Long-Term Outcomes of Pharmacoinvasive Strategy Versus Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Study from Mexico City.

Although primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is the treatment of choice in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), challenges may arise in accessing this intervention for certain geodemographic groups. Pharmacoinvasive strategy (PIs) has demonstrated comparable outcomes when delays in pPCI are anticipated, but real-world data on long-term outcomes are limited. The aim of the present study was to compare long-term outcomes among real-world patients with STEMI who underwent either PIs or pPCI. This was a prospective registry including patients with STEMI who received reperfusion during the first 12 hours from symptom onset. The primary objective was cardiovascular mortality at 12 months according to the reperfusion strategy (pPCI vs PIs) and major cardiovascular events (cardiogenic shock, recurrent myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure), and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 to 5 bleeding events were also evaluated. A total of 799 patients with STEMI were included; 49.1% underwent pPCI and 50.9% received PIs. Patients in the PIs group presented with more heart failure on admission (Killip-Kimbal >I 48.1 vs 39.7, p = 0.02) and had a lower proportion of pre-existing heart failure (0.2% vs 1.8%, p = 0.02) and atrial fibrillation (0.25% vs 1.2%, p = 0.02). No statistically significant difference was observed in cardiovascular mortality at the 12-month follow-up (hazard ratio for PIs 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 1.30, log-rank p = 0.30) according to the reperfusion strategy used. The composite of major cardiovascular events (hazard ratio for PIs 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 1.29, p = 0.92) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 to 5 bleeding rates were also comparable. A low socioeconomic status, Killip-Kimball >2, age >60 years, and admission creatinine >2.0 mg/100 ml were predictors of the composite end point after multivariate analysis. In conclusion, this prospective real-world registry provides additional support that long-term major cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding are not different between patients who underwent PIs versus primary PCI.

Analysis of immortal-time effect in post-infarction ventricular septal defect.

Introduction: Time-fixed analyses have traditionally been utilized to examine outcomes in post-infarction ventricular septal defect (VSD). The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze the relationship between VSD closure/non-closure and mortality; (2) assess the presence of immortal-time bias. Material and methods: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by VSD. Time-fixed and time-dependent Cox regression methodologies were employed. Results: The study included 80 patients: surgical closure (n = 26), transcatheter closure (n = 20), or conservative management alone (n = 34). At presentation, patients without VSD closure exhibited high-risk clinical characteristics, had the shortest median time intervals from STEMI onset to VSD development (4.0, 4.0, and 2.0 days, respectively; P = 0.03) and from STEMI symptom onset to hospital arrival (6.0, 5.0, and 0.8 days, respectively; P < 0.0001). The median time from STEMI onset to closure was 22.0 days (P = 0.14). In-hospital mortality rate was higher among patients who did not undergo defect closure (50%, 35%, and 88.2%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Closure of the defect using a fixed-time method was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (HR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.05-0.31, P < 0.0001, and HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.36, P < 0.0001, for surgery and transcatheter closure, respectively). However, when employing a time-varying method, this association was not observed (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.45-1.98, P = 0.90, and HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.41-1.87, P = 0.74, for surgery and transcatheter closure, respectively). These findings suggest the presence of an immortal-time bias. Conclusions: This study highlights that using a fixed-time analytic approach in post-infarction VSD can result in immortal-time bias. Researchers should consider employing time-dependent methodologies.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Adults With Moderate-to-Severe Complexity Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Palliation or Surgical Repair.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) survival rate has improved dramatically due to advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. However, concerning the unrepaired CHD population of moderate and severe complexity, the data regarding risk predictors and surgical outcomes are scarce. Our aim was to describe the surgical results and predictors of in-hospital outcomes in adult patients with moderate-to-severe complexity CHD that were not repaired in childhood. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study that included 49 adult patients with moderate-to-complex CHD who were treated in a single medical centre. Clinical and echocardiographic variables were obtained on admission, after surgical procedures and during follow-up. Results: Most of the patients were female (66%). Left ventricular ejection fraction and right ventricular outflow tract fractional shortening were within the normal range. The median pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 37 (27-55) mm Hg. The median time was 118 (80-181) minutes for extracorporeal circulation and 76 (49-121) minutes for aortic cross-clamping. The most frequent complication was postoperative complete atrioventricular block (12.2%). In-hospital survival rate was 87.7%. The development of low cardiac output syndrome with predominant right ventricle failure in the postoperative period was the most important predictor of in-hospital death (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Deciding to treat adults with CHD is challenging in moderate and severe unrepaired cases. Adequate clinical, functional, and imaging evaluation is essential to determine each patient's suitability for surgical management and to achieve the best clinical outcome for this population.

