BOLD Activation During the Application of MOXO-CPT in School Patients With and Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 3% of children in the world. OBJECTIVE: In this work, we seek to compare the different brain activations of pediatric patients with and without ADHD. METHODS: A functional resonance examination with BOLD contrast was applied using the MOXO-CPT test (Continuous Performance test with single and double visual-auditory distractors). RESULTS: Differences in BOLD activation were observed indicating that control children regularly presented negative BOLD activations that were not found in children with ADHD. Inhibitory activity in audiovisual association zones in control patients was greater than in patients with ADHD. The inhibition in the frontal and motor regions in the controls contrasted with the overactivation of the motor areas in patients with ADHD, this, together with the detection of cerebellar activation which attempted to modulate the responses of the different areas that lead to executive failure in patients with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: In view of these results, it can be argued that the lack of inhibition of ADHD patients in their executive functions led to a disorganization of the different brain systems.

Cross-sectional evaluation of the association between greenness and cognitive performance in Mexican pre-pubertal boys.

BACKGROUND: Evidence shows that greenspace exposure benefits children's health and cognitive development. However, evidence assessing this association in young children in low- and middle-income economies is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between exposure to greenness and cognitive performance in pre-pubertal boys living in Mexico City. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from 144 boys aged 6-11 years living in Mexico City in 2017 and enrolled in the "MetCog" study. Cognitive performance was evaluated through selected Wechsler Scale for Intelligence in Children Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil, ENI) tests. Exposure to greenness was assessed through Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 300, 500, 1500, 2000, and 3000 m buffer zones from children's residences. Multiple linear regression analysis was undertaken to assess associations between cognitive performance and greenness (aß) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and adjusted for potential confounding variables. Significance was set at q < 0.05 after False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction. RESULTS: A positive association was found between the NDVI Interquartile Range (IQR) at 2000 m and the WISC-IV block design test score (aß 2000 = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.31, 2.06; q < 0.05), which assesses perceptual reasoning. Positive associations were found with NDVI IQR at 1500 m and WISC-IV block design (aß1500 = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.14, 1.86) and matrix reasoning (aß1500 = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.06, 1.61) scores, but neither survived FDR correction. No significant associations were found between NDVI IQR at any buffer size with other WISC-IV and ENI task scores. CONCLUSIONS: Greater exposure to greenness was associated with higher perceptual reasoning skills in 144 pre-pubertal boys living in Mexico City. Thus, urban planning should consider increasing vegetation in megacities, especially in neighbourhoods with high percentages of young children.

Compassionate use of Quantum Magnetic Resonance Therapy for treatment of children with Diffuse Brainstem Glioma in Mexico City: a single institutional experience.

PURPOSE: Diffuse Brainstem Glioma (DBG) is a catastrophic brain tumor with a survival rate of less than 10% two years after diagnosis despite the existence of different treatment protocols. Among the devices that use magnetic fields generated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging is Quantum Magnetic Resonance Therapy (QMRT). METHODS: Five children diagnosed with DBG in our institution in Mexico City underwent treatment of compassionate use with QMRT between December 2018 and July 2019. A survival analysis was performed with previously reported historical data (n = 15). RESULTS: Two patients (40%) survived after three years of follow-up; the log-rank test showed a statistically significant difference in overall survival between both groups (p = 0.032). All patients tolerated the treatment adequately without reporting any severe clinical or neuroradiological adverse effects. Of the patients included, all showed a decrease in the tumor one month after the end of the treatment, although there was great variability in the response and the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Although future investigations are needed to confirm the findings reported in the present study, the improvement in survival is promising for a group of patients whose prognosis has been catastrophic over the years. Trial registration NCT03577600.

