[Cardiovascular preventive recommendations. PAPPS 2020 update]. / Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2020.

The recommendations of the semFYC's Program for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (PAPPS) for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are presented. The following sections are included: Epidemiological review, where the current morbidity and mortality of CVD in Spain and its evolution as well as the main risk factors are described; Cardiovascular (CV) risk tables and recommendations for the calculation of CV risk; Main risk factors such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus, describing the method for their diagnosis, therapeutic objectives and recommendations for lifestyle measures and pharmacological treatment; Indications for antiplatelet therapy, and recommendations for screening of atrial fibrillation. The quality of testing and the strength of the recommendation are included in the main recommendations.

Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2018 / No disponible

No disponible

Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. PAPPS 2016 / No disponible

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Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares / Recommendations on prevention of cardiovascular disease

No disponible

Prevalencia de obesidad en inmigrantes en Madrid / Prevalence of obesity in immigrants in Madrid, Spain

Fundamento y objetivo: En España no hay estudios sobre la magnitud de la obesidad en la población adulta inmigrante. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la frecuencia y la distribución de la obesidad en los inmigrantes residentes en la ciudad de Madrid. Material y método: Se seleccionaron sujetos de entre 18 y 64 años de edad. El índice de masa corporal se utilizó como estimador de obesidad. El estatus de inmigrante se definió según el país de nacimiento. Los resultados presentan la prevalencia bruta y ajustada de la obesidad para los diferentes grupos de inmigrantes. Resultados: El porcentaje de obesos fue mayor entre los inmigrantes que entre la población española, a excepción del grupo de occidentales. Según sexo, los inmigrantes varones de Europa del Este y Latinoamérica y las mujeres procedentes de África-Asia y Europa del Este fueron los más obesos. Conclusiones: La mayor prevalencia de obesidad entre los inmigrantes también se ha observado en estudios realizados en otros países. Esta alta prevalencia de obesidad entre los inmigrantes podría deberse a una exposición más intensa a factores obesógenos, tanto antes de su llegada como durante su residencia en España (AU)

Background and objective: There are no studies in Spain on the extent of obesity in adult immigrants. The aim of this paper is to present the frequency and distribution of obesity among immigrants living in Madrid. Patients and method: We selected subjects between 18 and 64 years of age. Body Mass Index was used as an estimator of obesity. Immigrant status was defined according to country of birth. The results show the unadjusted and adjusted prevalence of obesity for different immigrant groups. Results: The percentage of obesity was higher in the immigrant population than in the Spanish population, except for the group of immigrants from western countries. According to gender, male immigrants from Eastern Europe and Latin America and women from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe were the most obese. Conclusion: The highest prevalence of obesity among immigrants has also been observed in studies conducted in other countries. The prevalence of obesity among immigrants may be due to a more intense exposure to obesogenic factors both before arrival and during their residence in Spain (AU)

[Prevalence of obesity in immigrants in Madrid, Spain]. / Prevalencia de obesidad en inmigrantes en Madrid.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are no studies in Spain on the extent of obesity in adult immigrants. The aim of this paper is to present the frequency and distribution of obesity among immigrants living in Madrid. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We selected subjects between 18 and 64 years of age. Body Mass Index was used as an estimator of obesity. Immigrant status was defined according to country of birth. The results show the unadjusted and adjusted prevalence of obesity for different immigrant groups. RESULTS: The percentage of obesity was higher in the immigrant population than in the Spanish population, except for the group of immigrants from western countries. According to gender, male immigrants from Eastern Europe and Latin America and women from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe were the most obese. CONCLUSION: The highest prevalence of obesity among immigrants has also been observed in studies conducted in other countries. The prevalence of obesity among immigrants may be due to a more intense exposure to obesogenic factors both before arrival and during their residence in Spain.

[Factors associated the control of hypertension among older Spaniards, over 60 years of age]. / Factores asociados al control de la hipertension arterial en personas mayores de 60 años en España.