Contexte: Grâce aux avancées réalisées en matière de techniques diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, la survie des patients atteints d'une cardiopathie congénitale s'est considérablement améliorée. Cependant, en ce qui concerne les personnes atteintes d'une cardiopathie congénitale non corrigée présentant une complexité modérée ou extrême, les données portant sur les facteurs de risque prédictifs ainsi que sur les résultats chirurgicaux sont rares. Notre objectif était de décrire les résultats chirurgicaux ainsi que les facteurs prédictifs des résultats obtenus en milieu hospitalier chez les patients adultes atteints d'une cardiopathie congénitale présentant une complexité modérée ou extrême qui n'a pas été corrigée pendant l'enfance. Méthodologie: Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte rétrospective comprenant 49 patients adultes atteints d'une cardiopathie congénitale modérée ou complexe qui ont reçu leurs traitements dans un seul centre médical. Les variables cliniques et échocardiographiques ont été obtenues au moment de l'admission, après les interventions chirurgicales et pendant la période de suivi. Résultats: Les patients étaient en majorité des femmes (66 %). La fraction d'éjection du ventricule gauche ainsi que la fraction de raccourcissement de la voie d'éjection ventriculaire droite sont demeurées dans les limites de la normale. La pression systolique médiane de l'artère pulmonaire a été de 37 mmHg (27-55 mmHg). Le temps médian écoulé pour la circulation extracorporelle a été de 118 minutes (80-181 minutes) et pour le clampage de la crosse aortique, de 76 minutes (49-121 minutes). Le bloc auriculo-ventriculaire postopératoire complet a été la complication la plus fréquente (12,2 %). Le taux de survie en milieu hospitalier a été de 87,7 %. Le développement du syndrome du faible débit cardiaque accompagné d'une insuffisance prédominante du ventricule droit durant la période postopératoire a constitué le principal facteur prédictif de décès à l'hôpital (p = 0,03). Conclusion: Il est difficile de traiter les adultes qui présentent une cardiopathie congénitale modérée ou sévère non corrigée. Il est essentiel que les évaluations cliniques, fonctionnelles et par imagerie soient réalisées de façon adéquate pour déterminer si une prise en charge chirurgicale convient aux patients et pour garantir les meilleurs résultats cliniques chez ces derniers.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the systemic right ventricle in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: A case report.

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rare clinical entity, which usually presents during adulthood with associated defects; atrioventricular block, heart failure, systemic valve failure, and arrhythmias usually complicate the clinical course. Even rarer is associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which complicates the disease course and clinical decision-making. Herein, we present a patient with this condition who underwent heart transplantation, with adequate clinical resolution.

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

Background: In recent decades, adults living with congenital heart disease (ACHD) have improved their survival, thus increasing their predisposition to the onset of cardiometabolic risk factors and chronic health conditions. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe cardiometabolic risk profiles in the ACHD population and their relationship to congenital heart disease (CHD) lesion complexity. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study from ACHD in a third-tier referral center in Mexico City. The association between cardiometabolic risk factors and CHD complexity was estimated using logistic regression models. Results: Our study cohort included 1,171 ACHD patients (median age: 31 [IQR: 23.2-42.7] years, male 63.6%). Cardiac diagnosis was classified as mild (44.9%), moderate (37.8%), and severe (17.2%) CHD complexity. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (55%) was the most common cardiometabolic risk factor; followed by insulin resistance (54.5%) and prediabetes (52.4%). Patients with mild and moderate CHD had a higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, while patients with severe CHD had a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia and subclinical hypothyroidism. In the logistic regression analysis, the severity of CHD was associated with higher odds of hyperuricemia (moderate CHD, OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.20-2.93; P = 0.010; severe CHD, OR: 2.75; 95% CI: 1.64-4.62; P < 0.001) and lower risks of metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.41-0.91; P = 0.010), prediabetes (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.42-0.81; P < 0.001), and arterial hypertension (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.33-0.74; P < 0.001) compared with mild CHD complexity. Conclusions: We observed high rates of cardiometabolic risk factors in Mexican ACHD patients and these risk profiles varied by CHD lesion complexity. These results highlight the need for ongoing metabolic health surveillance in the ACHD population.

