Specificity of the chromatic noise influence on the luminance contrast discrimination to the color vision phenotype.

Many studies have examined how color and luminance information are processed in the visual system. It has been observed that chromatic noise masked luminance discrimination in trichromats and that luminance thresholds increased as a function of noise saturation. Here, we aimed to compare chromatic noise inhibition on the luminance thresholds of trichromats and subjects with severe deutan or protan losses. Twenty-two age-matched subjects were evaluated, 12 trichromats and 10 with congenital color vision impairment: 5 protanopes/protanomalous, and 5 deuteranopes/deuteranomalous. We used a mosaic of circles containing chromatic noise consisting of 8 chromaticities around protan, deutan, and tritan confusion lines. A subset of the circles differed in the remaining circles by the luminance arising from a C-shaped central target. All the participants were tested in 4 chromatic noise saturation conditions (0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005 u'v' units) and 1 condition without chromatic noise. We observed that trichromats had an increasing luminance threshold as a function of chromatic noise saturation under all chromatic noise conditions. The subjects with color vision deficiencies displayed no changes in the luminance threshold across the different chromatic noise saturations when the noise was composed of chromaticities close to their color confusion lines (protan and deutan chromatic noise). However, for tritan chromatic noise, they were found to have similar results to the trichromats. The use of chromatic noise masking on luminance threshold estimates could help to simultaneously examine the processing of luminance and color information. A comparison between luminance contrast discrimination obtained from no chromatic and high-saturated chromatic noise conditions could be initially undertaken in this double-duty test.

Longitudinal visual acuity development in ZIKV-exposed children.

PURPOSE: To follow the visual acuity development of children exposed to or infected with the Zika virus (ZIKV) during gestation and to relate potential visual acuity deficits to their clinical condition. METHODS: In this prospective study, visual acuity was measured via Teller Acuity Cards in three groups of children: (1) those with confirmed ZIKV exposure (ZE) through the mother only, (2) those with confirmed infection (ZI), and (3) unaffected controls. Visual acuity was measured 2-4 times in each child during the first 30 months of age. RESULTS: The study included 22 children in the ZE group, 11 in the ZI group, and 27 controls. Visual acuity developed normally in both patient groups, including infected patients (ZI) that did not manifest clinical symptoms. In a small subgroup of patients with characteristics consistent with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), visual acuity was within normative values, with the exception of single child with chorioretinal atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: In this southeastern Brazil study cohort, visual acuity development seemed to progress normally in infected children without CZS symptoms.

Effect of the Decrease in Luminance Noise Range on Color Discrimination of Dichromats and Trichromats.

Color vision assessment can be done using pseudoisochromatic stimuli, which has a luminance noise to eliminate brightness differences between the target and background of the stimulus. It is not clear the influence of the luminance noise on color discrimination. We investigated the effect of change in the luminance noise limits on color discrimination. Eighteen trichromats and ten congenital dichromats (eight protans, two deutans) had their color vision evaluated by the Cambridge Colour Test, and were genetically tested for diagnostic confirmation. The stimuli were composed of a mosaic of circles in a 5° circular field. A subset of the circles differed in chromaticity from the remaining field, forming a letter C. Color discrimination was estimated in stimulus conditions differing in luminance noise range: (i) 6-20 cd/m2; (ii) 8-18 cd/m2; (iii) 10-16 cd/m2; and (iv) 12-14 cd/m2. Six equidistant luminance values were used within the luminance noise limits with the mean stimulus luminance maintained constant under all conditions. A four-alternative, forced-choice method was applied to feed a staircase procedure to estimate color discrimination thresholds along eight chromatic axes. An ellipse model was adjusted to the eight color discrimination thresholds. The parameters of performance were threshold vector lengths and the ellipse area. Results were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test with a significance level of 5%. The linear function model was applied to analyze the dependence of the discrimination parameters on the noise luminance limits. The first derivative of linear function was used as an indicator of the rate of change in color discrimination as a function of luminance noise changes. The rate of change of the ellipse area as a function of the luminance range in dichromats was higher than in trichromats (p < 0.05). Significant difference was also found for individual thresholds in half of the axes we tested. Luminance noise had a greater effect on color discrimination ability of dichromats than the trichromats, especially when the chromaticities were close to their protan and deutan color confusion lines.