BACKGROUND: In the last decade, improvement has been observed in the control of arterial hypertension in Spain. Such control has an effect in the decrease of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study was to identify factors associated to the control of arterial hypertension in awareness of hypertension among males and females who receive pharmacological treatment. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis, made in basis of the following study data: "Arterial Hypertension and other risk factors in the population of 60 years old and more in Spain". The sample included 1461 hypertensive patients treated pharmacologically, selected by probabilistic and multistage sampling. The information recollected about the control of arterial hypertension, social and demographic variables, lifestyle, healthcare service usage, and life quality related to health, by residence interviewing. RESULTS: No differences between gender were observed in the control of hypertension (p = 0.09), In men control were significantly linked to: residence in rural areas (OR = 1.83; CI at 95%: 1.06-3.14); being single (OR = 3.40; CI at 95%: 1.32-8.74); and exercising (OR = 1.69; CI at 95%: 1.06-2.69). Women who consume alcohol in a moderate way controlled themselves more (OR = 1.63; CI at 95% 1.14-2.33). CONCLUSIONS: This research determines, according to gender, some factors related with the control of arterial hypertension in awareness of hypertension patients treated pharmacologically. In male patients the control is related to: living in rural areas, being single and physical activity. While in females control was associated with moderate alcohol consumption.

[Determinants of the adherence to therapeutic plan in elderly Spaniards, over 60 years of age]. / Determinantes del cumplimiento terapéutico en personas mayores de 60 años en España.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the adherence to a therapeutic plan of awareness of hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data of the study "Arterial hypertension and other factors of risk in the elderly (> or = 60 years) Spanish population". This was a population-based survey of 4.009 older Spaniards. Information for this survey was obtained thorough household personal interviews to evaluate if these determining factors are independent of socio-demographic variables, the use of health system, lifestyles and the quality of life related to health. RESULTS: In men, the adherence to a therapeutic plan according to the regions studied (OR Rural = 3.9; OR Cantabrian = 1.9). Beside general health (OR = 1.01). With respect to the women, the ones that complied with the therapeutic plan more frequently had a low scholastic level (OR = 1.8), physical condition (OR = 1.02), and had more frequent home medical visits monthly (OR = 3.0). The women with poor adherence had two chronic illnesses (OR = 0.6) CONCLUSIONS: There are regional differences, gender, educational and to measure health-related quality of life. This demonstrates poor adherence, so the strategy should be directed toward in this variables mentioned.

Factores asociados al control de la hipertension arterial en personas mayores de 60 años en España / Factors associated the control of hypertension among older spaniards, over 60 years of age

Fundamento: En la última década se ha observado una mejoraen el control de la hipertensión arterial en España. Dicho controlrepercute en la disminución de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Elobjetivo de este trabajo es identificar los factores asociados al controlde la hipertensión arterial en varones y mujeres hipertensos diagnosticadosque reciben tratamiento farmacológico.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, realizado a partir delos datos del estudio: «Hipertensión arterial y otros factores de riesgoen la población de 60 años y más de España». La muestra, incluyóa 1.461 hipertensos diagnosticados tratados farmacológicamente,seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico y polietápico. La informaciónse obtuvo por entrevista en el domicilio sobre el control de lahipertensión arterial, variables sociodemográficas, estilo de vida,uso de servicios de salud y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud.Resultados: No se observaron diferencias de genero en el controlde la hipertensión (p=0,09). El control en varones se relacionacon residir en área rural (OR=1,83; IC al 95%: 1,06-3,14); ser soltero(OR=3,40; IC al 95%: 1,32-8,74) y realizar actividad física(OR=1,69; IC al 95%:1,06-2,69). Las mujeres que consumen alcoholde forma moderada controlan mejor la hipertensión (OR=1,63; IC al95% 1,14-2,33).Conclusiones: Esta investigación determina según el géneroalgunos factores relacionados con el control de la hipertensión enhipertensos diagnosticados y tratados farmacológicamente. En varones,el control se asoció significativamente con: residir en área rural,ser soltero y realizar alguna actividad física. Mientras, que en lasmujeres el control se asoció con consumir alcohol de forma moderada