Focused Transesophageal Echocardiography in Critical Care: The COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is controversial in patients with COVID-19. The aim of this case series was to demonstrate the usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care settings in patients with COVID-19 infection. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 13 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the critical care unit of our center from April 1, 2020, to July 30, 2020, in which transesophageal echocardiography was performed. TOE was performed by three cardiologists with training in echocardiography. Results: The main indication was suspected infective endocarditis in four cases, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation in four cases, suspected prosthetic mitral valve dysfunction in two patients, suspected pulmonary embolism in two patients, and acute right ventricular dysfunction and prone position ventilation in one patient. The final diagnosis was confirmed in 11 patients and discarded in 2 patients. None of the operators result infected. Conclusions: TOE is safe in the context of COVID-19 infection; it must be performed in well-selected cases and in a targeted manner.

Cardiogenic Shock Among Patients with and without Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Latin American Country: A Single-Institution Study.

Background: Latin America has limited information about the full spectrum cardiogenic shock (CS) and its hospital outcome. This study sought to examine the temporal trends, clinical features and outcomes of patients with CS in a coronary care unit of single Mexican institution. Methods: This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients hospitalized with CS in a Mexican teaching hospital between 2006-2019. Patients were classified according to the presence or absence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results: Of 22,747 admissions, 833 (3.7%) exhibited CS. Among patients with AMI (n = 12,438), 5% had AMI-CS, and in patients without AMI (n = 10,309), 2.3% developed CS (non-AMI-CS). Their median age was 63 years and 70.5% were men. Cardiovascular risk factors were more frequent among the AMI-CS group, whereas a history of heart failure was greater in non-AMI-CS patients (70.1%). In AMI-CS patients, the median delay time was 17.2 hours from the onset of AMI symptoms to hospital admission. Overall, the median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 30%. Patients with CS at admission showed end-organ dysfunction, evidenced by lactic acidosis, renal impairment, and elevated liver transaminases. Of the 620 AMI-CS patients, the main cause was left ventricular dysfunction in 71.3%, mechanical complications in 15.2% and right ventricular infarction in 13.5%. Among the 213 non-AMI-CS patients, valvular heart disease (49.3%) and cardiomyopathies (42.3%) were the most frequent etiologies. In-hospital all-cause mortality rates were 69.7% and 72.3% in the AMI-CS and non-AMI-CS groups, respectively. Among AMI-CS patients, renal dysfunction, diabetes, older age, depressed LVEF, absence of revascularization and the use of mechanical ventilation were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. However, in the non-AMI-CS group, only low LVEF and high lactate levels proved significant. Conclusions: This study demonstrates differences in the epidemiology of CS compared to high-income countries; the high mortality reflects critically ill patients and the lack of contemporary effective therapies in the population studied.

Usefulness of Easy-to-Use Risk Scoring Systems Rated in the Emergency Department to Predict Major Adverse Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Several easy-to-use risk scoring systems have been built to identify patients at risk of developing complications associated with COVID-19. However, information about the ability of each score to early predict major adverse outcomes during hospitalization of severe COVID-19 patients is still scarce. METHODS: Eight risk scoring systems were rated upon arrival at the Emergency Department, and the occurrence of thrombosis, need for mechanical ventilation, death, and a composite that included all major adverse outcomes were assessed during the hospital stay. The clinical performance of each risk scoring system was evaluated to predict each major outcome. Finally, the diagnostic characteristics of the risk scoring system that showed the best performance for each major outcome were obtained. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-seven adult patients (55 ± 12 years, 66% men) were assessed at admission to the Emergency Department and included in the study. A total of 96 patients (61%) had at least one major outcome during hospitalization; 32 had thrombosis (20%), 80 required mechanical ventilation (50%), and 52 eventually died (33%). Of all the scores, Obesity and Diabetes (based on a history of comorbid conditions) showed the best performance for predicting mechanical ventilation (area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.96; positive likelihood ratio (LR+), 23.7), death (AUC, 0.86; LR+, 4.6), and the composite outcome (AUC, 0.89; LR+, 15.6). Meanwhile, the inflammation-based risk scoring system (including leukocyte count, albumin, and C-reactive protein levels) was the best at predicting thrombosis (AUC, 0.63; LR+, 2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Both the Obesity and Diabetes score and the inflammation-based risk scoring system appeared to be efficient enough to be integrated into the evaluation of COVID-19 patients upon arrival at the Emergency Department.

