Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol extract from Nectandra leucantha Nees & Mart. (Lauraceae) barks.

Nectandra leucantha has been used in traditional medicine. Several metabolites isolated from N. leucantha extracts displayed immunomodulatory, antileishmanial properties, but the determination of the toxicological profile in mammals has not previously been performed. In this study, the ethanol extract from N. leucantha barks (EENl) was characterized by HPLC/HRESIMS. To study acute toxicity, female mice received EENl in a single dose of 100, 300, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg bw. Later, sub-acute toxicity was introduced in female and male mice by oral gavage at 100, 500 or 1000 mg/kg bw for 28 consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical profiles from the blood as well as histological analysis from the liver and kidney were performed. The HPLC/HRESIMS analysis of the EENl revealed the presence of six neolignans chemically related to dehydrodieugenol B. In the oral acute and sub-chronic studies, EENl did not produce in all doses evaluated any alteration in behavior, biochemical, hematological, body weight gain and food intake or sudden death in Swiss mice. In addition, histopathological data did not reveal any disturbance in liver and kidney morphology after 28 days of EENl treatment. Our results indicate that EENl at dosage levels up to 2000 mg/kg bw is non-toxic and can be considered safe for mammals.

Time-restricted feeding in dark phase of circadian cycle and/or westernized diet cause mixed hyperlipidemia in rats / La alimentación con restricción de tiempo en la fase oscura del ciclo circadiano y/o la dieta occidentalizada causan hiperlipidemia mixta en las ratas

BACKGROUND: the dietary pattern that characterizes western diet is strongly associated with metabolic diseases and excess weight, as well as chronic illnesses. Misaligned feeding schedules can lead to or aggravate the development of such conditions. AIM: this study evaluated the influence of dietary composition and/or time-restricted feeding on the anthropometric and biochemical profile of adult rats. METHODS: forty male rats, at 60 days of life, were divided into the following groups: Control (C), Restricted Control (RC), Westernized (W), and Restricted Westernized (RW). RESULTS: westernized groups, in spite of a low energy intake (C = 5399 ± 401.2 kcal; RC = 4279.0 ± 476.2 kcal; W = 4302 ± 619.8 kcal; RW = 4081.0 ± 404.4 kcal, p < 0.001), had a higher body weight (C = 404.6 ± 39.1 g; RC = 335.1 ± 36.5 g; W = 488.9 ± 51.2 g; RW = 438.8 ± 36.5 g, p < 0.001) as compared to their paired controls (RC and C) - around 30 % and 20 % more for RW and W, respectively. The westernized diet caused glucose intolerance and mixed hyperlipidemia, characterized by higher concentrations of cholesterol (C = 40.8 ± 7.4 mg/dL; RC = 76.7 ± 10.8 mg/dL; W = 61.3 ± 20.2 mg/dL; RW = 42.2 ± 8.2 mg/dL), LDLc (C = 17.4 ± 7.5 mg/dL; RC = 38.8 ± 7.2 mg/dL ; W = 45.3 ± 15.8 mg/dL; RW = 11.0 ± 5.8 mg/dL), and triacylglycerol (C = 45.2 ± 15.0 mg/dL; RC = 73.2 ± 21.5 mg/dL ; W = 83.6 ± 23.4 mg/dL; RW = 57.5 ± 13.6 mg/dL) in the serum (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: the effect of time-restricted feeding on body weight was strongly dependent on diet composition. The glucose tolerance test showed an influence of the circadian cycle phase. Mixed hyperlipidemia varied according to the presence of westernized diet and/or time-restricted food

