Prevalence of Nosema ceranae in apiculture regions of Bahia state, Brazil / Prevalência de Nosema ceranae em regiões apícolas do estado da Bahia, Brasil

Nosemosis is an important bee disease that is caused by microsporidia fungi of the Nosema genus, whose main etiological agents are Nosema apis and N. ceranae, both of which are found worldwide. In Brazil, the disease has been reported in several states but little is known about its occurrence and distribution in Bahia. This study identified the occurrence and distribution of nosemosis and its agents, N. apis and N. ceranae, in Apis mellifera L. bees collected from apiaries in the state of Bahia, Brazil. A total of 154 bee samples were collected and analyzed from 20 apiaries in six regions of the state. The hives sampled were evaluated for signs of the disease from December 2015 to July 2018. Molecular diagnosis was made using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No signs of nosemosis were observed in the sampled apiaries, but from 154 samples analyzed via PCR, 96 were infected with N. ceranae. This pathogen was reported in samples from all six regions evaluated, and its occurrence in important apiculture regions of Bahia State is discussed in this study.

A nosemose é uma importante doença das abelhas, sendo ocasionada por fungos microsporídios do gênero Nosema. Os principais agentes etiológicos desta doença são Nosema apis e N. ceranae, ambos bem difundidos mundialmente. No Brasil, a doença possui relatos em diversos estados, entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre sua ocorrência e distribuição na Bahia. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a ocorrência e distribuição da nosemose e de seus agentes, N. apis e N. ceranae, em abelhas Apis mellifera L. coletadas em apiários do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Foram analisadas 154 amostras de abelhas coletadas em 20 apiários de seis regiões apícolas do Estado. As colmeias amostradas foram avaliadas quanto aos sinais da doença no período de dezembro de 2015 a julho de 2018. O diagnóstico molecular foi realizado via reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Não foram observados sinais da nosemose nos apiários amostrados e, das 154 amostras analisadas via PCR, 96 estavam infectadas por N. ceranae e N. apis não foi detectada. O patógeno N. ceranae foi encontrado em amostras das seis regiões avaliadas. A distribuição de N. ceranae em importantes regiões apícolas do estado da Bahia é discutida neste artigo.

First detection of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle in the state of Bahia, Brazil, based on parasitological and molecular analyses / Primeira detecção de Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos no estado da Bahia, Brasil baseada em análises parasitológica e molecular

We report the first detection of Trypanosoma vivax in Bahia state based on blood smear and PCR analyses. A total of 623 bovine blood samples were collected over two years. Parasitological analysis by smear technique detected the presence of T. vivax in 0.3%, while molecular analysis by PCR showed a prevalence in 18.9% of the samples. This study demonstrated the higher sensitivity of molecular analysis in the diagnosis of hemoparasitosis caused by T. vivax in dairy cattle herds.(AU)

Relatamos a primeira detecção de T. vivax no estado da Bahia baseada em esfregaços sanguíneos e PCR. Foram coletadas 623 amostras de sangue de bovinos ao longo de dois anos. An análise dos esfregaços detectou a presença do T. vivax em 0,3% delas, enquanto a detecção molecular por PCR mostrou uma prevalência em 18,9%. Este estudo evidenciou a maior sensibilidade da análise molecular no diagnóstico da hemoparasitose causada pelo T. vivax, em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros.(AU)

First detection of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle in the state of Bahia, Brazil, based on parasitological and molecular analyses / Primeira detecção de Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos no estado da Bahia, Brasil baseada em análises parasitológica e molecular

We report the first detection of Trypanosoma vivax in Bahia state based on blood smear and PCR analyses. A total of 623 bovine blood samples were collected over two years. Parasitological analysis by smear technique detected the presence of T. vivax in 0.3%, while molecular analysis by PCR showed a prevalence in 18.9% of the samples. This study demonstrated the higher sensitivity of molecular analysis in the diagnosis of hemoparasitosis caused by T. vivax in dairy cattle herds.

Relatamos a primeira detecção de T. vivax no estado da Bahia baseada em esfregaços sanguíneos e PCR. Foram coletadas 623 amostras de sangue de bovinos ao longo de dois anos. An análise dos esfregaços detectou a presença do T. vivax em 0,3% delas, enquanto a detecção molecular por PCR mostrou uma prevalência em 18,9%. Este estudo evidenciou a maior sensibilidade da análise molecular no diagnóstico da hemoparasitose causada pelo T. vivax, em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros.

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) Causing Proteomic and Enzymatic Changes in Sweet Orange Variety "Westin".

Citrus Tristeza disease, caused by CTV (Citrus tristeza virus), committs citrus plantations around the world and specifically attacks phloem tissues of the plant. The virus exists as a mixture of more or less severe variants, which may or may not cause symptoms of Tristeza. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes caused by CTV in the proteome of stems of sweet orange, as well as in the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. The CTV-infected sweet orange displayed mild symptoms, which were characterized by the presence of sparse stem pitting throughout their stems. The presence of virus was confirmed by RT-PCR. Proteomic analysis by 2DE-PAGE-MS / MS revealed the identity of 40 proteins differentially expressed between CTV- infected and -non-infected samples. Of these, 33 were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated in CTV-infected samples. Among the proteins identified stands out a specific from the virus, the coat protein. Other proteins identified are involved with oxidative stress and for this their enzymatic activity was measured. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was higher in CTV-infected samples, as catalase (CAT) showed higher activity in uninfected samples. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) did not vary significantly between samples. However, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was more active in the infected samples. The relative expression of the genes encoding CAT, SOD, APX and GPX was analyzed by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). The CTV-infected samples showed greater accumulation of transcripts, except for the CAT gene. This gene showed higher expression in the uninfected samples. Taken together, it can be concluded that the CTV affects the protein profile and activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in plants infected by this virus.