Right ventricular dysfunction and right ventricular-arterial uncoupling at admission increase the in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 disease.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently involves cardiovascular manifestations such as right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and alterations in pulmonary hemodynamics. We evaluated the application of the critical care ultrasonography ORACLE protocol to identify the most frequent alterations and their influence on adverse outcomes, especially those involving the RV (dilatation and dysfunction). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 204 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted at three centers. Echocardiography and lung ultrasound images were acquired on admission using the ORACLE ultrasonography algorithm. RESULTS: Two-hundred and four consecutive patients were evaluated: 22 (11.9%) demonstrated a fractional shortening of < 35%; 33 (17.1%) a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of < 17 mm; 26 (13.5%) a tricuspid peak systolic S wave tissue Doppler velocity of < 9.5 cm/sec; 69 (37.5%) a RV basal diameter of > 41 mm; 119 (58.3%) a pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of > 35 mm Hg; and 14 (11%) a TAPSE/PASP ratio of < .31. The in-hospital mortality rate was 37.6% (n = 71). Multiple logistic regression modeling showed that PASP > 35 mm Hg, RV FS of < 35%, TAPSE < 17 mm, RV S wave < 9.5, and TAPSE/PASP ratio < .31 mm/mm Hg were associated with this outcome. PASP and the TAPSE/PASP ratio had the lowest feasibility of being obtained among the investigators (62.2%). CONCLUSION: The presence of RV dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and alteration of the RV-arterial coupling conveys an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in patients presenting with COVID-19 upon admission; therefore, searching for these alterations should be routine. These parameters can be obtained quickly and safely with the ORACLE protocol.

A simple and readily available inflammation-based risk scoring system on admission predicts the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a simplified inflammation-based risk scoring system comprising three readily available biomarkers (albumin, C-reactive protein, and leukocytes) may predict major adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: Upon admission to the emergency room, the inflammation-based risk scoring system was applied and patients were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe inflammation. In-hospital occurrence of thrombosis, need for mechanical ventilation, and death were recorded. RESULTS: One-hundred patients (55 ± 13 years; 71% men) were included and classified as having mild (29%), moderate (12%), or severe (59%) inflammation. The need for mechanical ventilation differed among patients in each group (16%, 50%, and 71%, respectively; P < 0.0001), yielding a 4.1-fold increased risk of requiring mechanical ventilation in patients with moderate inflammation and 5.4 for those with severe inflammation. On the contrary, there were no differences for the occurrence of thrombosis (10%, 8%, and 22%, respectively; P = 0.142) or death (21%, 42%, and 39%, respectively; P = 0.106). In the multivariate analysis, only severe inflammation (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.1), D-dimer > 574 ng/mL (HR = 3.0), and troponin I ≥ 6.7 ng/mL (HR = 2.4) at hospital admission were independent predictors of the need for mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION: The inflammation-based risk scoring system predicts the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with severe COVID-19.

Soporte circulatorio con ECMO venoarterial en paciente con cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo biventricular / Circulatory support with venoarterial ECMO in a patient with biventricular Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Resumen La cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo es una entidad caracterizada por disfunción ventricular aguda y transitoria, la cual está generalmente relacionada a un evento desencadenante (estrés emocional o físico) y que, por lo general, se presenta con disfunción sistólica regional del ventrículo izquierdo, aunque hasta en un 30% puede ser biventricular. Según su severidad, en algunos casos puede condicionar choque cardiogénico refractario a manejo con inotrópicos y vasopresores, por lo que para estos casos deben considerarse los dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria. Presentamos el caso de una paciente joven a quien se realizó cambio valvular pulmonar con prótesis biológica, la cual siete semanas posteriores a la cirugía acudió al servicio de urgencias con derrame pericárdico y fisiología de tamponade secundario a síndrome pospericardiotomía. Por tal motivo se le practicó ventana pericárdica, sin embargo durante el transquirúrgico presentó cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo biventricular que le condicionó choque cardiogénico con insuficiencia mitral y tricúspidea severas y refractariedad a tratamiento médico, así como a balón intraaórtico de contrapulsación (BIAC), por lo cual requirió soporte circulatorio con ECMO venoarterial durante 5 días.

