RESUMEN
Bacterial resistance is a sanitary issue explained by indiscriminate use of nonprescription drugs, and antimicrobial use in food production for growth promotion. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTx-I) is a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from Bothrops jararacussu venom, which has a known antimicrobial effect. The goal of this study was the unprecedented evaluation of in vivo antimicrobial activity of BthTx-I in broilers. Microbiological, biochemical, and histological parameters were determined using 84 21-day old broilers that were kept in cages with four birds each at a density of 625 cm2/broiler. The experiment was randomized by three treatments with seven repetitions of four broilers each that lasted seven days. The treatments were: 1) bacitracin zinc diet; 2) PLA2-BthTx-I; 3) without additives. The data obtained from the studied variables was subjected to analysis of variance and an F-test at the 5% significance level. Averages of each variable in each treatment were compared by Tukey’s test. Broiler bacterial cloacal counts showed that BthTx-I decreased the microbial population without reducing body weight, intestinal morphology, or liver or kidney histopathological damage. The toxin showed in vivo activity, being an alternative for better performance in the production of broiler chickens, because it acted by decreasing the microbial load of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of the birds and did not cause muscle, liver or kidney damage at the assessed dosage.
RESUMEN
The aim of this study is to report the first occurrence of the parasitoid Triplasta coxalis (Ashmead, 1865) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) in pupae of Archisepsis scabra (Loew, 1861) (Diptera: Sepsidae) in cattle dung in Brazil. The experiment was carried out in Monte Alegre, MG. One obtained the pupae through the flotation method. They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergence of the adult dipterous or their parasitoids. Fourty seven pupae of A. scabra were obtained, two of which yielded the parasitoid T. coxalis. The percentage of parasitism was 4.3 percent.
Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, relatar a primeira ocorrência do parasitóide Triplasta coxalis (Ashmead, 1865) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) como inimigo natural de Archisepsis scabra (Loew, 1861) (Diptera: Sepsidae) em fezes bovinas no Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em Monte Alegre, MG. As pupas foram separadas pelo método de flutuação e individualizadas em cápsulas de gelatina onde foram mantidas até a emergência dos dípteros e/ou dos parasitóides. Obtiveram-se 47 pupas de A. scabra, das quais emergiram dois parasitóides pertencentes à espécie T. coxalis. A porcentagem de parasitismo foi de 4,3 por cento.
RESUMEN
Espécies de parasitóides associados com dípteros sinantrópicos foram coletados em fígado bovino no matadouro de Tupaciguara, Estado de Minas Gerais, de março a dezembro de 2005. As pupas foram obtidas pelo método de flotação. Elas foram individualizadas em cápsulas de gelatina até a emergência dos adultos de dípteros ou de seus parasitóides. A porcentagem total de parasitismo foi 14,1%. Os parasitóides Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), Hemencyrtus sp.(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: pteromalidae), Neralsia sp.(Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) e Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) apresentaram uma porcentagem de parasitismo de 0,6%, 0,7%, 0,8%, 0,1%, 11,6% e 0,3%, respectivamente.
Species of parasitoids associated with synanthropic dipterous were collected in bovine liver, in aslaughterhouse in Tupaciguara, State of Minas Gerais, from March to December 2005. The pupae wereobtained by the flotation method. They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergencyof the adult dipterous or their parasitoids. The overall percentage of parasitism was 14.1%. The parasitoidsBrachymeria podagrica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), Hemencyrtus sp. (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae), Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Neralsia sp. (Hymenoptera:Figitidae), Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Spalangia endiusWalker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) presented a parasitism percentage of 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.1%, 11.6%and 0.3%, respectively.