a mixture of 50% oxygen and nitrous oxide. After achieving adequate depth of anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask was placed and then caudal block was performed with 0.75 mL kg−1, 0.25% bupivacaine. At the end of the surgery, ketamine 0.25 mg kg−1, midazolam 0.03 mg kg−1 and saline were given to ketamine, midazolam and control groups, respectively. Agitation was assessed using Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale and postoperative pain was evaluated with modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Results and conclusions: Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale scores were found higher in control group than in ketamine and midazolam groups. Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores were similar between groups. Modified Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores showed a significant decrease by time in all groups during follow-up in postanaesthesia care unit. The present study resulted in satisfactory Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scores which are below 10 in all groups. As a conclusion, neither ketamine nor midazolam added to caudal block under sevoflurane anaesthesia did show further effect on emergence agitation. In addition, pain relief still seems to be the major factor in preventing emergence ...
Justificativa e objetivos: A incidência de agitação é um problema pós-anestésico comum em crianças após a anestesia com sevoflurano. Nosso objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de cetamina e midazolam administrados por via intravenosa, antes do término da cirurgia, para prevenir a incidência de agitação em crianças submetidas ao bloqueio caudal para alívio da dor sob anestesia com sevoflurano. Métodos: Foram inscritos no estudo 62 pacientes pediátricos, entre 2-7 anos, estado físico classificado de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologistas (ASA: I), programados para correção de hérnia inguinal, circuncisão ou orquidopexia. A anestesia foi induzida com sevoflurano a 8% em uma mistura de oxigênio (50%) e óxido nitroso (50%). Depois de atingir a profundidade adequada da anestesia, uma máscara laríngea foi colocada e, em seguida, o bloqueio caudal foi feito com bupivacaína a 0,25% (0,75 mL kg−1). No fim da cirurgia, cetamina (0,25 mg kg−1), midazolam (0,03 mg kg−1) e solução salina foram administrados aos grupos cetamina, midazolam e controle, respectivamente. A incidência de agitaçio foi avaliada com a escala Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) e a dor no período pós-operatório avaliada com a escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (mCHEOPS). Resultados e conclusões: Os escores de dor da escala modificada mCHEOPS foram maiores no grupo controle do que nos grupos cetamina e midazolam. Os escores PAED foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os escores dessas duas escalas mostraram uma diminuição significativa do tempo em todos os grupos durante o acompanhamento em sala de recuperação pós-anestesia. O presente estudo resultou em escores satisfatórios da escala PAED, que ficaram abaixo ...
Introducción y objetivos La incidencia de agitación es un problema postanestésico frecuente en niños después de la anestesia con sevoflurano. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar los efectos de la ketamina y del midazolam administrados por vía intravenosa antes del término de la cirugía para prevenir la incidencia de agitación en niños sometidos al bloqueo caudal para alivio del dolor bajo anestesia con sevoflurano. Métodos 62 pacientes pediátricos, con edades entre 2 y 7 años, estado físico clasificado de acuerdo con la Sociedad Norteamericana de Anestesiólogos (ASA I), programados para la corrección de hernia inguinal, circuncisión o orquidopexia fueron inscritos en el estudio. La anestesia se indujo con sevoflurano al 8% en una mezcla de oxígeno al 50% y óxido nitroso al 50%. Después de alcanzar la profundidad adecuada de la anestesia, una mascarilla laríngea se colocó y enseguida el bloqueo caudal se realizó con bupivacaína al 0,25% (0,75 ml kg−1). Al final de la cirugía, la ketamina (0,25 mg kg−1), el midazolam (0,03 mg kg−1) y la solución salina fueron administrados a los grupos ketamina, midazolam y control, respectivamente. La incidencia de agitación se evaluó usando la escala Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium y el dolor en el período postoperatorio se calculó con la escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale. Resultados y conclusiones Las puntuaciones de dolor de la escala modificada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale fueron más elevadas en el grupo control que en los grupos ketamina y midazolam. Las puntuaciones de la Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium fueron parecidas entre los grupos. Las puntuaciones de esas 2 escalas arrojaron una reducción significativa del tiempo en todos los grupos durante el ...