Functional Feeding Group composition and attributes: evaluation of freshwater ecosystems in Atlantic Forest, Brazil / Composição e atributos de Grupos Funcionais Alimentares: avaliação de ecossistemas de água doce na Mata Atlântica, Brasil

Abstract: Benthic macroinvertebrates Functional Feeding Group (FFG) have been used to determine aquatic assemblage dynamics and as a biomonitoring tool. The main goals of this study were to assess the effects of stream variables on the abundance and richness of FFGs and evaluate ecosystem attributes (FFG ratios) as a tool to assess ecological conditions of Atlantic Rainforest streams. We sampled 146 sites with different impairment conditions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Richness was significantly different among impairment conditions for all FFGs. Mixed-effect models show that aquatic macroinvertebrate FFGs differed in their responses to abiotic variables for abundance and richness. Also, they were reduced in the impaired sites when compared to intermediate and reference sites. The FFG ratio indicated significant differences along the impairment gradient. The FFG ratio analysis was shown to be a fast and cheap tool that can be used for monitoring aquatic ecosystems in the Atlantic Forest biome. However, further studies are required to calibrate the method specifically for the Atlantic Forest region.

Resumo: Os Grupos Funcionais de Alimentação (GFA) são utilizados para determinar a dinâmica da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e como uma ferramenta de biomonitoramento. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar os efeitos de variáveis de riacho na abundância e riqueza de GFAs e os atributos do ecossistema (razão GFA) como uma ferramenta para avaliar as condições ecológicas dos córregos da Mata Atlântica. Foram amostrados 146 locais com diferentes condições de impacto no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A riqueza foi significativamente diferente com as condições de impacto entre todos os GFA. Os modelos de efeito misto mostraram que os GFA diferiam em suas respostas às variáveis abióticas quanto à abundância e riqueza. Além disso, eles diferem nas áreas impactadas quando comparados as áreas intermediária e de referência. A razão de GFA encontrou diferenças significativas ao longo do gradiente de impacto. A análise da razão de GFA evidenciou-se uma ferramenta rápida e barata, com potencial para ser utilizada no monitoramento de ecossistemas aquáticos no bioma Mata Atlântica. No entanto, mais estudos serão necessários para calibrar o método especificamente para a região da Mata Atlântica.

A predictive multimetric index based on macroinvetebrates for Atlantic Forest wadeable streams assessment / Índice Multimétrico Preditivo baseado em macroinvertebrados para avaliação de riachos vadeáveis da Mata Atlântica

Abstract: Multimetric Indices (MMIs) have been widely applied for ecological assessment in freshwater ecosystems. Most MMIs face difficulties when scaling up from small spatial scales because larger scales usually encompass great environmental variability. Covariance of anthropogenic pressures with natural environmental gradients can be a confounding factor in assessing biologic responses to anthropogenic pressures. This study presents the development and validation of a predictive multimetric index to assess the ecological condition of Atlantic Forest wadeable streams using benthic macroinvertebrates. To do so, we sampled 158 sites for the index development. We adjusted each biological metric to natural variation through multiple regression analyses (stepwise-forward) and considered that the residual distribution describes the metric variation in the absence of natural environmental influence. For metric selection we considered normal distribution, variation explained by the models, redundancy between metrics and sensitivity to differentiate reference from impaired sites. We selected five metrics to the final index: total richness, %MOLD, %Coleoptera, EPT richness and Chironomidae abundance. The residuals were transformed into probabilities and the final index was obtained through the mean of these probabilities. This index performed well in discriminating the impairment gradient and it showed a high correlation (r = 0.85, p <0.001) with a specific index developed for a particular basin indicating a similar sensitivity. This index can be used to assess wadeable streams ecological condition in Atlantic Forest biome, so we believe that this type of approach represents an important step towards the application of biomonitoring tools in Brazil.