Midiendo el espectro de los trastornos del lenguaje a los trastornos del espectro autista: Consenso Latinoamericano Delphi Modificado / Measuring the spectrum from language disorders to autism spectrum disorders: modified Delphi Latin American Consensus

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen diferentes posturas en cuanto a la delimitación entre los trastornos del lenguaje y de la comunicación; sobre todo al acuñar las definiciones, sus limitantes y particularmente poder medir los pronósticos y diferentes procesos a lo largo del neurodesarrollo. El presente consenso busca unir las diferentes visiones de la región latinoamericana sobre los Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL) y Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA), homologar taxonomías y evolución a lo largo de los primeros años de vida. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio Delphi Modificado para llegar a un consenso sobre la definición más adecuada y diagnóstico temprano de los TDL y TEA. RESULTADOS: Un total de 34 profesionales de 11 países de la región aceptaron la invitación para participar en el consenso e incluyó a distintos especialistas a cargo del cuidado de estos pacientes. Se realizaron dos rondas de evaluación llegando a un acuerdo y consenso en todos los ítems. CONCLUSIONES: El término "Riesgo para Trastornos de la Comunicación y del Lenguaje" es creado para referirse a los niños que no caen en ninguna categoría diagnóstica en etapas tempranas del desarrollo. Consideramos que tanto el uso de este término como el del resto de los mismos, alcanzados por consenso, permitirá coincidir en distintos puntos para la caracterización del TDL y TEA, todo ello contribuirá a evaluar de forma más específica cuáles son las intervenciones adecuadas que mejoren el pronóstico y modifiquen las trayectorias del desarrollo de esta población en nuestra región.

INTRODUCTION: There are different points of view regarding the delimitation between language and communication disorders; especially when establishing the definitions, their limitations and above all being able to measure prognoses and different processes throughout neurodevelopment. The present consensus seeks to unify the different points of view of the Latin American region on Language Development Disorders (LDD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), standardize the taxonomies and evolution throughout the first years of life. METHOD: A Modified Delphi study was carried out to reach a consensus on the most adequate definition and early diagnosis of TDL and ASD. RESULTS: A total of 34 professionals from 11 countries in the region accepted the invitation to participate in the consensus and included different specialists in charge of the care of these patients. Two rounds of evaluation were carried out, reaching an agreement and consensus on all items. CONCLUSIONS: The term "Risk for Communication and Language Disorders" is created to refer to children who do not fall into any diagnostic category in early stages of development. We consider that using this term as well as the rest of the terms reached by consensus in the present work will allow to match in different points for the characterization of TDL and ASD, this will contribute to a more specific evaluation regarding the appropriate interventions to improve prognosis and modify development trajectories of this population in our region.

The Role of Time as a Prognostic Factor in Pediatric Brain Tumors: a Multivariate Survival Analysis.

There is no evidence that prolonged pre diagnostic symptomatic intervals (PSI) increases the risk of death in pediatric brain tumors. When investigating the role of time previous research had not controlled for confounding variables or measured the pretreatment interval (PTI). We use the term global delay interval (GDI) to describe the sum of PSI and PTI. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether there was a decrease in the probability of survival in children with brain tumors due to a prolonged PSI, PTI and GDI, using a multivariate survival analysis. We retrospective review 127 clinical records labeled with the diagnosis of CNS tumors attended at a specialized pediatric center in Mexico City from January 2008 to December 2012. Patients with PSI and GDI diagnosed between 3 and 6 months showed statistical lower probability of surviving that those with intervals <3 months even when adjusting for age, sex, localization and tumor grade. When stratified for the place of residency and adjusted for sex, age, localization, grade of tumor, type of surgery and coadjuvant therapy, a GDI between 3 and 6 months showed to be a risk factor for the overall survival of brain tumors compared with an interval < 3 months. When analyzing the interaction, high grade tumors are at more risk of dying when GDI was between 3 and 6 months compared to <3 months. Prolonged PSI and GDI showed to be a potential prognostic factor for survival in CNS tumors, especially in high grade tumors. Future prospective research should measure the PSI, PTI and GDI and adjust for covariates in order to properly infer the effect of time in pediatric brain tumors.

Use of methylphenidate in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez is affiliated with the Cochrane Collaboration. As part of the activities of the Cochrane Center of the Hospital Infantil de México, the use of systematic reviews in health decision making is promoted. With this objective, summaries of Cochrane systematic reviews on relevant topics will be periodically published to support the clinical practice.

El Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez se encuentra afiliado a la Colaboración Cochrane. Como parte de las actividades del Centro Cochrane del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, se promueve el uso de las revisiones sistemáticas para la toma de decisiones en salud. Con ese objetivo, se realizará la publicación periódica de resúmenes de revisiones sistemáticas Cochrane sobre temas relevantes que apoyen la práctica clínica.

Uso de metilfenidato en el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad / Use of methylphenidate in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Resumen El Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez se encuentra afiliado a la Colaboración Cochrane. Como parte de las actividades del Centro Cochrane del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, se promueve el uso de las revisiones sistemáticas para la toma de decisiones en salud. Con ese objetivo, se realizará la publicación periódica de resúmenes de revisiones sistemáticas Cochrane sobre temas relevantes que apoyen la práctica clínica.

Abstract Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez is affiliated with the Cochrane Collaboration. As part of the activities of the Cochrane Center of the Hospital Infantil de México, the use of systematic reviews in health decision making is promoted. With this objective, summaries of Cochrane systematic reviews on relevant topics will be periodically published to support the clinical practice.

Different Food Odors Control Brain Connectivity in Impulsive Children.

BACKGROUND: Impulsivity is a complex multi-dimensional combination of behaviors which include: ineffective impulse control, premature decision-making and inability to delay gratification. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to explore how food odor perception and its emotional value is affected in impulsive children. METHODS: Here we compared two cohorts of impulsive and control children with ages between 10 and 16 years. Both groups underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which foodrelated odor-cues were presented to all of them. RESULTS: Differences in regions of blood oxygen level dependent activation, as well as connectivity, were calculated. Activations were significant for all odors in the impulsive group in the temporal lobe, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, frontal cortex, medial cingulate cortex, insula, precuneus, precentral, para-hippocampal and calcarine cortices. CONCLUSION: Connectivity results showed that the expected emotional reward, based on odor perceived and processed in temporal lobes, was the main cue driving responses of impulsive children. This was followed by self-consciousness, the sensation of interaction with the surroundings and feelings of comfort and happiness, modulated by the precuneus together with somatosensory cortex and cingulum. Furthermore, reduced connectivity to frontal areas as well as to other sensory integration areas (piriform cortex), combined to show different sensory processing strategies for olfactory emotional cues in impulsive children. Finally, we hypothesize that the cerebellum plays a pivotal role in modulating decision-making for impulsive children.

Evaluation of the response of lisdexamfetamine in children and adolescents with ADHD: quasi-experimental study / Evaluación de la respuesta de la lisdexanfetamina en niños y adolescentes con TDAH: estudio cuasiexperimental

Abstract Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. Although lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) offers a treatment alternative, clinical evidence of LDX for ADHD has not been explored in Latin American pediatric population. Objective To evaluate the LDX response in Mexican pediatric patients with ADHD. Method We designed a quasi-experimental, uncontrolled before and after study to evaluate the LDX response in patients with severe ADHD. We established a diagnosis of ADHD according to DSM-5 criteria. We formed three groups: without previous treatment (group A), in treatment with stimulant drugs (group B) or in treatment with non-stimulant drugs (group C). Prior to the start of the study, letters of consent and informed consent were signed. We evaluated the effect of LDX based on the difference between ADHD-RS scores at the beginning and after six months. Results We recruited a total of 144 patients (group A: 48 patients, group B: 57 patients, group C: 39 patients). All the groups showed a significant decrease in the mean score of ADHD-RS (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale) at six months (group A 37.57 vs. 22.34, p <.01), (group B 36.72 vs. 24.45; p <. 01), (group C 38.54 vs. 24.3, p <.01). Fewer than 30% of the subjects showed a significant adverse reaction, the most frequent ones being: sleep disturbance (primary insomnia) 24% and decreased appetite in 20%. Discussion and conclusion Treatment with LDX is an effective, well-tolerated pharmacological option for Mexican pediatric patients with ADHD.