Abstract Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is an entity characterized by acute and transient ventricular dysfunction, which is usually related to a triggering event (emotional or physical stress), and usually presents with regional systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle, however up to 30% may be biventricular. Depending on its severity in some cases the disease can condition refractory cardiogenic shock to management with inotropics and vasopressors, so for these cases circulatory assistance devices should be considered. We present the case of a young patient who had pulmonary valve change with biological prosthesis, which seven weeks after surgery went to the emergency department with pericardial effusion and tamponade physiology secondary to postpericardiotomy syndrome. For this reason pericardial window was practiced, however during the procedure she presented biventricular Takotsubo cardiomyopathy which conditioned cardiogenic shock with severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, and refractivity to medical treatment as well as intraaortic balloon pump, requiring circulatory support with venoarterial ECMO for 5 days.

Acute right ventricular failure in COVID-19 infection: A case series.

Severe forms of COVID-19 infection are associated with the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and thromboembolic complications; those can affect the cardiac function especially the right ventricle performance. Critical care echocardiography has rapidly evolved as the election technique in the evaluation of the critically ill patients. This technique has the advantage that it can be done at patient´s bedside and helps to provide the appropriate treatment and to monitoring maneuver's response. We present 4 patients with a confirmed COVID-19 infection who presented with sudden hemodynamic and / or respiratory deterioration, in which transthoracic echocardiogram showed acute right ventricular failure as the trigger for the event and helped to guide an early therapeutic intervention. .

Universal definition of perioperative bleeding in cardiac surgery adults and association with mortality in a Mexican Cardiovascular Critical Care Unit.

Background: Bleeding as a complication is associated with poorer results in cardiac surgery. There is increasing evidence that the use of blood products is an independent factor of increased morbidity, mortality, and hospital costs. Dyke et al. established the universal definition of perioperative bleeding (UDPB). This classification is more precise defining mortality in relation to the degree of bleeding. Methods: A descriptive and analytical retrospective study of a database of patients underwent cardiac surgery from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017, was performed. The primary objective of the study was to look at mortality associated with the degree of bleeding using the UDPB. Results: A total of 918 patients who went to cardiac surgery were obtained. Most of the population was classified as insignificant bleeding class (n = 666, 72.9%), and for massive bleeding the lowest proportion (n = 25, 2.7%). For the primary outcome of 30-day mortality, a significant difference was found between the groups, observing that it increased to a higher degree of bleeding. This was corroborated by multivariate logistic regression analysis that was adjusted to EuroScore II and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration, finding an independent association of the bleeding class with 30-day mortality (OR, 95%, 5.82 [2.22-15.26], p = 0.0001). Conclusions: We found that the higher the degree in UDPB was associated with higher mortality independently to EuroScore II and CPB duration for adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Antecedentes: El sangrado como complicación está asociado a peores resultados en cirugía cardiaca. Existe una evidencia cada vez mayor que la transfusión de productos sanguíneos por si solo es un factor independiente de incremento en la morbilidad, mortalidad, y costos hospitalarios. Dyke y colaboradores establecieron la definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio. Esta clasificación es más precisa en definir mortalidad en relación con el grado de sangrado. Material y métodos: Se realizo un estudio descriptivo y analítico de tipo retrospectivo de una base de datos de pacientes que fueron a cirugía cardiaca del 1 enero del 2016 al 31 de diciembre del 2017. El objetivo primario del estudio fue observar la mortalidad asociada con el grado de sangrado utilizando la definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 918 pacientes que fueron a cirugía cardiaca. La mayor parte de la población fue clasificada como clase de sangrado insignificante (n = 666, 72.9%), y para sangrado masivo la menor proporción (n = 25, 2.7%). En el desenlace primario de mortalidad a 30 días se encontró una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, observando que aumentada a mayor clase de sangrado. Esto fue corroborado mediante un análisis multivariado regresión logística que fue ajustado a con EuroScore II y el tiempo de bomba de circulación extracorpórea, encontrando una asociación independiente de la clase de sangrado con mortalidad a 30 días (OR, 95%, 5.82 [2.22-15.26], p = 0.0001). Conclusiones: Encontramos que cuanto mayor era el grado en la UDPB se asociaba con una mayor mortalidad independientemente de EuroScore II y la duración del bypass cardiopulmonar para pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca.

