Translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation of PedsQL 3.0 Sickle Cell Disease Module into Brazilian Portuguese.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the high prevalence of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Brazil, no studies have described the validation of an SCD-specific health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) instrument in children. We validated PedsQL 3.0 Sickle Cell Disease Module (PedsQL-SCD) for Brazilian Portuguese, and cross-validated it with PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scale (PedsQL-GCS) in children with SCD. METHODS: PedsQL-SCD was translated and culturally adapted using forward and reverse translations. PedsQL-SCD and PedsQL-GCS were tested in children and adolescents with SCD aged 2-18 years and their caregivers. Validity was assessed using the Pearson and intraclass correlation coefficients, and reliability measured with Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: PedsQL-SCD was validated in 206 children with SCD (median age 14 years, range: 8-18) and 201 caregivers. Among patients and caregivers, the mean total score for PedsQL-SCD was 65.7 and 64.1, respectively. The mean total score for PedsQL-GCS was 73.1 and 68.9 among patients and caregivers, respectively. The internal consistency for PedsQL-SCD and PedsQL-GCS was good; Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from .59-.93 to .64-.83 among patients and from .60-.95 to .65-.85 among caregivers, respectively. Most intercorrelations between PedsQL-SCD and PedsQL-GCS, for patients and caregivers, had medium to large effect sizes (range: .23-.63 and .27-.64, respectively). Pain and pain impact domains of PedsQL-SCD and physical dimension of PedsQL-GCS had the highest cross-correlation (.63 and .6 for patients; .63 and .64 for caregivers, respectively), confirming convergent construct validity. CONCLUSION: PedsQL-SCD is a valid, culturally appropriate measure to assess HRQoL in children with SCD in Brazil and is well-correlated PedsQL-GCS.

Importância dos programas de triagem para o gene da hemoglobina S / Importance of screening programs of the hemoglobin S gene

A anemia falciforme caracteriza-se como quadro hemolítico hereditário que evolui cronicamente causando danos físicos e emocionais às pessoas acometidas. Até o presente momento não se dispõe de tratamento curativo, a não ser o transplante de medula óssea, que ainda tem sido realizado de maneira experimental. A triagem neonatal de hemoglobinopatias, principalmente da anemia falciforme, tem sido essencial ao diagnóstico precoce e à instituição de medidas preventivas e promotoras de saúde. No entanto, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil recomenda o exame dos pais a partir da identificação de heterozigotos, mas não faz alusão quanto à ampliação da triagem para outros familiares. Uma família que possua uma criança afetada com estas síndromes passa a ter um marcador para um grupo genético de risco. Neste caso, a triagem ampliada para os familiares mais próximos (avós, pais, irmãos, tios e primos) poderá identificar muitos portadores ou casais em risco, antes do casamento e procriação, além de servir de base a programas de assessoramento genético e de controle epidemiológico das hemoglobinopatias, uma herança genética bastante freqüente em nossa população.

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary condition that evolves to a chronic illness, causing physical and emotional disorders to those involved. As yet there is no cure except for bone marrow transplantation which is still in the experimental stage. Neonatal screening for hemoglobin disorders, particularly sickle cell anemia, has been crucial for ensuring early diagnosis and the application of preventive and health-promoting measures. The Brazilian Health Ministry recommends testing parents thereby identifying heterozygotes, but does not propose extending this screening to other family members. A family that has a child affected by one of these syndromes is a marker for an at-risk group. In this case extending screning to close relatives (grandparents, siblings, aunts and uncles, and cousins) may identify individuals affected by the disease or couples at risk before marriage and reproduction and serve as the basis for programs providing genetic evaluation and epidemiological control of hemoglobin diseases that are relatively common in the Brazilian population.

Molecular variations linked to the grouping of beta- and alpha-globin genes in neonatal patients with sickle cell disease in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Various factors have been described as phenotypic modulators of sickle cell disease, such as levels of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F), presence of alpha-thalassemia (thal), and haplotypes of the beta-globin genes. In order to characterize and determine the frequency of the betaS and betaC mutations and the prevalence of -alpha3.7-thal, 74 patients with sickle cell disease detected during neonatal screening in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, were studied. The haplotypes of the beta gene and -alpha3.7-thal were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and specific restriction endonucleases were used to establish the polymorphic sites of the haplotypes. The results showed the high frequency of the Central African Republic (CAR) or Bantu haplotype in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The low frequency of the Benin haplotype recorded in this study, in comparison with other states in northeast Brazil, suggests the diversity of origins of Afro-Brazilians in this region.