Resumen Introducción El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo más comunes. Aunque el dimesilato de lisdexanfetamina (LDX) ofrece una alternativa de tratamiento, la evidencia clínica de LDX para TDAH no se ha explorado en población pediátrica latinoamericana. Objetivo Evaluar la respuesta de LDX en pacientes pediátricos mexicanos con TDAH. Método Diseñamos un estudio cuasiexperimental no controlado de antes y después para evaluar la respuesta de LDX en pacientes con TDAH grave. Establecimos el diagnóstico de TDAH de acuerdo con criterios del DSM-5. Conformamos tres grupos: sin tratamiento previo (grupo A), en tratamiento con fármacos estimulantes (grupo B) o en tratamiento con fármacos no estimulantes (grupo C). Previo al inicio del estudio se firmaron las cartas de consentimiento y asentimiento informado. Evaluamos el efecto de LDX con base en la diferencia de los puntajes de ADHD-RS al inicio y posterior a seis meses. Resultados Reclutamos un total de 144 pacientes (grupo A: 48 pacientes, grupo B: 57 pacientes, grupo C: 39 pacientes). Todos los grupos mostraron una disminución significativa en la media de puntaje de ADHD-RS (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale) a los seis meses (grupo A 37.57 vs. 22.34; p < .01), (grupo B 36.72 vs. 24.45; p < .01), (grupo C 38.54 vs. 24.3; p < .01). Menos del 30% de los sujetos presentó alguna reacción adversa importante, siendo las más frecuentes: alteraciones del sueño (insomnio primario) 24% y disminución del apetito en 20%. Discusión y conclusión El tratamiento con LDX es una opción farmacológica efectiva y bien tolerada para pacientes pediátricos mexicanos con TDAH.

Factores de riesgo en la aparición del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en pacientes con epilepsia infantil de reciente diagnóstico / Risk factors in the emergence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with diagnosis child recent epilepsy

Resumen: Antecedentes: la epilepsia y el trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) son frecuentes de la infancia; se han reportado como comorbilidades. Se estima que aproximadamente 40% de los pacientes con epilepsia pueden presentar TDAH; sin embargo, hay pocas evidencias de si es acompañante o producto de la actividad epiléptica anormal, efectos secundarios de los fármacos o un proceso multigenético asociado. Objetivos: describir qué factores neurobiológicos tiene mayor relevancia en la aparición del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en pacientes con epilepsia infantil de reciente diagnóstico. Materiales y métodos: se evaluó pacientes con epilepsia recién diagnosticada, entre los 4 y 16 años de edad durante el período comprendido entre octubre de 2011 y abril de 2012 con un seguimiento prospectivo de 6 meses, estableciendo desde el inicio si existían criterios de TDAH y midiendo factores tanto biológicos como asociados para el desarrollo de TDAH. Se completó los estudios para el abordaje de epilepsia. Resultados: se evaluaron 32 pacientes en los que se observó que el 40% tenía criterios de TDAH del subtipo inatento; además, se determinó que en el sexo masculino las epilepsias parciales representan el 63.2%, y en el femenino las epilepsias generalizadas el 53.8%. Los fármacos utilizados más frecuentes fueron el AVP (72%) y CBZ (28%). Conclusiones: consideramos que es muy frecuente el subtipo de TDAH inatento, lo que sustenta la idea de que sus síntomas son una disfunción neurológica causada por la epilepsia que por un trastorno biológico asociado. Esto realza la importancia de diagnosticar y tratar la epilepsia en sí, y evaluar después de un tiempo, la necesidad de complementar los tratamientos que controlen el TDAH. Palabras claves: factores neurobiológicos, epilepsia infantil de reciente diagnóstico, trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH).

Background: Epilepsy and ADHD are neurological disorders frequently seen in childhood, and have been reported as comorbidities. It is estimated that about 40% of patients with epilepsy may have ADHD, however, there is little evidence that if this disorder is or companion product of the abnormal epileptic activity, drug side effects or process associated multigenic. Objective: Describe which of the neurobiological factors have greater relevance in the development of attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity in patients with newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy. Materials and methods: We evaluated patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy, between 4 and 16 years of age in the period between October 2011 and April 2012 with a prospective monitoring six months from start setting if were no criteria for ADHD and measuring both biological factors associated with development of ADHD. Were completed relevant studies for addressing epilepsy. Results: We evaluated more than 32 patients, where it was observed that 40% of the sample had ADHD criteria for inattentive subtype, also was determined that in males partial epilepsies represent 63.2% and in women the epilepsy represents 53,8% overall. Among the most common drugs used were VPA by 72% and 28% CBZ. Conclusions: We believe it is very common subtype of ADHD is found the inattentive, so supports the idea that many of the symptoms of ADHD represent a more neurological dysfunction that epilepsy associated with a biological disorder, This enhances the importance of a diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy itself and to assess after a while, the need to supplement with control treatments for ADHD.