ANTECEDENTES: el patrón dietético que caracteriza a la dieta occidental está fuertemente asociado con las enfermedades metabólicas, así como con el sobrepeso y las enfermedades crónicas. Los horarios de alimentación desorganizados pueden conducir o agravar el desarrollo de tales trastornos. OBJETIVO: este estudio evaluó la influencia de la composición dietética y/o la alimentación restringida en el perfil antropométrico y bioquímico de ratas adultas. MÉTODOS: cuarenta ratas macho, a los 60 días de vida, se dividieron en los seguientes grupos: control (C); control restringido (RC); occidentalizado (W) y occidentalizado restringido (RW). RESULTADOS: los grupos occidentalizados, a pesar de la baja ingesta energética (C = 5399 ± 401,2 kcal; RC = 4279,0 ± 476,2 kcal; W = 4302 ± 619,8 kcal; RW = 4081,0 ± 404,4 kcal, p < 0,001), tuvieron mayor peso corporal (C = 404,6 ± 39,1 g; RC = 335,1 ± 36,5 g; W = 488,9 ± 51,2 g; RW = 438,8 ± 36,5 g, p < 0,001) que los respectivos grupos de control (RC y C): alrededor de un 30 % y un 20 % más para RW y W, respectivamente. La dieta occidentalizada provocó intolerancia a la glucosa e hiperlipidemia mixta, caracterizada por una mayor concentración de colesterol (C = 40,8 ± 7,4 mg/dL; RC = 76,7 ± 10,8 mg/dL; W = 61,3 ± 20,2 mg/dL; RW = 42,2 ± 8,2 mg/dL), cLDL (C = 17,4 ± 7,5 mg/dL; RC = 38,8 ± 7,2 mg/dL; W = 45,3 ± 15,8 mg/dL; RW = 11,0 ± 5,8 mg/dL) y triacilglicerol (C = 45,2 ± 15,0 mg/dL; RC = 73,2 ± 21,5 mg/dL; W = 83,6 ± 23,4 mg/dL; RW = 57,5 ± 13,6 mg/dL) en el suero (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: el efecto de la alimentación restringida en el tiempo sobre el peso corporal fue muy dependiente de la composición de la dieta. La prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa mostró la influencia de la fase del ciclo circadiano. La hiperlipidemia mixta varió según la presencia de la dieta occidentalizada y/o la comida con restricción de tiempo

Time-restricted feeding in dark phase of circadian cycle and/or westernized diet cause mixed hyperlipidemia in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the dietary pattern that characterizes western diet is strongly associated with metabolic diseases and excess weight, as well as chronic illnesses. Misaligned feeding schedules can lead to or aggravate the development of such conditions. Aim: this study evaluated the influence of dietary composition and/or time-restricted feeding on the anthropometric and biochemical profile of adult rats. Methods: forty male rats, at 60 days of life, were divided into the following groups: Control (C), Restricted Control (RC), Westernized (W), and Restricted Westernized (RW). Results: westernized groups, in spite of a low energy intake (C = 5399 ± 401.2 kcal; RC = 4279.0 ± 476.2 kcal; W = 4302 ± 619.8 kcal; RW = 4081.0 ± 404.4 kcal, p < 0.001), had a higher body weight (C = 404.6 ± 39.1 g; RC = 335.1 ± 36.5 g; W = 488.9 ± 51.2 g; RW = 438.8 ± 36.5 g, p < 0.001) as compared to their paired controls (RC and C) - around 30 % and 20 % more for RW and W, respectively. The westernized diet caused glucose intolerance and mixed hyperlipidemia, characterized by higher concentrations of cholesterol (C = 40.8 ± 7.4 mg/dL; RC = 76.7 ± 10.8 mg/dL; W = 61.3 ± 20.2 mg/dL; RW = 42.2 ± 8.2 mg/dL), LDLc (C = 17.4 ± 7.5 mg/dL; RC = 38.8 ± 7.2 mg/dL ; W = 45.3 ± 15.8 mg/dL; RW = 11.0 ± 5.8 mg/dL), and triacylglycerol (C = 45.2 ± 15.0 mg/dL; RC = 73.2 ± 21.5 mg/dL ; W = 83.6 ± 23.4 mg/dL; RW = 57.5 ± 13.6 mg/dL) in the serum (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the effect of time-restricted feeding on body weight was strongly dependent on diet composition. The glucose tolerance test showed an influence of the circadian cycle phase. Mixed hyperlipidemia varied according to the presence of westernized diet and/or time-restricted food.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: el patrón dietético que caracteriza a la dieta occidental está fuertemente asociado con las enfermedades metabólicas, así como con el sobrepeso y las enfermedades crónicas. Los horarios de alimentación desorganizados pueden conducir o agravar el desarrollo de tales trastornos. Objetivo: este estudio evaluó la influencia de la composición dietética y/o la alimentación restringida en el perfil antropométrico y bioquímico de ratas adultas. Métodos: cuarenta ratas macho, a los 60 días de vida, se dividieron en los seguientes grupos: control (C); control restringido (RC); occidentalizado (W) y occidentalizado restringido (RW). Resultados: los grupos occidentalizados, a pesar de la baja ingesta energética (C = 5399 ± 401,2 kcal; RC = 4279,0 ± 476,2 kcal; W = 4302 ± 619,8 kcal; RW = 4081,0 ± 404,4 kcal, p < 0,001), tuvieron mayor peso corporal (C = 404,6 ± 39,1 g; RC = 335,1 ± 36,5 g; W = 488,9 ± 51,2 g; RW = 438,8 ± 36,5 g, p < 0,001) que los respectivos grupos de control (RC y C): alrededor de un 30 % y un 20 % más para RW y W, respectivamente. La dieta occidentalizada provocó intolerancia a la glucosa e hiperlipidemia mixta, caracterizada por una mayor concentración de colesterol (C = 40,8 ± 7,4 mg/dL; RC = 76,7 ± 10,8 mg/dL; W = 61,3 ± 20,2 mg/dL; RW = 42,2 ± 8,2 mg/dL), cLDL (C = 17,4 ± 7,5 mg/dL; RC = 38,8 ± 7,2 mg/dL; W = 45,3 ± 15,8 mg/dL; RW = 11,0 ± 5,8 mg/dL) y triacilglicerol (C = 45,2 ± 15,0 mg/dL; RC = 73,2 ± 21,5 mg/dL; W = 83,6 ± 23,4 mg/dL; RW = 57,5 ± 13,6 mg/dL) en el suero (p < 0,05). Conclusión: el efecto de la alimentación restringida en el tiempo sobre el peso corporal fue muy dependiente de la composición de la dieta. La prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa mostró la influencia de la fase del ciclo circadiano. La hiperlipidemia mixta varió según la presencia de la dieta occidentalizada y/o la comida con restricción de tiempo.

