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1.
Trop Biomed ; 37(2): 513-535, 2020 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33235398

RESUMEN

After a centenary fight against malaria, Brazil has seen an opportunity for change with the proposal of the malaria elimination policy set by the Brazilian government, in line with malaria elimination policies in other Latin American countries. Brazilian malaria experts regard eliminating malaria by 2030 to be within reach. Herein we evaluated the likelihood that malaria elimination can be accomplished in Brazil through systematic review of the literature on malaria elimination in Brazil and epidemiological analysis. Fifty-two articles referring to malaria eradication/elimination in Brazil were analyzed to identify challenges and technological breakthroughs for controlling malaria. Monthly deaths (1979-2016) and monthly severe malaria cases (1998-2018) were analyzed according to age groups, geographic region and parasite species. As a result, we observed that the declining malaria burden was mostly attributable to a decline in Plasmodium falciparum-malaria. At the same time, the proportional increase of Plasmodium vivax-malaria in comparison with P. falciparum-malaria was notable. This niche replacement mechanism was discussed in the reviewed literature. In addition, the challenges to P. vivax-malaria elimination outnumbered the available technological breakthroughs. Although accumulated and basic information exists on mosquito vector biology, the lack of specific knowledge about mosquito vector taxonomy and ecology may hamper current attempts at stopping malaria in the country. An impressive reduction in malaria hospitalizations and mortality was seen in Brazil in the past 3 decades. Eliminating malaria deaths in children less than 5 years and P. falciparum severe cases may be achievable goals under the current malaria policy until 2030. However, eliminating P. vivax malaria transmission and morbidity seems unattainable with the available tools. Therefore, complete malaria elimination in Brazil in the near future is unlikely.


Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Malaria/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Erradicación de la Enfermedad , Humanos , Malaria/parasitología , Malaria/prevención & control , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Malaria Falciparum/prevención & control , Malaria Vivax/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/prevención & control , Políticas
2.
Tropical Biomedicine ; : 513-535, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | WPRIM (Pacífico Occidental) | ID: wpr-823262

RESUMEN

@#After a centenary fight against malaria, Brazil has seen an opportunity for change with the proposal of the malaria elimination policy set by the Brazilian government, in line with malaria elimination policies in other Latin American countries. Brazilian malaria experts regard eliminating malaria by 2030 to be within reach. Herein we evaluated the likelihood that malaria elimination can be accomplished in Brazil through systematic review of the literature on malaria elimination in Brazil and epidemiological analysis. Fifty-two articles referring to malaria eradication/elimination in Brazil were analyzed to identify challenges and technological breakthroughs for controlling malaria. Monthly deaths (1979–2016) and monthly severe malaria cases (1998–2018) were analyzed according to age groups, geographic region and parasite species. As a result, we observed that the declining malaria burden was mostly attributable to a decline in Plasmodium falciparum-malaria. At the same time, the proportional increase of Plasmodium vivax-malaria in comparison with P. falciparum-malaria was notable. This niche replacement mechanism was discussed in the reviewed literature. In addition, the challenges to P. vivax-malaria elimination outnumbered the available technological breakthroughs. Although accumulated and basic information exists on mosquito vector biology, the lack of specific knowledge about mosquito vector taxonomy and ecology may hamper current attempts at stopping malaria in the country. An impressive reduction in malaria hospitalizations and mortality was seen in Brazil in the past 3 decades. Eliminating malaria deaths in children less than 5 years and P. falciparum severe cases may be achievable goals under the current malaria policy until 2030. However, eliminating P. vivax malaria transmission and morbidity seems unattainable with the available tools. Therefore, complete malaria elimination in Brazil in the near future is unlikely.