Strategies for tonal and atonal musical interpretation in blind and normally sighted children: an fMRI study.

INTRODUCTION: Early childhood is known to be a period when cortical plasticity phenomena are at a maximum. Music is a stimulus known to modulate these mechanisms. On the other hand, neurological impairments like blindness are also known to affect cortical plasticity. Here, we address how tonal and atonal musical stimuli are processed in control and blind young children. We aimed to understand the differences between the two groups when processing this physiological information. RESULTS: Atonal stimuli produced larger activations in cerebellum, fusiform, and temporal lobe structures than tonal. In contrast, tonal stimuli induced larger frontal lobe representations than atonal. Control participants presented large activations in cerebellum, fusiform, and temporal lobe. A correlation/connectivity study showed that the blind group incorporated larger amounts of perceptual information (somatosensory and motor) into tonal processing through the function of the anterior prefrontal cortex (APC). They also used the visual cortex in conjunction with the Wernicke's area to process this information. In contrast, controls processed sound with perceptual stimuli from auditory cortex structures (including Wernicke's area). In this case, information was processed through the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex and not the APC. The orbitofrontal cortex also played a key role for atonal interpretation in this group. DISCUSSION: Wernicke's area, known to be involved in speech, was heavily involved for both groups and all stimuli. The two groups presented clear differences in strategies for music processing, with very different recruitment of brain regions.

A multi-methodological MR resting state network analysis to assess the changes in brain physiology of children with ADHD.

The purpose of this work was to highlight the neurological differences between the MR resting state networks of a group of children with ADHD (pre-treatment) and an age-matched healthy group. Results were obtained using different image analysis techniques. A sample of n = 46 children with ages between 6 and 12 years were included in this study (23 per cohort). Resting state image analysis was performed using ReHo, ALFF and ICA techniques. ReHo and ICA represent connectivity analyses calculated with different mathematical approaches. ALFF represents an indirect measurement of brain activity. The ReHo and ICA analyses suggested differences between the two groups, while the ALFF analysis did not. The ReHo and ALFF analyses presented differences with respect to the results previously reported in the literature. ICA analysis showed that the same resting state networks that appear in healthy volunteers of adult age were obtained for both groups. In contrast, these networks were not identical when comparing the healthy and ADHD groups. These differences affected areas for all the networks except the Right Memory Function network. All techniques employed in this study were used to monitor different cerebral regions which participate in the phenomenological characterization of ADHD patients when compared to healthy controls. Results from our three analyses indicated that the cerebellum and mid-frontal lobe bilaterally for ReHo, the executive function regions in ICA, and the precuneus, cuneus and the clacarine fissure for ALFF, were the "hubs" in which the main inter-group differences were found. These results do not just help to explain the physiology underlying the disorder but open the door to future uses of these methodologies to monitor and evaluate patients with ADHD.

Effectiveness of the use of an omega 3 and omega 6 combination(EquazenTM) in paediatric patients with refractory epilepsy / Eficácia do uso de uma combinação de ômega 3 com ômega 6 (EquazenTM) em pacientes pediátricos com epilepsia refratária