Resumo: Índices Multimétricos (MMIs) são ferramentas amplamente aplicadas ao monitoramento ecológico de ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. A maior dificuldade na utilização dos MMIs em amplas escalas espaciais consiste no aumento da variabilidade ambiental associado ao aumento da escala. A covariância entre os impactos antropogênicos e o gradiente ambiental natural pode atuar como fator de confusão, dificultando a avaliação das respostas biológicas às pressões antropogênicas. Este estudo consiste no desenvolvimento e validação de um índice multimétrico preditivo para avaliar a condição ecológica de riachos vadeáveis da Mata Atlântica, utilizando macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Todas as métricas biológicas foram ajustadas a variação natural através da análise de regressão múltipla ("stepwise-forward") e a distribuição dos resíduos foi utilizada para descrever variação de cada métrica na ausência de gradiente ambiental natural. Para a seleção das métricas foram considerados critérios de normalidade da distribuição, variação explicada pelos modelos, redundância entre métricas e sensibilidade para diferenciar gradiente de impacto. Foram selecionadas cinco métricas para compor o índice final: riqueza total, %MOLD (Mollusca+Diptera), %Coleoptera, riqueza de EPT (Ephemeroptera+Plecoptera+Trichoptera) e abundância de Chironomidae. Os resíduos das métricas selecionadas foram transformados em probabilidades e o valor final do índice foi obtido através da média dessas probabilidades. O índice teve ótimo desempenho em discriminar o gradiente de impacto e mostrou alta correlação (r = 0.85, p <0.001) com um índice desenvolvido especificamente para uma das bacias, indicando sensibilidade similar. O índice desenvolvido nesse trabalho pode ser utilizado em todo o estado do Rio de Janeiro e acreditamos que este tipo de abordagem constitui uma contribuição importante para o desenvolvimento e implementação de um programa de monitoramento biológico no Brasil.

Assessing the ecological condition of streams in a southeastern Brazilian basin using a probabilistic monitoring design.

Prompt assessment and management actions are required if we are to reduce the current rapid loss of habitat and biodiversity worldwide. Statistically valid quantification of the biota and habitat condition in water bodies are prerequisites for rigorous assessment of aquatic biodiversity and habitat. We assessed the ecological condition of streams in a southeastern Brazilian basin. We quantified the percentage of stream length in good, fair, and poor ecological condition according to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage. We assessed the risk of finding degraded ecological condition associated with degraded aquatic riparian physical habitat condition, watershed condition, and water quality. We describe field sampling and implementation issues encountered in our survey and discuss design options to remedy them. Survey sample sites were selected using a spatially balanced, stratified random design, which enabled us to put confidence bounds on the ecological condition estimates derived from the stream survey. The benthic condition index indicated that 62 % of stream length in the basin was in poor ecological condition, and 13 % of stream length was in fair condition. The risk of finding degraded biological condition when the riparian vegetation and forests in upstream catchments were degraded was 2.5 and 4 times higher, compared to streams rated as good for the same stressors. We demonstrated that the GRTS statistical sampling method can be used routinely in Brazilian rain forests and other South American regions with similar conditions. This survey establishes an initial baseline for monitoring the condition and trends of streams in the region.

Analysis of individual versus group behavior of zebrafish: a model using pH sublethal effects.

An image analysis biomonitoring system was used to evaluate sublethal effects of pH on the mean swimming velocity of zebrafish. Responses to stress were tested comparing individual and group responses. Group analysis indicated no effect for all acid pH and for pH 9.0-9.5. Individual analysis indicated behavioral differences for most acid pH and higher than 9.5. Sensitivity to sublethal pH was best assessed when using individual analysis. Zebrafish decreased hyperactivity and increased hypoactivity with more acid or alkaline pH. Individual approach allowed to determine hyperactivity or hypoactivity and the species' thresholds of exposure, which is critical for the management of impairments.

[Use of bioindicators for assessing and monitoring pesticides contamination in streams and rivers]. / Utilização de bioindicadores na avaliação de impacto e no monitoramento da contaminação de rios e córregos por agrotóxicos.