Universal definition of perioperative bleeding in cardiac surgery adults and association with mortality in a Mexican Cardiovascular Critical Care Unit / Definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio en cirugía cardiaca adultos y asociación con mortalidad en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular de México

Abstract Background: Bleeding as a complication is associated with poorer results in cardiac surgery. There is increasing evidence that the use of blood products is an independent factor of increased morbidity, mortality, and hospital costs. Dyke et al. established the universal definition of perioperative bleeding (UDPB). This classification is more precise defining mortality in relation to the degree of bleeding. Methods: A descriptive and analytical retrospective study of a database of patients underwent cardiac surgery from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017, was performed. The primary objective of the study was to look at mortality associated with the degree of bleeding using the UDPB. Results: A total of 918 patients who went to cardiac surgery were obtained. Most of the population was classified as insignificant bleeding class (n = 666, 72.9%), and for massive bleeding the lowest proportion (n = 25, 2.7%). For the primary outcome of 30-day mortality, a significant difference was found between the groups, observing that it increased to a higher degree of bleeding. This was corroborated by multivariate logistic regression analysis that was adjusted to EuroScore II and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration, finding an independent association of the bleeding class with 30-day mortality (OR, 95%, 5.82 [2.22-15.26], p = 0.0001). Conclusions: We found that the higher the degree in UDPB was associated with higher mortality independently to EuroScore II and CPB duration for adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Resumen Antecedentes: El sangrado como complicación está asociado a peores resultados en cirugía cardiaca. Existe una evidencia cada vez mayor que la transfusión de productos sanguíneos por si solo es un factor independiente de incremento en la morbilidad, mortalidad, y costos hospitalarios. Dyke y colaboradores establecieron la definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio. Esta clasificación es más precisa en definir mortalidad en relación con el grado de sangrado. Material y métodos: Se realizo un estudio descriptivo y analítico de tipo retrospectivo de una base de datos de pacientes que fueron a cirugía cardiaca del 1 enero del 2016 al 31 de diciembre del 2017. El objetivo primario del estudio fue observar la mortalidad asociada con el grado de sangrado utilizando la definición universal de sangrado perioperatorio. Resultados: Se obtuvieron un total de 918 pacientes que fueron a cirugía cardiaca. La mayor parte de la población fue clasificada como clase de sangrado insignificante (n = 666, 72.9%), y para sangrado masivo la menor proporción (n = 25, 2.7%). En el desenlace primario de mortalidad a 30 días se encontró una diferencia significativa entre los grupos, observando que aumentada a mayor clase de sangrado. Esto fue corroborado mediante un análisis multivariado regresión logística que fue ajustado a con EuroScore II y el tiempo de bomba de circulación extracorpórea, encontrando una asociación independiente de la clase de sangrado con mortalidad a 30 días (OR, 95%, 5.82 [2.22-15.26], p = 0.0001). Conclusiones: Encontramos que cuanto mayor era el grado en la UDPB se asociaba con una mayor mortalidad independientemente de EuroScore II y la duración del bypass cardiopulmonar para pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca.

[Circulatory support with venoarterial ECMO in a patient with biventricular Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]. / Soporte circulatorio con ECMO venoarterial en paciente con cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo biventricular.

La cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo es una entidad caracterizada por disfunción ventricular aguda y transitoria, la cual está generalmente relacionada a un evento desencadenante (estrés emocional o físico) y que, por lo general, se presenta con disfunción sistólica regional del ventrículo izquierdo, aunque hasta en un 30% puede ser biventricular. Según su severidad, en algunos casos puede condicionar choque cardiogénico refractario a manejo con inotrópicos y vasopresores, por lo que para estos casos deben considerarse los dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria. Presentamos el caso de una paciente joven a quien se realizó cambio valvular pulmonar con prótesis biológica, la cual siete semanas posteriores a la cirugía acudió al servicio de urgencias con derrame pericárdico y fisiología de tamponade secundario a síndrome pospericardiotomía. Por tal motivo se le practicó ventana pericárdica, sin embargo durante el transquirúrgico presentó cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo biventricular que le condicionó choque cardiogénico con insuficiencia mitral y tricúspidea severas y refractariedad a tratamiento médico, así como a balón intraaórtico de contrapulsación (BIAC), por lo cual requirió soporte circulatorio con ECMO venoarterial durante 5 días.

