A prospective study to determine the risk factors associated with post traumatic seizures: A single institution experience.

Background: Post traumatic seizures (PTS) are a known sequel of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Incidence of PTS is dependent on many factors including study design and characteristics of the study population. As incidence of TBI increases and death due to TBI decreases, more individuals will be at risk of developing and living with chronic complications. The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for PTS following TBI. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on patients admitted with TBI from April 1, 2019, to May 31, 2020, to determine the frequency, time to event, and risk factors for PTS following TBI. We classified the severity of head injury using a standard criterion, into mild, moderate and severe injury. Follow-up of 3 months was undertaken for all patients. Variables include age, sex, trauma severity, Glasgow coma scale, onset of PTS, and neuroradiological finding. Results: We enrolled 450 post traumatic subjects, out of which 36 (8%) developed seizures. Of the total of 36 patients detected to have hemorrhagic contusion on computerized tomography scan, 12 patients developed seizures. We found that the independent risk factors associated with occurrence of PTS were frontal- temporal lobar contusion and severity of head injury. All these findings were statistically significant. Conclusion: We found that the independent risk factors associated with occurrence of PTS were frontal-temporal lobar contusion and severity of head injury. Type of management (Operative vs. Non operative) does not affect the outcome of PTS.

Comparison of landmark guided and ultrasound guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: Efficiency, efficacy and accuracy in critically ill patients.

Background and Aims: To overcome the procedure-related complications associated with landmark-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) ultrasound is emerging as a promising tool. Present study was designed to compare landmark-guided PDT and ultrasound-guided PDT in terms of efficiency, efficacy, and accuracy. Material and Methods: Hundred intensive care unit patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation were prospectively randomized into 2 groups of 50 patients each. In land mark guided (LMG) group, patients underwent landmark-guided PDT, whereas in ultrasound guided (USG) group, patients underwent ultrasound-guided PDT. Results: Both the groups were comparable in terms of demographic data, sequential organ failure assessment score, ventilator settings, and mean days on mechanical ventilation prior to PDT. The mean assessment time in the ultrasound-guided group (1.56 ± 1 min) was significantly more (P-value = 0.000) than in the landmark-guided group (0.84 ± 0.72 min). The mean total procedure time for the USG group (5.98 ± 10.23 min) was more than that for the LMG group (4.86 ± 8.03 min) (P-value 0.542). Deviation of puncture site from the midline was seen in two patients in group A as compared to none in the USG group (P-value = 0.153). The number of patients requiring more than one attempt for successful needle insertion was more (P-value = 0.148) in the LMG group (20%) as compared to USG group (8%). Incidence of complications, like bleeding and desaturation was more in the LMG group as compared to the USG group. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided PDT is associated with reduction in periprocedural complications as compared to landmark technique, although it takes slightly longer time.

Effect of add-on Gabapentin premedication on hemodynamic response to skull pin insertion.

Background and Aims: Effectiveness of oral gabapentin premedication in suppressing response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation suggests its potential for attenuating skull pin insertion response. The present study was therefore planned to evaluate the effect of add-on oral gabapentin premedication to local anesthetic injection at pin insertion site in obtunding hemodynamic response. Material and Methods: Sixty adult patients posted for elective craniotomy were enrolled for a prospective, randomized and double-blinded study. Group I patients received gabapentin 900 mg orally as premedication whereas Group II patients received oral placebo. Both groups were administered subcutaneous (s.c.) injection (Inj) 2% lignocaine 2 mL at all four pin insertion sites. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured every 30 s for the initial 10 min. Increases in HR beyond 20% and MAP 30% above baseline were treated with bolus intravenous (IV) Inj propofol 30 mg. Quantitative data was compared using Student's t-test and Mann Whitney U test, while categorical data was compared using Chi-square (χ2) test. Results: The increase in HR and MAP from baseline was significantly greater and it remained above baseline levels longer in Group II as compared to Group I. Twenty-one patients (70%) received rescue boluses of propofol with a mean dose of 45.00 ± 39.98 mg in Group II as compared to nine (30%) patients receiving mean of 18.20 ± 29.04 mg in Group I. (P = 0.015). The mean emergence time and sedation scores in both the groups were statistically similar (P = 0.060).The incidence of adverse effects like hypotension, bradycardia, nausea/vomiting, sedation or dry mouth were similar in both the groups. Conclusion: Add-on oral gabapentin premedication potentiates the effect of s.c. lignocaine Inj for suppression of skull pin insertion response.

Spectrum of remote site extradural hematomas following decompressive craniectomy: Does fracture always co-exist?