The objective of this article is to present an analysis of the main bioindicators that are currently used to assess the environmental impact of pollution in water resources. The simple quantification of chemicals in the environment is not enough to reveal the real effects of contamination on ecosystems, making necessary the assessment of the biological effects that pollution causes at different hierarchical levels. The bioindicators used in this article on two case studies comprehend different hierarchical levels: in case study 1, three organization levels were utilized: individual, cellular and molecular, to detect the early effects of exposition to environmental pollutants in three hydrographic basins. By observing the inhibition of AChE activity in fish it was possible to assess the effects of organophosphorate and carbamate pesticides, showing the effects of agricultural activities. In case study 2, we present an assessment at the macroinvertebrate community level using the Extended Biotic Index. We discuss the advantages and limitations in the production of reliable data that could be used in the implementation of adequate actions to protect and/or recover ecosystems.

Behavioral response of zebrafish Danio rerio Hamilton 1822 to sublethal stress by sodium hypochlorite: ecotoxicological assay using an image analysis biomonitoring system.

We evaluated behavioral responses of zebrafish Danio rerio exposed to sublethal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite using an image analysis biomonitoring system (IABS). First, the limits of normal variation in swimming activity of zebrafish were determined by monitoring traveled distance of 40 control fishes using the IABS. An acute toxicity test was performed to determine the LC(50(24 h)) for D. rerio to NaOCl. To evaluate the toxic effects in swimming activity, 32 fishes were exposed to 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% of the LC(50 )and 32 were used as control using the IABS. We considered toxic concentrations where more than 10% intervals of the treated group were below the limits of normal variation and were significantly different from the control group. Two main responses were observed: an escape response (increased swimming activity) at 10% treated group, a gradual decrease in swimming activity from the 20% of the LC(50) on, and an avoidance response at higher concentrations. The response of the 20% treated group were considered as a NOAEL and responses of the 30% and 40% treated groups indicated significant hypoactivity (adverse effect). This behavioral biomonitoring system has proven to be a useful tool to detect sublethal toxicity that could be incorporated in biomonitoring protocols in Brazil.

Utilização de bioindicadores na avaliação de impacto e no monitoramento da contaminação de rios e córregos por agrotóxicos / Use of bioindicators for assessing and monitoring pesticides contamination in streams and rivers

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise dos principais bioindicadores utilizados para avaliação do impacto ambiental em recursos hídricos, já que a simples mensuração dos níveis de substâncias químicas presentes no ambiente não é suficiente para revelar os reais efeitos adversos da contaminação, tornando-se necessário a avaliação dos efeitos biológicos da contaminação em diversos níveis hierárquicos. Os bioindicadores foram tratados neste artigo através de dois estudos de casos que abrangem diferentes níveis; no caso 1, foram utilizados três níveis de organização: individual, celular e molecular, para detecção precoce dos efeitos reais da exposição de peixes aos poluentes ambientais em três bacias hidrográficas. A inibição da atividade da AchE em peixes possibilitou a avaliação dos efeitos dos agrotóxicos organofosforados e carbamatos, evidenciando o efeito dos cultivos agrícolas; no caso 2, apresentamos uma avaliação no nível da comunidade de macroinvertebrados, empregando o índice Biótico Estendido. Discutimos, as vantagens e limitações na produção de dados confiáveis que possibilitem a implementação de medidas adequadas para o diagnóstico em diferentes escalas, visando a proteção e/ou recuperação dos ecossistemas.

The objective of this article is to present an analysis of the main bioindicators that are currently used to assess the environmental impact of pollution in water resources. The simple quantification of chemicals in the environment is not enough to reveal the real effects of contamination on ecosystems, making necessary the assessment of the biological effects that pollution causes at different hierarchical levels. The bioindicators used in this article on two case studies comprehend different hierarchical levels: in case study 1, three organization levels were utilized: individual, cellular and molecular, to detect the early effects of exposition to environmental pollutants in three hydrographic basins. By observing the inhibition of AChE activity in fish it was possible to assess the effects of organophosphorate and carbamate pesticides, showing the effects of agricultural activities. In case study 2, we present an assessment at the macroinvertebrate community level using the Extended Biotic Index. We discuss the advantages and limitations in the production of reliable data that could be used in the implementation of adequate actions to protect and/or recover ecosystems.