Feasibility in the echocardiographic estimation of parameters of the right ventricle in prone position.

Background: Echocardiographic cardiac parameters in the prone position are usually obtained with an esophageal probe. The feasibility of obtaining them by means of a transthoracic approach is unknown. Objective: Estimating the feasibility to obtain parameters of the right ventricle by transthoracic echocardiography in prone position on the subject. Methods: Pilot design of consecutive case series without cardiopulmonary disease. Demographic, vital signs and echocardiographic variables were defined in the ventral initial, prone and ventral final decubitus positions. The data are shown with averages and standard deviations, and frequencies and percentages according to the variable. The differences between the positions were calculated with ANOVA of repeated samples and adjustment of Bonferroni test. Intra-subject variability was obtained by the Bland-Altman procedure and its 95% confidence interval. Results: We studied 50 subjects, 44 (88%) males, age 30 ± 6 years and body mass index 25.65 ± 2.71 kg/m2. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and S'-wave were measured 100% of the time. The vital signs and echocardiographic variables according to the position had differences in: heart rate (74 ± 9 vs. 77 ± 9 vs. 75 ± 8 beats/min), partial oxygen saturation (94.40 ± 1.70 vs. 96.64 ± 1.79 vs. 95.32 ± 1.36%) and mean systemic blood pressure (65.33 ± 5.38 vs. 67.69 ± 6.31 vs. 65.29 ± 5.62 mmHg); TAPSE (19.74 ± 3.24 vs. 21.60 ± 2.97 vs. 19.44 ± 2.84 mm), mean difference (bias) 0 (2, -2.0) and S'-wave (13.52 ± 1.87 vs. 15.02 ± 2.09 vs. 13.46 ± 1.55 cm/s), mean difference (bias) -0.46 (1.21, -2.14) respectively. Conclusions: Obtaining right ventricle parameters by transthoracic ecocardiopraphy is feasible in the prone position.

Introducción: Los parámetros cardiacos ecocardiográficos en posición de decúbito prono usualmente se obtienen con sonda esofágica. Se desconoce la factibilidad de obtenerlos mediante aproximación transtorácica. Objetivo: Estimar la factibilidad para obtener parámetros del ventrículo derecho mediante ecocardiografía transtorácica en el sujeto en posición de decúbito prono. Métodos: Diseño piloto de serie de casos consecutivos sin enfermedad cardiopulmonar. Se acotaron variables demográficas, signos vitales y ecocardiográficas en posición decúbito ventral inicial, prono y ventral final. Los datos se muestran con promedios y desviaciones estándar, y frecuencias y porcentajes de acuerdo con la variable. La diferencia entre las posiciones se calculó con ANOVA de muestras repetidas y ajuste de Bonferroni. Se obtuvo la variabilidad intrasujetos mediante el procedimiento de Bland-Altman y su intervalo de confianza al 95%. Resultados: Se estudiaron 50 sujetos, 44 (88%) masculinos, edad 30 ± 6 años e índice de masa corporal 25.65 ± 2.71 kg/m2. El TAPSE (excursión sistólica del plano del anillo tricuspídeo) y la onda S' se midieron en el 100% de las veces. Los signos vitales y variables ecocardiográficas de acuerdo con la posición tuvieron diferencias en: frecuencia cardiaca (74 ± 9 vs. 77 ± 9 vs. 75 ± 8 lpm), saturación parcial de oxígeno (94.40 ± 1.70 vs. 96.64 ± 1.79 vs. 95.32 ± 1.36%) y la presión arterial sistémica media (65.33 ± 5.38 vs. 67.69 ± 6.31 vs. 65.29 ± 5.62 mmHg); TAPSE (19.74 ± 3.24 vs. 21.60 ± 2.97 vs. 19.44 vs. 2.84 mm), diferencia media (sesgo) 0 (2, ­2.0) y onda S' (13.52 ± 1.87 vs. 15.02 ± 2.09 vs. 13.46 ± 1.55 cm/s), diferencia media (sesgo) ­0.46 (1.21, ­2.14) respectivamente. Conclusión: En posición de decúbito prono es factible obtener parámetros del ventrículo derecho por ecocardiografía transtorácica.