BACKGROUND: Remote-site extradural hematomas (EDHs) after decompressive-surgeries for traumatic brain injury (TBI) are rarely encountered. Typically, they form contralateral to the injured side, with an overlying fracture. We present a subset which developed EDH immediately after decompressive-hemi-craniectomy for TBI, most without an evidence of fracture, and not limited to contralateral location. METHODS: Nine such patients were retrospectively identified. Plausible mechanisms, management issues and outcomes have been discussed. RESULTS: All nine patients were victims of severe-TBI. Six did not have any skull-fractures. Eight showed hemispheric-injuries while one had bifrontal-contusions. In hemispheric-injuries, midline-shift was at least 8 mm except one with midline-shift of 6 mm. The EDH was straddling the midline in 2 (bifrontal-1, bi-occipital-1), and juxtaposed to the previous craniectomy in 1, apart from a contralateral-bleed in 6; all, except one, needed evacuation. In most patients, venous-source of bleed was identified. All had improved from their preoperative Glasgow coma scale (GCS) at follow-up. CONCLUSION: A fracture need not always co-exist in EDH following decompressive craniectomy. However, an extra-caution is suggested in its presence. Given the need for surgical-evacuation in most patients and an inability to assess immediate postoperative-GCS in severely head-injured, a routine postoperative-computed tomography is recommended to avoid overlooking such potentially treatable condition.

Clinicoradiological Profile and Outcome of Microsurgical Clipping of Ruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms: A Single-Institute Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of intracranial aneurysms is estimated to be from 1% to 5% of population, most of them are small and located in the anterior circulation. The real danger is when an aneurysm ruptures, leading to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH is a catastrophic event with a mortality rate of 25% to 50%. Permanent disability occurs in nearly 50% of the survivors. Fifteen percent of patients expire before reaching the hospital and 25% die within 24 h. The purpose of our study is to report the clinicoradiological data and outcome of microsurgical clipping of ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms in our center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms admitted to tertiary care hospital in northern India from January 2018 to June 2020. The final outcome of patients was analyzed with Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at the time of discharge from the hospital. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysm underwent microsurgical clipping comprising 25 (47.2%) males and 28 (52.8%) females. The mean neck size of all aneurysms was 3.43 ± 1.66 mm. The mean hospital stay was longer in patients having preoperative intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (35.96 ± 27.27 days) and postoperative complications (43.36 ± 29.76 days) compared to patients who did not have IVH (21.10 ± 15.47 days) and postoperative complications (18 ± 6.54 days). P value was ≤0.05. Patients with preoperative hydrocephalus had GOS 3.44 ± 1.20 at discharge compared to nonhydrocephalus who had GOS 4.32 ± 1.07 (P = 0.009). Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) and non-ICH had GOS 3.31 ± 1.38 and 4.28 ± 1.01, respectively (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Poor outcome at the time of discharge after the surgical treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms was associated with poor world federation of neurological surgeons grade on admission, presence of IVH, hydrocephalus, intracerebral hemorrhage, and postoperative cerebral infarcts.

Outcome and its predictors in traumatic brain injury in elderly population: Institutional study from Northern India.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Survival and functional outcome is significantly poor in the elderly population. There is a need to develop better geriatric specific prognostic models and evidence-based geriatric traumatic brain injury management protocols for better treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the frequency, outcome and correlates of traumatic brain injury in elderly patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Frequency, outcome and correlates of traumatic brain injury in patients more than 65 years of age admitted in tertiary care hospital were studied in 160 patients admitted between 1st January 2016 and 31st December 2016 (retrospective analysis) and between 1st January 2017 and 30th June 2018 (prospective analysis). Institutional ethical committee approval was taken. RESULTS: This study concluded that road side accident was the most common cause of traumatic brain injury in elderly in this study. Incidence of traumatic brain injury in elderly was found to be 11.45%. Both non-reacting pupils and low Glasgow coma scale on arrival were significantly associated with poor outcome in terms of mortality. Most of the patients who expired or were discharged against medical advice had associated skull bone fractures, cerebral infarct, diffuse brain edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage, midline shift, lower hemaglobin, higher random blood sugar and higher creatinine as compared to patients who were discharged. All these findings were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Low Glasgow coma scale on arrival, non reacting pupils, low hemoglobin, high random blood sugar, high creatinine and intubation on arrival are associated with increased mortality. Associated skull bone fractures, cerebral infarct, diffuse brain edema are predictors of poor outcome. Anticoagulants and associated co-morbidities do not increase the risk of mortality in traumatic brain injury in elderly.

Anterior Approach to the Cervical Spine: Elegance Lies in Its Simplicity.