Habitat preference of freshwater snails in relation to environmental factors and the presence of the competitor snail Melanoides tuberculatus (Müller, 1774).

Our objective is to evaluate the habitat preference of freshwater snails in relation to environmental factors and the presence of the competitor snail Melanoides tuberculatus. In the first phase, snails was collected at 12 sites. This sampling sites presented a degree of organic input. In the second phase 33 sampling sites were chosen, covering a variety of lotic and lentic environments. The snail species found at Guapimirim, state of Rio de Janeiro, displayed a marked habitat preference, specially in relation to the physical characteristics of each environment. Other limiting factors for snail distribution at the studied lotic environments were the water current velocity and the amount of organic matter, mainly to Physa marmorata, M. tuberculatus, and Biomphalaria tenagophila. The absence of interactions between M. tuberculatus and another snails could be associated to the distinct spatial distribution of those species and the instability of habitats. This later factor may favor the coexistence of M. tuberculatus with B. glabrata by reduction of population density. In areas of schistosomiasis transmission some habitat modification may add to the instability of the environment, which would make room for the coexistence of M. tuberculatus and Biomphalaria spp. In this way, some of the usual measures for the control of snail hosts would prevent the extinction of populations of Biomphalaria spp. by M. tuberculatus in particular habitats.

Habitat preference of freshwater snails in relation to environmental factors and the presence of the competitor snail Melanoides tuberculatus (Müller, 1774)

Our objective is to evaluate the habitat preference of freshwater snails in relation to environmental factors and the presence of the competitor snail Melanoides tuberculatus. In the first phase, snails was collected at 12 sites. This sampling sites presented a degree of organic input. In the second phase 33 sampling sites were chosen, covering a variety of lotic and lentic environments. The snail species found at Guapimirim, state of Rio de Janeiro, displayed a marked habitat preference, specially in relation to the physical characteristics of each environment. Other limiting factors for snail distribution at the studied lotic environments were the water current velocity and the amount of organic matter, mainly to Physa marmorata, M. tuberculatus, and Biomphalaria tenagophila. The absence of interactions between M. tuberculatus and another snails could be associated to the distinct spatial distribution of those species and the instability of habitats. This later factor may favor the coexistence of M. tuberculatus with B. glabrata by reduction of population density. In areas of schistosomiasis transmission some habitat modification may add to the instability of the environment, which would make room for the coexistence of M. tuberculatus and Biomphalaria spp. In this way, some of the usual measures for the control of snail hosts would prevent the extinction of populations of Biomphalaria spp. by M. tuberculatus in particular habitats.

[Conceptual basis for the application of biomonitoring on river water quality evaluation programs]. / Bases conceituais para a aplicação de biomonitoramento em programas de avaliação da qualidade da água de rios.

Biomonitoring is defined as the systematic use of biological responses to assess environmental changes, usually anthropogenic impacts. In this article we present the conceptual basis and a brief history of biomonitoring as an assessment tool for environmental health. Considering the drawbacks of physical and chemical parameters to assess environmental quality, we pinpoint the need to integrate these analyses with information provided by biological monitoring. The application of biomonitoring in Brazil would help watershed managers and policy-makers to reduce costs, increase the efficiency of analyses, and simplify the results, allowing community participation through volunteer monitoring programs.