Background: In the last decade, improvement has beenobserved in the control of arterial hypertension in Spain. Such controlhas an effect in the decrease of cardiovascular morbidity andmortality. The objective of the study was to identify factors associatedto the control of arterial hypertension in awareness of hypertensionamong males and females who receive pharmacological treatment.Methods: A cross-sectional analysis, made in basis of the followingstudy data: «Arterial Hypertension and other risk factors in thepopulation of 60 years old and more in Spain». The sample included1461 hypertensive patients treated pharmacologically, selected byprobabilistic and multistage sampling. The information recollectedabout the control of arterial hypertension, social and demographicvariables, lifestyle, healthcare service usage, and life quality relatedto health, by residence interviewing.Results: No differences between gender were observed in thecontrol of hypertension (p=0,09), In men control were significantlylinked to: residence in rural areas (OR=1,83; CI at 95%: 1,06-3,14);being single (OR=3,40; CI at 95%: 1,32-8,74); and exercising(OR=1,69; CI at 95%:1,06-2,69). Women who consume alcohol in amoderate way controlled themselves more (OR=1,63; CI at 95%1,14-2,33).Conclusions: This research determines, according to gender,some factors related with the control of arterial hypertension in awarenessof hypertension patients treated pharmacologically. In malepatients the control is related to: living in rural areas, being singleand physical activity. While in females control was associated withmoderate alcohol consumption

Determinantes del cumplimiento terapéutico en personas mayores de 60 años en España / Determinants of the adherence to therapeutic plan in elderly Spaniards, over 60 years of age

Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados al cumplimiento terapéutico en varones y mujeres hipertensos conocidos. Material y métodos: Estudio poblacional de 4.009 sujetos a partir de los datos del estudio «Hipertensión arterial y otros factores de riesgo en la población de 60 años y más de España». Entrevista en el domicilio que recoge información sobre cumplimiento terapéutico, variables sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, uso de servicios de salud y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Resultados: En varones el cumplimiento terapéutico según las zonas estudiadas (odds ratio [OR] área rural = 3,9 frente a OR litoral cantábrico = 1,9) y con respecto a la salud general (OR = 1,01). En mujeres, las cumplidoras con nivel escolar bajo (OR = 1,8), la calidad de vida en el componente físico (OR = 1,02) y visitas mensuales al domicilio (OR = 3,0). Las no cumplidoras autorreportan 2 enfermedades crónicas (OR = 0,6). Conclusiones: El cumplimiento terapéutico se relaciona con diferencias de género, regionales, educacionales y en la calidad de vida. Es recomendable diseñar estrategias diferenciadas por las anteriores variables a fin de incrementar el cumplimiento terapéutico

Objective: To identify factors associated with the adherence to a therapeutic plan of awareness of hypertension. Material and Methods: The data of the study: «arterial Hypertension and other factors of risk in the elderly (≥ 60 years) Spanish population». This was a population-based survey of 4.009 older Spaniards. Information for this survey was obtained thorough household personal interviews to evaluate if these determining factors are independent of socio-demographic variables, the use of health system, lifestyles and the quality of life related to health. Results: In men, the adherence to a therapeutic plan according to the regions studied (OR Rural = 3.9; OR Cantabrian = 1.9). Beside general health (OR = 1.01). With respect to the women, the ones that complied with the therapeutic plan more frequently had a low scholastic level (OR = 1.8), physical condition (OR = 1.02), and had more frequent home medical visits monthly (OR = 3.0). The women with poor adherence had two chronic illnesses (OR = 0.6) Conclusions: There are regional differences, gender, educational and to measure health-related quality of life. This demonstrates poor adherence, so the strategy should be directed toward in this variables mentioned

Surgical site infection of 7301 traumatologic inpatients (divided in two sub-cohorts, study and validation): modifiable determinants and potential benefit.