INTRODUCTION: Since the landmark publication by Smith and Robinson, approaches to the cervical spine anteriorly have undergone many modifications and even additions. Nevertheless, at its core, the anterior approach remains an elegant and efficient approach to deal with majority of cervical spine pathologies including the degenerative cervical spine. METHODOLOGY: For this review, we searched for all major cases series and randomized control trials of anterior cervical approaches using the PubMed databases. Articles having the details of clinical variables and outcomes were tabulated and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 9 case series for transoral, 7 case series for transmanubrial, 19 case series for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), 6 studies for ACDF versus posterior cervical foraminotomy, 37 case series for ACDF versus arthroplasty, and 7 studies for ACDF versus anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion have been included. The majority of the case series suggested that the anterior cervical procedures have good clinical outcomes. The upper cervical spine approached by the transoral route had good outcomes in ventral compressive pathologies, with morbidity of cerebrospinal fluid leak in 7% of patients. The midcervical spine approached by ACDF had better clinical outcomes equivalent to the majority of modifications even in multiple-level pathologies. The transsternal approach had provided greater access and stability to the cervicothoracic junction with minimal morbidity. CONCLUSION: The anterior cervical approach can address the majority of cervical pathologies. They provide adequate corridor from craniovertebral junction to T4 with minimal morbidity, thus providing a good clinical outcome.

A Rare Primary Dumbbell Lipoblastoma.

Lipomas and lipoblastomas are benign tumors of mesenchymal origin in contrast to liposarcoma that is a malignant tumor. Atypical lipomatous lesion arising from embryonal fat cells is termed as lipoblastoma. In the present case report 9-month-old male presented to us with painless, rapidly progressing mass over back, power was normal in all four limbs, fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of cellular tissue, magnetic resonance imaging suggestive of well-defined enhancing mass in paravertebral location, extending from D3 to D10 vertebrae with intraspinal extension, communicating through neural foramina at level of D7. Intraoperatively, it was dumbbell-shaped, looked like neurofiboma based on the gross findings and it was adherent to dorsal nerve root also. Single level laminectomy with complete surgical excision of lesion done with sacrifice of dorsal nerve root. Histopathology was suggestive of lipoblastoma. Postoperative recovery was uneventful.

Acute subdural hematoma secondary to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Case report and review of literature.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare type of stroke primarily affecting young women. Diagnosis is generally delayed or overlooked due to a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms. Subdural hematoma secondary to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is very rare. We report a case of 40-year-old female with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis who presented to us with an acute subdural hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage besides venous infarct. Management of such patients is complicated due to the rarity of the condition and contraindication for the use of anticoagulation. We conducted a thorough literature search through PubMed and could find only nine cases of spontaneous subdural hematoma secondary to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Large Cervical Paraspinal Haemangioma in Association with Intraosseous Haemangioma: A Rare Case Report.

Haemangiomas are most commonly found in skin and subcutaneous tissue and are very rare in intramuscular region. Paraspinal musculature has been barely reported as location of intramuscular haemangioma while we could not find any literature reporting haemangioma in cervical paraspinal previously. We report a case of middle aged woman with a large intamuscular haemangioma involving left cervical paraspinal musculature extending from suboccipital region to C5 vertebra and reaching upto left parotid gland along with C6 vertebral body haemangioma.

Decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarct: An institutional experience.

INTRODUCTION: Decompressive craniectomy as a surgical treatment for brain edema has been performed for many years and for several different pathophysiologies, including malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct. The purpose of this article was to share author's experience with decompressive craniectomy in malignant MCA infarct with special emphasis on patients older than 60 years and those operated outside 48 h after onset of stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally, 53 patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy after malignant MCA infarction between January 2012 and May 2014 at tertiary care hospital were analyzed for preoperative clinical condition, timing of surgery, cause of infarction, and location and extension of infarction. The outcome was assessed in terms of mortality and scores like modified Rankin scale (mRS). RESULTS: Totally, 53 patients aged between 22 and 80 years (mean age was 54.92 ± 11.8 years) were analyzed in this study. Approximately, 60% patients were older than 60 years. Approximately, 74% patients operated within 48 h (25 patients) had mRS 0-3 at discharge while 56% patients operated after 48 h had mRS 0-3 at discharge which is not significant statistically. 78% patients aged below 60 years had mRS 0-3 at discharge while only 38% patients aged above 60 years had mRS 0-3 at discharge which was statistically significant (P < 0.008). CONCLUSION: Decompressive craniectomy has reduced morbidity and mortality especially in people aged below 60 years and those operated within 48 h of malignant MCA stroke though those operated outside 48 h of stroke also fare well neurologically, there is no reason these patients should be denied surgery.

Unusual Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt Tube Extrusion through Anus in a Child with Dandy Walker Malformation: A Rare Case Report.