Bases conceituais para a aplicaçäo de biomonitoramento em programas de avaliaçäo da qualidade da água de rios / Conceptual basis for the application of biomonitoring on stream water quality programs

Biomonitoramento pode ser definido como o uso sistemático das respostas de organismos vivos para avaliar as mudanças ocorridas no ambiente, geralmente causadas por ações antropogênicas. Neste artigo säo apresentadas as bases conceituais e um breve histórico da utilizaçäo do biomonitoramento como ferramenta de avaliaçäo da saúde dos ecossistemas de rios. Busca ainda fornecer subsídios para uma análise integrada da qualidade da água, pois as metodologias tradicionais de avaliaçäo, baseadas em características físicas, químicas e bacteriológicas, näo säo suficientes para atender aos usos múltiplos da água, sendo particularmente deficientes na avaliaçäo da qualidade estética, de recreaçäo e ecológica do ambiente. Visando colaborar com os gestores de bacias hidrográficas, a aplicaçäo do biomonitoramento no Brasil contribui para a reduçäo de custos, o aumento da eficiência de análise e a simplificaçäo dos resultados, permitindo a participaçäo comunitária por intermédio de grupos de voluntários

Relato preliminar de reflexões sobre prevenção de impasses no enfrentamento de doenças transmissíveis de origem socioambiental / Preliminary report of reflections on prevention of impasses facing diseases of social-environmental causes

O enfrentamento de doenças transmissíveis de origem socioambiental esbarra frequentemente em dificuldades de etendimento entre comunidades, poder público e cientistas, ainda que haja recursos técnicos abundantes e adequados. Esse trabalho descreve uma experiência de reflexaão sobre dificuldades encontradas pelos integrantes de um grupo interdisciplinar e multissetorial para esse enfrentamento e sugre uma metodologia baseasda em diálogo para prevenção de impasses entre setores, disciplinas e sujeitos. A metoldologia consiste em um processo, ainda em curso, baseado na consolidação de um grupo multissetorial e interdisciplinar, afeito ao diálogo. A reflexão sobre o tema gerou um anteprojeto sobre o comportamento humano ante à transmissão de doenças de veiculação hídrica em municípios do Rio de Janeiro. Outro produto foi um texto em que são sugeridos caminhos para o diálogo

Facing diseases of social-environmental causes is frequently troubled by misunderstanding among communities, public power, and scientists, inspite of the availability of abundant and appropriate technical resources. This work is based on the experience of reflections about difficulties encountered by an interdisciplinary and multisectoral group and proposes dialogue as a method to prevent impasses between sectors, disciplines and subjects. The methodology consists of a process, still in progress, based on the consolidation of a multisectoral and interdisciplinary group accustomed to dialogue. Discussions of this theme generated the proposal of a project about human behavior regarding water-borne diseases in municipal districts of Rio de Janeiro. Another product was a text suggesting methods for achieving dialogue.

Soluçäo de problemas em saúde e ambiente; ciência pós-normal e comunidade ampliada de pares em um município brasileiro de pequeno porte / Problems solving in health and environment: \"post-normal science\" and \"extended peer community\" in a small brazilian municipality

Apresenta o caminho pelo qual temos evoluído em direçäo a uma soluçäo para os problemas de Guapimirim (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) na área de saúde e ambiente. Objetiva atingir a partir de um estudo interdisciplinar e de uma parceria que vem assimilando, gradativamente, conceitos e práticas propostos por teóricos contemporâneos para lidar com complexidade, incerteza e avaliaçäo. Os conceitos de ciência "pós-normal", "comunidade ampliada de pares" e "transdisciplinaridade" servem de base para o entendimento do empreendimento científico em curso naquele município, e para a formulaçäo de uma proposta para sua continuidade.

Evaluation of the molluscicidal properties of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii (n. e. b.) (Euphorbiaceae) - 1: experimental test in a lentic habitat

The latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii, at concentrations between 5 to 12 mg/l, kills 100% of the population of Biomphalaria glabrata in a lentic habitat, after 24 h. The lyophilized latex, stocked for 18 months, killed only 34.2% of the snails, at the concentration of 5 mg/l, and 96.0% at 12 mg/l. No lethal effect was observed among Pomacea haustrum exposed to the same concentrations of the molluscicide