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is considered a health problem. 85% of patients are satisfactorily controlled with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and 15% have refractory seizures. The combination of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids (EquazenTM) can contribute to changes in ionic currents and to stabilization of neurotransmitter's function resulting in cell membrane equilibrium. These changes lead to potential seizure control. OBJECTIVE: To compare efficacy and safety in the treatment of refractory epilepsy with a supplement combining EPA, DHA (omega 3 fatty acids) and GLA (omega 6 fatty acids). METHODS: We reviewed patients from the Neurology Department of the Children's Hospital of Mexico who have refractory epilepsy, evaluating clinical characteristics of seizures, number of seizures and AEDs. 792 mg of EPA, DHA and GLA per day (6 capsules of EquazenTM) were administrated for four weeks in order to assess the frequency of seizures as well as tolerability and probable side effects. RESULTS: The study was conducted with a total of 13 patients with follow-up four weeks after the start of supplementation. We obtained a satisfactory clinical response with ≥ 80% decrease in the daily number of seizures in more than 60% of patient. The mean of number of seizures over all patients was reduced significantly from 26.61±37.2 to 5.92 daily. In addition a significant improvement in the neurocognitive capacity was observedin all patients. CONCLUSION: The co-adjuvant supplementation with EquazenTM may result in a reduction of the number of seizures in refractory epilepsy having in addition significant impact on neurocognitive aspects. To enhance the quality of life of epileptic patient supplementation with a specific combination of EPA, DHA and GLA should be reconsidered.

INTRODUÇÃO: epilepsia é considerada um problema de saúde em que 85% dos pacientes são satisfatoriamente controlados com drogas antiepilépticas (DAE) e 15% tem crises refratárias. A combinação de ácidos graxos ômega 3 e ômega 6 (EquazenTM) pode contribui em mudanças em correntes iônicas e estabilização de neurotransmissores, resultando em equilíbrio da membrana celular. Estas mudanças levam a potencial controle de crises. OBJETIVO: comparar a eficácia e segurança suplementos combinando EPA, DHA (ácidos graxos ômega 3) e GLA (ácidos graxos ômega 6) no tratamento da epilepsia refrataria. MÉTODOS: crianças com epilepsia refratária do Departamento de Neurologia do Hospital Infantil do México tiveram avaliadas as características de suas crises, frequência e numero de DAEs. EPA, DHA e GLA (6 capsulas de Equazem - 729mg) foram administrados em um período de 4 semanas, sendo acessados tolerabilidade, efeitos colaterais e frequência de crises. RESULTADOS: 13 pacientes foram avaliados por 4 semanas após o início da suplementação. Um controle clínico satisfatório (redução de 80% ou mais das crises) foi obtido em 60% dos pacientes (26.61±37.2 crises para 5.92 crises ao dia), além de significativa melhora em sua capacidade neurocognitiva. CONCLUSÃO: a suplementação de Equazen pode determinar redução no número de crises em epilepsia refratária e determinar melhora em parâmetros neurocognitivos. O uso da combinação EPA, DHA, GLA deveria ser reconsiderado neste cenário.

Calidad de vida en pacientes adolescentes con epilepsia en México / Quality of life in adolescent patients with epilepsy in Mexico

Antecedentes. La epilepsia afecta todas las áreas en la vida del niño que la padece. Hay pocos estudios al respecto en poblaciones latinoamericanas. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes adolescentes con epilepsia con el uso del cuestionario QOLIE-31 en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención, así como identificar los factores que influyen en la misma. Pacientes y métodos. Un total de 60 pacientes adolescentes entre 12 y 17 años de la consulta externa de neurología pediátrica del Hospital Infantil “Federico Gómez” cumplió los criterios de inclusión. Se les aplicó el cuestionario QOLIE-31 entre septiembre 2008 a mayo 2009. Resultados: El 58.3% de los pacientes reportó una mala calidad de vida y solo 6.7% muy buena calidad de vida, siendo más afectados la calidad de vida en general (98.3%) y la función cognitiva (65%). Un factor muy influyente fue el antecedente de epilepsia parcial y el uso de politerapia antiepiléptica. Conclusión. La calidad de vida en los adolescentes estudiados está muy afectada por la ocurrencia de epilepsias parciales, el inicio temprano y el uso de politerapia. Se requiere un programa de atención integral con más información sobre la enfermedad...(AU)

Eficiencia y seguridad entre la molecula original y la genérica de oxcarbazepina en niños con epilepsia parcial de reciente diagnóstico / Effectiveness and safety between the original and generic oxcarbacepine molecule in children with partial epilepsy of recent diagnosis