Hexane fraction from Brazilian Morus nigra leaves improved oral carbohydrate tolerance and inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in diabetic mice.

Morus nigra, popularly known as mulberry, has been traditionally used as anti-diabetic herbal medication. This study focused on hexane fraction from Brazilian M. nigra leaves (Hex-Mn) effects on digestion and absorption of carbohydrate in diabetic mice. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed, and showed the presence of flavonoids isoquercetin and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside. Hex-Mn did not alter oral glucose tolerance test; however, it prevented hyperglycemia in oral sucrose and starch tolerance test in diabetic mice. Also, Hex-Mn was more efficient to inhibit the α-glucosidase, showing lower inhibitory effect on α-amylase activity in vitro. The results suggest that Hex-Mn may delay the carbohydrate digestion, but not glucose transport through brush border membrane of the intestine, which contribute with reduction in postprandial hyperglycemia in mice. Hex-Mn has antihyperglycemic effect by attenuating the carbohydrate digestion in diabetic mice, which could be explained, at least in part, by the presence of isoquercetin and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside.

Perfil de força de preensão manual em pacientes idosos com câncer de próstata / Profile of hand grip strength in elderly patients with prostate cancer

Objetivo: analisar o perfil de Força de Preensão Manual em pacientes idosos com câncer de próstata, atendidos em instituição hospitalar filantrópica do Recife. Métodos: estudo transversal com análise de dados secundários, coletados no Ambulatório de Oncogeriatria do Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, utilizando uma amostra por conveniência com uma amostragem de 72 idosos. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o programa estatístico STATA 12. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi aplicado a variáveis numéricas para se determinar a normalidade da amostra. Em caso de não normalidade, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Adotou-se o nível de significância de 0,05%. Resultados: observou-se uma Força de Preensão Manual reduzida nos pacientes com estadiamento de uma doença mais avançada quando comparado a outros estágios mais localizados ou clinicamente melhores (estadiamento I: 27,78 vs. estadiamento IV: 27,20 no braço dominante (p=0, 340)/ estadiamento I: 27,33 vs. estadiamento IV: 24,13 no braço não dominante) sendo esse resultado melhor reproduzido na mão não dominante (p=0,090). Por meio da análise das comorbidades (hipertensão, diabetes, cardiomiopatia e osteoartrite) em relação à mão dominante e não dominante, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas na Força de Preensão Manual na presença ou ausência das comorbidades analisadas tanto na mão dominante quanto da não dominante (p=0,189 vs.p=0,437). Conclusões: o estudo trouxe subsídios relevantes sobre a importância da Força de Preensão Manual como um importante parâmetro geral para força e um indicativo de saúde, principalmente quando analisados em idosos com câncer, onde afeta significativamente sua função física e neuromuscular, incluindo atrofia muscular, diminuição da força muscular e diminuição do desempenho funcional em atividades diárias, comprometendo significativamente a qualidade de vida e seu prognóstico.