The widespread use of peri-surgical chemoprophylaxis is decreasing the incidence of surgical site infection in Traumatology, which nevertheless remains as a problem amenable to further reduction. We have tried to identify modifiable determinants of the avoidable incidence of surgical site infection, and to estimate the potential benefit from implementing adequate measures targeting those determinants. In a firts sub-cohort of 5320 traumatologic patients with a post-surgical stay of more than 2 days, in Madrid's La Paz Hospital, between 1991 and 1996. The epidemiological surveillance was prospective during their hospital stay but also includes data on readmissions due to infection so as to analyse the actual incidence of surgical site infection, both before and after discharge. Bivariate and multivariate (multiple logistic regression model) analyses of risk factors for surgical site infections have been performed. In this sub-cohort, 212 patients (3.9%) suffered some type of nosocomial infection. The incidence of surgical site infection before discharge in cases of clean surgery was 1.6%, rising to 2% when cases readmitted for infection after discharge were considered. The multivariate analysis of risk factors for surgical site infection identified the following: contaminated ('dirty') surgery (OR: 10.5), inadequate chemoprophylaxis (OR: 1.5) and a pre-surgical stay of more than 4 days (OR: 1.6). Next, a second sub-cohort, consisting of 1981 patients, treated between 1997 and 1999, was analysed to validate the results of the first multivariate analysis. The validation model (and the global cohort with 7301 patients) corroborates the importance of the same three factors. Last, we calculated that controlling two modifiable factors, pre-surgical stay and peri-surgical chemoprophylaxis, could avoid 56% of surgical site infections.

[The obesity epidemic and related factors: the case of Spain]. / La epidemia de obesidad y sus factores relacionados: el caso de España.

The obesity epidemic is a global phenomenon that does not respect geographic or socio-demographic boundaries. Thus, research on factors related to the obesity epidemic has focused on social and economic characteristics of modern societies. This article discusses obesity in Spain and trends in several associated factors. Together with the increase in the prevalence of obesity, important changes in the population's dietary pattern have been observed, although total energy and fat intake appear to be stable. According to several indirect indicators, sedentary behavior predominates, although the percentage of the population reporting some leisure exercise is increasing. An increase in the amount of leisure time in modern societies is suggested as an explanation for this paradox. Factors related to energy expenditure could be as important as dietary factors in the genesis of the obesity epidemic.

Effectiveness and equity of serum cholesterol and blood pressure testing: a population-based study in Spain.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effectiveness and equity of serum cholesterol and blood pressure testing in Spain. METHODS: Data were taken from a household survey of 3680 persons of the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain. Analyses were performed using logistic regression, controlling for need, equity, and predisposing factors for serum cholesterol and blood pressure testing. Proxies for need were age, subjective health and cardiovascular risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical activity at work and at leisure time, and body mass index. Proxies for equity were sex, educational level, and province of residence, and predisposing factors for testing were the marital status and the number of medical visits in the preceding year. RESULTS: The percentage of subjects that had their cholesterol measured rose with age and worse subjective health, but showed no association with any cardiovascular risk factor except body mass index, for which a positive association was observed (P for linear trend, 0.0351). The percentage of subjects with serum cholesterol checked also rose with educational level (P for linear trend, 0.0024). Moreover, women were less likely to have their cholesterolemia tested than men (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67-0.94). Educational and sex differences in cholesterol testing increased after adjustment for the number of medical visits. Similar results were obtained for blood pressure testing. CONCLUSIONS: Serum cholesterol and blood pressure testing are not performed according to cardiovascular risk, which compromise its effectiveness. Moreover, there are social inequalities in testing, to which healthcare professionals could be contributing.

La epidemia de obesidad y sus factores relacionados: el caso de España / The obesity epidemic and related factors: the case of Spain

La epidemia de obesidad es un fenómeno universal que no parece reconocer límites ni geográficos ni sociodemográficos. Las investigaciones sobre los factores responsables de la epidemia se centran sobre algunas de las condiciones sociales y económicas que imperan en las sociedades actuales. El presente artículo muestra la situación de la obesidad en España y la tendencia de una serie de factores potencialmente relacionados. El incremento en la prevalencia de obesidad se acompañó de importantes cambios en el patrón de alimentación de la población a pesar de una tendencia estabilizada en la ingesta calórica total y de grasas. Diversos indicadores indirectos muestran la tendencia sedentaria de la población, a pesar de que un mayor porcentaje de la población declara realizar ejercicio físico en su tiempo libre. Los factores dependientes del gasto energético parecen tan o más importantes que los derivados del ingreso. Para explicar la situación paradójica de los distintos indicadores de sedentarismo se sugiere la hipótesis de un aumento del "stock de tiempo libre" en las sociedades actuales