Antecedentes: Los antiepilépticos genéricos como la oxcarbacepina (OXC) se han propuesto como alternativa para niños latinoamericanos con problemas de apego al tratamiento antiepiléptico por motivos económicos. Nos propusimos comparar la eficacia y seguridad de la OXC genérica intercambiable con la original en niños con epilepsia parcial en el Servicio de Neurología del Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”. Pacientes y Métodos: Ensayo piloto realizado entre Junio 2009 a Junio 2010 en pacientes pediátricos de 2 a 16 años de edad con diagnóstico reciente (1 mes) de epilepsia parcial. Resultados: 22 de 27 pacientes completaron el seguimiento, tenían entre 2 a 13 años de edad y 55% eran varones. Las crisis más frecuentes fueron las parciales complejas (73%), parciales simples 18% y secundariamente generalizadas(9%). Se dio molécula original a 11 pacientes, con control de crisis en 9 (81.8%); el 27.2% (3 pacientes) presentó reacciones adversas. Se dio la molécula genérica a otros 11 pacientes, el control de crisis se dio en 6 pacientes (54.5%), en este grupo 4 pacientes (36.3%) presentó reacciones adversas. Conclusión: El presente estudio piloto mostró tendencia pero sin significancia estadística por el tamaño de la muestra, a un mejor control de crisis y menos efectos adversos en pacientes que tomaron la molécula original. Se requiere de estudio doble-ciego controlado para evaluar mejor la bioequivalencia de ambas moléculas de OXC en nuestros pacientes...(AU)

Correlación entre el número de tuberomas y trastorno de conducta y lenguaje en el complejo esclerosis tuberosa: serie de casos / Correlation between the number of tubers and behavioral and language disorders in the tuberous sclerosis complex. Case series

Introducción. Se ha sugerido la relación entre trastornos neuropsíquicos así como de las crisis epilépticas con la localización de túberes corticales en el Complejo Esclerosis Tuberosa (CET). El objetivo del estudio fue determinar esta relación en una muestra de pacientes evaluados en el período 1995-2005 en la Consulta Externa del Servicio de Neurología Pediátrica del Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”. Presentación de casos. Se evaluó dicha comorbilidad en 46 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios para el completo CET y se estudió la correlación entre epilepsia y los trastornos del comportamiento y lenguaje durante el último año en relación con el número de túberes corticales. El 52% de los pacientes presentaron conducta normal, 19.6% presentó agresividad, 15.2 % rasgos autistas y 13% trastornos de lenguaje. El 78% presentaba epilepsia de varios tipos. Conclusión. Aunque hubo una tendencia en la relación, no hubo significancia estadística entre los trastornos de conducta y el número de túberes (p= 0.31), ni entre la ocurrencia de epilepsia y los trastornos de la conducta y lenguaje (p= 0.96). Se requiere de una muestra más grande para evaluar mejor esta comorbilidad; sin embargo, es recomendable en la práctica clínica, la vigilancia por trastornos de conducta y lenguaje en pacientes con más de un túber cerebral...(AU)

Características de la epilepsia en pacientes con síndrome de Sturge Weber: serie de casos del Hospital Infantil de México / Characteristics of seizures in patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Case series from Hospital Infantil de Mexico

El síndrome de Sturge-Weber es una condición esporádica asociada a mancha en Vino de Oporto al nacimiento,angioma leptomeningeo, glaucoma, migraña y alteración cognitiva. Las crisis epilépticas se han reportado según la literatura mundial en un 72–97%, con un inicio a la edad de 6 meses. La administración de terapia anticonvulsivante resulta exitosa casi en la mitad de los casos. Presentación de serie de casos. Se revisó la casuística de todos los pacientes con este síndrome registrados entre 1999-2009 en el Hospital Infantil de México. Se encontró 13 casos, 92% de los pacientes presentaron epilepsia, la edad promedio en el inicio de las crisis fue de 1.4 años, en su mayoría de tipo parcial con o sin generalización secundaria, entre otras y con 23% de refractoriedad. Conclusión. Se encontró una frecuencia alta de crisis epilépticas en los pacientes con Sturge Weber evaluados, pero con una frecuencia menor de refractoriedad a lo reportado en la literatura...(AU)