Aim of this paper is to report a case of extrusion of Ventriculo peritoneal shunt tube through anus in a one year female child ( k/c/o dandy walker malformation ) treated with placement of ventriculo peritoneal shunt for post operative hydrocephalus after excision of Subtorcular occipital meningocoel. The exact cause of such extrusion is not known. Unusual migration of distal catheter tip of VP shunt is a rare and bowel perforation is reported to occur between 0.1% and 0.7%. The possible factors responsible for this complication are thin bowel wall in children, sharp and stiff end of the VP shunt, use of trocar by some surgeons, chronic irritation by the shunt, previous surgery, infection and silicone allergy. In view of the potential for meningitis prompt and aggressive management is essential to avoid morbidity and mortality.

Spontaneous Disappearance of a Large Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Pleasant Surprise.

We report an extremely rare case of spontaneous complete disappearance of a large chronic subdural hematoma in a 78-year aged man with a significant mass effect and a large midline shift which was diagnosed around 6 weeks before admission. Repeat NCCT of the head in our department to everyone's surprise revealed almost complete spontaneous resolution. Spontaneous resolution of a large chronic subdural hematoma is extremely rare, and the scarce literature whatsoever is available is especially in cases of immune thrombocytopenic purpura where steroids may play a role in the stabilization of neomembranes. Our interest is in this case because of the benign clinical course despite a large size causing severe mass effect and large midline shift. Chronic subdural hematoma is a common entity in the elderly generally seen weeks following minor trauma. Surgical evacuation of a chronic subdural hematoma remains the gold standard treatment, but controversy exists regarding the best surgical option. Spontaneous resolution of a chronic subdural hematoma has also been reported rarely, but mainly in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

Comparative study of epidural application of morphine versus gelfoam soaked in morphine for lumbar laminectomy.

BACKGROUND: Epidural application of morphine has been used for postoperative analgesia following spine surgery but short duration of action of single application limits its widespread use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy were randomly allocated to two groups of 75 patients each. Anesthetic technique was standardized in both the groups. In Group I, at the completion of laminectomy, a 5 × 1-cm strip of gelfoam soaked in 5 mg morphine (1 mg/ml) was contoured to be placed in the epidural space whereas, in group II, gelfoam soaked in saline was placed in the epidural space and 5 mg morphine (1mg/ml) was instilled over the intact epidural space. Analgesic consumption for 48 hours, time-of first analgesic request, time of ambulation, time of discharge from post anesthesia care unit (PACU) and hospital and adverse effects were recorded. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: Mean analgesic consumption in 48 hours was significantly less in group I (8.47 ± 3.674 mg) as compared to group II (24.80 ± 6.009 mg). Supplemental analgesia was requested at 30.03 ± 6.796 hours in Group I, vs 10.25 ± 2.243 in group II (P < 0.001). Group I patients were discharged earlier from PACU as compared to group II (P < 0.001) though time of discharge from hospital was similar in both the groups. There were no major adverse effects except pruritis, which was observed in 30.6% patients in group I and 37.3% in group II (statistically insignificant (P > 0.01)). CONCLUSION: Epidural application of morphine soaked in gelfoam is an effective method for prolonging the postoperative analgesia after spine surgery.

How to do open hemorrhoidectomy under local anesthesia and its comparison with spinal anesthesia.

UNLABELLED: Day care open hemorrhoidectomy under local anesthesia (LA) may be most effective approach to hemorrhoidectomy. We describe a technique for a surgeon to administer local anesthesia himself for open hemorrhoidectomy and also compare outcome and clinical perspectives of hemorrhoidectomy under Local anesthesia with that after open hemorrhoidectomy under spinal anesthesia (SA). TECHNIQUE: 50 patients with III/IV degree hemorrhoids and grade II hemorrhoid not responding to conservative treatment were randomized to LA (5 grade II, 15 grade III and 5 grade IV) and SA (7 grade II, 14 grade III and 4 grade IV). Assessment was carried out afterwards in terms of pain scores (using Numerical Rating Scale, NRS at 30 mins, 90 mins, 6 h and 24 h) and post operative analgesia. Secondary outcomes were complications like urinary retention, post operative headache and surgical complications, and overall stay. Median pain scores were comparable in both the treatment groups during the whole study period except at 6 h where significantly higher (p < 0.05) pain scores were noted in spinal anesthesia group. Complications were much higher in Spinal anesthesia [Hypotension (4patients); post operative headache (6patients); urinary retention (9patients)]. Mean time at first bladder evacuation was significantly higher in patients operated under spinal anesthesia [8 h (SA) Vs 1.5 h (LA)]. Average hospital stay was significantly longer in patients operated under spinal anesthesia (p value < 0.001). Local anesthesia is an alternative mode of anesthesia that surgeon can safely carry out by their own. In our study hemorrhoidectomy under local anesthesia was associated with a shorter hospital stay, lower pain scores and lower post operative complications which supports the routine use of local anesthesia for hemorrhoidectomy.