Aims: to analyze the profile of Handgrip Strength in elderly prostate cancer patients treated at a philanthropic hospital in Recife. Methods: cross-sectional study with analysis of secondary data collected at the Oncogeriatric Outpatient Clinic of the Professor Fernando Figueira Institute of Integral Medicine, using a convenience sample with a sample of 72 elderly. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA 12 statistical program. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to numerical variables to determine sample normality. In case of non-normality, the Mann-Whitney test was used. The significance level of 0.05% was adopted. Results: reduced Handgrip Strength was observed in patients with staging of a more advanced disease when compared to other more localized or clinically better stages(staging I: 27.78 vs. staging IV: 27.20 in the dominant arm (p = 0.349) / staging I: 27.33 vs. staging IV: 24.13 in the non-dominant arm), this result being better reproduced in the non-dominant hand(p=0,090). By analyzing the comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, cardiomyopathy and osteoarthritis) in relation to the dominant and non-dominant hand, no significant differences were found in the Handgrip Strength in the presence or absence of the comorbidities analyzed in both the dominant and non-dominant hands (p=0,189 vs.p=0,437). Conclusions: The study provided relevant insights into the importance of Handgrip Strength as an important general parameter for muscle strength and a health code, especially when analyzed in older adults with cancer, where it significantly affects their physical and neuromuscular function, including muscle atrophy, decreased strength. muscle function and decreased functional performance in daily activities, significantly compromising quality of life and its prognosis.

Brazilian Morus nigra Attenuated Hyperglycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Prooxidant Status in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Morus nigra has been used popularly for several proposes, including diabetic. In an attempt to support medicinal value, the acute hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects of the ethanolic extract of Morus nigra (EEMn 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w.) were evaluated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic treated for 14 days. Serum biochemical and antioxidant analysis were performed at the end of experiment. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed at 10th and 15th days. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC-DAD of EEMn was performed. Insulin was used as positive control to glycemic metabolism as well as fenofibrate to lipid metabolism. EEMn (400 mg/kg/day) reduced fasting and postprandial glycaemia, improved oral glucose tolerance, and reduced lipolysis and proteolysis in diabetic rats. EEMn decreased the blood levels of total cholesterol and increased HDL level when compared to the diabetic control rats. At higher levels, EEMn reduced triglycerides and VLDL levels in diabetic rats. Also, EEMn reduced malondialdehyde and increased the reduced glutathione levels in liver of diabetic rats. Chromatographic analysis identified the presence of the flavonoids rutin, isoquercetin, and kaempferitrin. Acute EEMn treatment reduced hyperglycemia, improved oral glucose tolerance, and minimized dyslipidemia and oxidative stress leading to a reduction in atherogenic index in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Safflower (Catharmus tinctorius L.) oil supplementation in overnourished rats during early neonatal development: effects on heart and liver function in the adult.

Carthamus tinctorius L. (common name: safflower) is an herb whose extracted oil (safflower oil) has been employed in both alternative and conventional medicine in the treatment of disease. Overnutrition during early postnatal life can increase the lifetime risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here we investigate the effect of safflower oil supplementation given during a critical early developmental stage on the eventual occurrence of metabolic disease in overnourished rats. Groups of overnourished or adequately nourished rats were randomly assigned into 2 additional groups for supplementation with either safflower oil (SF) or vehicle for 7 to 30 days. Murinometric data and weights were examined. Serum was collected for measurement of glucose, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Heart and liver oxidative status were also measured. Overnutrition for 7-30 days induced a significant increase in body weight and in values for abdominal circumference, thoracic circumference, body length, and body mass index. SF supplementation did not attenuate the effect of overnutrition on any of these parameters. In addition, overnutrition increased levels of glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipid compared with normal controls, but SF supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Measures of oxidative status in heart or liver were not influenced by overnutrition. However, oxidative measures were altered by SF supplementation in both of these organs. The present study reveals that nutritional manipulation during early development induces detrimental effects on metabolism in the adult that are not ameliorated by supplemental SF.