Hidroxiuréia em pacientes com síndromes falciformes acompanhados no Hospital Hemope, Recife, Brasil / Hydroxyurea in sickle cell disease patients in Recife, Brazil

O uso de hidroxiuréia promove a elevação dos níveis de hemoglobina fetal (Hb F) em pacientes portadores de síndromes falciformes (SF) e o medicamento vem sendo estudado em vários grupos de pacientes, incluindo adultos e crianças. O presente trabalho analisou a eficácia e tolerabilidade do uso de hidroxiuréia em crianças na faixa etária entre 5 e 17 anos de idade e em adultos jovens acima de 18 anos, portadores de hemoglobinopatia SS ou Sbeta0 que foram acompanhados regularmente no ambulatório do Hospital Hemope. Os pacientes pediátricos foram tratados com dose inicial de hidroxiuréia de 10 mg/kg/dia, a qual era aumentada em 5 mg/kg por dia em intervalos de oito semanas, até a dose máxima de 25 mg/kg/dia. Para os adultos, o tratamento foi iniciado com 500 mg/dia de hidroxiuréia até a dose máxima de 1g/dia. Foi observada redução do número de crises álgicas assim como do número de internações hospitalares, elevação do nível de Hb F e do Volume Corpuscular Médio, no grupo pediátrico. Entre os pacientes maiores de 18 anos, também se observou melhora clínica e significância estatística com aumento dos valores da hemoglobina e redução dos valores de reticulócitos, leucócitos e plaquetas. Não foram observados sinais ou sintomas sugestivos de toxicidade medicamentosa em ambos os grupos. O uso de hidroxiuréia em todos os pacientes parece ser seguro e eficaz e assegura melhora da qualidade de vida e benefícios a seus familiares. Ademais, as doses preconizadas de hidroxiuréia aparentemente não foram mielotóxicas, não tendo sido necessária a suspensão do tratamento em nenhum dos pacientes.

The use of hydroxyurea increases concentrations of fetalhemoglobin (Hb F) in sickle cell disease patients. It has beenused in adults and in trials with children with the aim of preventingevents such as episodes of pain or stokes. The objective of thisstudy was to analyze the efficacy and side effects of Hydroxyureain children with ages ranging from 5 to 17 years and also inyoung adults with SS or Sâ0 hemoglobinopathies. The patientswere treated in the outpatient clinic of the Hemope Hospital.Young patients were treated with hydroxyurea at 10 mg/kg/daywhich was increased by 5 mg/kg/day at 8-week intervals untilreaching a maximum dose of 25 mg/kg/day. For adults, thetreatment started at 500 mg/day and increased until a dose of1000 mg/day was reached. Total Hb F levels and the MeanCorpuscular Volume rose with hydroxyurea therapy and therewas a reduction of events involving pain as well as the necessityof hospitalization among the pediatric patients. With the over 18-year-old patients, a better clinical state was noticed together witha rise in hemoglobin levels and a reduction in the reticulocyte,leukocyte and platelet counts. No signs or symptoms in respect todrug toxicity were evidenced in either group. The use ofhydroxyurea seems to be safe and effective in both children andyoung adults with sickle cell disease. The drug also improves thequality of life of these patients and their families. Additionally, thedosages of hydroxyurea used in this group of patients did notcause any bone marrow toxicity or other side effects.

Características de recém-nascidos portadores de hemoglobina S detectados através de triagaem em sangue de cordäo umbilical / Hemoglobin S positive newborn detected by cord blood and its characteristics

Objetivo: verificar a prevalência de Hemoglobina "S" (Hb"S") em recém-nascidos (RN) no Instituto Materno Infantil de Pernambuco (IMIP) e sua ocorrênciaa segundo o sexo, peso e Apgar. Metodologia: Foram analisados 1.988 RN no período de outubro/96 a março/97 para detecçäo de Hb "S" em sangue de cordäo umbilical através de eletroforese de Hb em pH acalino. Näo houve nenhum critério de exclusäo. Os dados sobre variáveis dos RN foram obtidos através de consulta aos prontuários médicos. A análise dos dados foi feita através do "software" EPI-INFO 6.0. Resultados: Foram encontrados 105 (5,3 por cento) RN com presença de Hb "S". Destes, 102 (5,1 por cento) apresentavam-se na forma de traço falciforme (Hb "FAS") e 3 (0,2 por cento) sob a forma de doença falciforme (Hb "SC"). Näo foi encontrado nenhum RN com hemozigose para Hb "S". Näo foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os RN portadores ou näo de Hb "S" quanto ao sexo, peso e Apgar. Conclusöes: Sugerimos a realizaçäo de triagaem neonatal de hemoglobinopatias em todos os RN na cidade de Recife com posterior seguimento dos casos positivos e suspeitos e subseqüênte aconselhamento genético às famílias acometidas