3.
Theriogenology ; 69(7): 798-804, 2008 Apr 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18336896

RESUMEN

Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow requires successful signaling by the conceptus to block luteolysis. Conceptus growth and function depend on an optimal uterine environment, regulated by luteal progesterone. The objective of this study was to test strategies to optimize luteal function, as well as prevent a dominant follicle from initiating luteolysis. Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) beef cows (n=40) were submitted to a GnRH/PGF(2alpha)/GnRH protocol. Cows that ovulated from a dominant ovarian follicle (ovulation=Day 0) were allocated to receive: no additional treatment (G(C); n=7); 3000IU of hCG on Day 5 (G(hCG); n=5); 5mg of estradiol-17beta on Day 12 (G(E2); n=6); or 3000IU of hCG on Day 5 and 5mg of estradiol-17beta on Day 12 (G(hCG/E2); n=5). Ultrasonographic imaging of the ovaries, assessment of plasma progesterone concentration, and detection of estrus were done daily from Day 5 to the day of subsequent ovulation. Treatment with hCG induced an accessory CL, increased CL volume, and plasma progesterone concentration throughout the luteal phase (P<0.01). Estradiol-17beta induced atresia and recruitment of a new wave of follicular growth; it eliminated a potentially estrogen-active, growing ovarian follicle within the critical period for maternal recognition of pregnancy, but it also hastened luteolysis (Days 16 or 17 vs. Days 18 or 19 in non-treated cows). In conclusion, the approaches tested enhanced luteal function (hCG) and altered ovarian follicular dynamics (estradiol-17beta), but were unable to extend the life-span of the CL in Nelore cows.


Asunto(s)
Buserelina/uso terapéutico , Bovinos/fisiología , Cloprostenol/administración & dosificación , Ovario/fisiología , Inducción de la Ovulación/veterinaria , Ovulación/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Gonadotropina Coriónica/administración & dosificación , Esquema de Medicación , Estradiol/administración & dosificación , Ciclo Estral/efectos de los fármacos , Sincronización del Estro/métodos , Femenino , Luteolíticos/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Ovario/anatomía & histología , Ovario/efectos de los fármacos , Inducción de la Ovulación/métodos
4.
Theriogenology ; 61(7-8): 1237-45, 2004 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15036958

RESUMEN

Intensive grazing systems for beef females, based on abundant availability of high quality forages and supplementary concentrates, may affect fetal development. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of grazing system on length of gestation, fetal development, and characteristics of the calf at birth. Twenty-four pregnant (bred to Nellore bulls) Nellore females were allocated into two groups. The control group (G1) grazed Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass) in a traditional (extensive) grazing system and the second group (G2) were managed on Panicum maximumcv. Tanzania 1 (Tanzania grass) in an intensive grazing system. Fetal development was evaluated by ultrasonography on days 31, 45, 59, 94, 122, 220, and 255 of gestation. The diameter of the amniotic and allantoic cavities, crown-rump length, circumference, and diameter of the head and ocular orbit were determined. At birth, calves were weighed and height, length, thoracic circumference, and ocular orbit and bi-parietal diameters were measured. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in fetal development. The G1 cows had a longer gestation period (4.5 days; P<0.05) and their calves had greater (P<0.05) weight, height, length, and thoracic circumference at birth. In conclusion, Nellore females raised under intensive pasture management conditions, had significantly shorter gestation and smaller calves at birth than those raised under extensive pasture management conditions. Therefore, adoption of new management practices (e.g. intensive pasture management), should take into consideration animal behavior and productivity.


Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Bovinos/embriología , Bovinos/fisiología , Dieta , Desarrollo Embrionario y Fetal/fisiología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Conducta Animal , Biometría , Composición Corporal , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Embarazo , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/veterinaria
5.
Rev. bras. genét ; 17(4): 439-42, dez. 1994. tab
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS | ID: lil-164717

RESUMEN

Costs of drugs for pneumoenteritis and plasmosis treatment were evaluated in 614 bucket reared female calves of six Holstein-Friesian (HF) x Guzera crossbred groups (1/4 to > 31/32 HF gene fraction). Important heterosis effects resulted in lowest health costs for F(l) (US$ 4.33 per calf) and highest costs for > 31132 HF calves (US$ 8.01).


Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Vigor Híbrido , Análisis de Varianza
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