Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study.

COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations.

Carga doméstica, cuidado de los dependientes y violencia en el hogar durante el confinamiento por la Covid-19

La pandemia por la Covid-19 llevó al Perú a enfrentar muchos retos en la salud pública; nos preguntamos sobre las relaciones en el hogar durante el período de cuarentena; más aún cuando el Perú tiene el desafío de alcanzar la igualdad de género y la disminución de la violencia. Objetivo: Describir la distribución de las tareas domésticas, el cuidado de dependientes y la violencia en el hogar en cuarentena, de acuerdo con el género. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, se aplicó un cuestionario virtual a una muestra intencional de 1 124 hombres y mujeres mayores de 18 años de todo el Perú entre los meses de mayo y julio 2020. Resultados: Si bien la mayoría de respondientes indicaron haber compartido las tareas domésticas durante la cuarentena; las mujeres lo asumieron con mayor frecuencia solas en comparación a los hombres, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa; así mismo, se encontró que entre las mujeres, las más jóvenes asumían menos labores de la casa y cuidado de dependientes que las mayores, con diferencia significativa; y finalmente, los hombres y las mujeres, sin diferencia estadística, manifestaron percibir que durante la cuarentena la violencia en casa aumentó. Conclusiones: Durante el confinamiento hombres y mujeres en los hogares compartieron labores de la casa y cuidado de niños y dependientes, aunque la responsabilidad fue asumida por las mujeres en mayor porcentaje; y dentro de este grupo las mujeres de mayor edad. Finalmente, las situaciones de violencia en el hogar fueron percibidas en aumento.

SUMMARY The Covid-19 pandemic carried Peru to confront many challenges in the public health system; we wonder about relationships at home during the quarantine period; even more when Peru has the challenge to reach de gender equality and decrease violence. Objective. To describe the distribution of the housework, dependent care and violence in home during the quarantine, according to gender. Methods: This is a descriptive study where a virtual questionnaire was applied to an intentional sample of 1,124 males and females above 18 years of age from all over Peru between May and July 2020. Results: Although most of the respondents indicated that they had shared housework during the lockdown, females assumed more frequently these labors alone than males, difference that was statistically significant. Both, males and females accepted that home violence increased during the lockdown, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: During the lockdown both males and females shared homework, but females assumed more responsibilities than males, home violence was perceived increasing.

Caminemos juntos hacia una sexualidad integral con afectividad, autonomía y respeto / Going together towards an integral sexuallity

Contiene: Conociendo la sexualidad y los derechos sexuales; Viviendo los cambios de la pubertad y adolescencia; Ser hombre y ser mujer; Valorando la amistad; El enamoramiento y las relaciones de pareja; Expresiones y practicas sexuales; Reflexiones sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia; Identificando los métodos de protección; Conociendo las enfermedades de transmisión sexual; Comunicación interpersonal; Autoestima y competencia personal; Pensando en el futuro