RESUMEN
Introdução: Acidentes ofídicos são doenças negligenciadas e constituem uma parcela importante da morbidade de pessoas em idade produtiva que vivem em zonas rurais. A maior parte dos seus efeitos a curto prazo é amplamente conhecida, especialmente aqueles de natureza clínica; no entanto, ainda se observa lacuna importante do conhecimento das consequências a longo prazo de tais agravos, notadamente as de ordem psíquica. Este artigo relata um caso de adoecimento mental subsequente a um acidente crotálico e gera reflexões de âmbito cultural e fisiopatológico a respeito das sequelas de tais eventos. Apresentação do caso: Trata-se de adolescente residente no interior baiano que foi vítima de mordedura por cascavel e teve necessidade de hospitalização em unidade de terapia intensiva. Observou-se que, mesmo após melhora clínica, iniciou com sintomas psicóticos prodrômicos e progrediu para piora mental grave, que culminou em internação psiquiátrica e diagnóstico de esquizofrenia no decorrer dos meses seguintes. Conclusões: Nota-se, neste caso, correlação direta entre esses dois eventos; mas, em razão da escassez de trabalhos científicos que abordem tais questões, depreende-se que é preciso investigar e estudar com maior profundidade possíveis associações entre acidentes crotálicos e psicoses.
Introduction: Snakebites are neglected diseases and constitute an important part of the morbidity of working-age people who live in rural areas. Most of their short-term effects are widely known, especially those of a clinical nature; however, there is still an important gap in the knowledge of the long-term consequences of such injuries, notably those of a psychotic nature. This article aims to report a case of mental illness subsequent to a rattlesnake bite accident and generate cultural and pathophysiological reflections regarding the consequences of such events. Case presentation: An adolescent residing in the interior of the state of Bahia was bitten by a rattlesnake and required hospitalization in an intensive care unit. It was observed that even after clinical improvement, the case started with prodromal psychotic symptoms and progressed to severe mental deterioration that culminated in psychiatric hospitalization and diagnosis of schizophrenia over the following months. Conclusions: In this case, there was a direct correlation between these two events, but because of the scarcity of scientific works that address such issues, it is necessary to investigate and study in greater depth possible associations between snakebite accidents and psychoses.
Introducción: Las mordeduras de serpientes son enfermedades desatendidas y constituyen una parte importante de la morbilidad de las personas en edad laboral que viven en zonas rurales. La mayoría de sus efectos a corto plazo son ampliamente conocidos, especialmente los de carácter clínico; sin embargo, todavía existe un importante vacío en el conocimiento de las consecuencias a largo plazo de este tipo de lesiones, en particular las de carácter psíquico. Este artículo tiene como objetivo informar un caso de enfermedad mental posterior a un accidente crotálico y generar reflexiones culturales y fisiopatológicas sobre las consecuencias de tales eventos. Presentación del caso: Se trata de un adolescente residente en el interior de Bahía que fue mordido por una serpiente cascabel y requirió hospitalización en unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se observó que, aún después de la mejoría clínica, comenzó con síntomas psicóticos prodrómicos y progresó a un deterioro mental severo que culminó con hospitalización psiquiátrica y diagnóstico de esquizofrenia en los meses siguientes. Conclusiones: En este caso, existe una correlación directa entre estos dos eventos pero, debido a la escasez de trabajos científicos que aborden tales cuestiones, parece necesario investigar y estudiar con mayor profundidad posibles asociaciones entre accidentes crotálicos y psicosis.
RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To estimate the mortality rates of a cohort of Brazilian patients after their first psychiatric admission and determine the possible risk factors associated with excess mortality. METHODS: The study included a cohort of psychiatric patients hospitalised from Jan 1, 2002 to Dec 31, 2007 in the catchment area of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil. Data were linked to deaths that occurred between Jan 1, 2002 and Dec 31, 2016 from the SEADE Foundation (state data analysis system of São Paulo). The mortality rate (MR), age-sex-standardised mortality ratio (SMR), life expectancy at birth, and years of life lost (YLL) were computed. The factors associated with mortality were analysed by survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: Of 4019 patients admitted (54.76% male), 803 died (69.74% male) during the follow-up (median = 11.25 years). Mortality rates were approximately three-fold higher than expected (SMR = 2.90, 95% CI 2.71-3.11). The highest mortality rate was noted in men with alcohol-related disorders (SMR = 5.50, 95% CI 4.87-6.19). Male sex (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.62, 95% CI 1.37-1.92), higher age (aHR = 21.47, 95% CI 13.48-34.17), and unemployment (aHR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.05-1.43) significantly increased the mortality risk from all causes. The average YLL was 27.64 years with the highest YLL noted in nonalcohol substance-related disorders (39.22 years). The life expectancy at birth in this cohort was 47.27 years. Unnatural causes of death were associated with nonwhite skin colour and substance-related disorders. CONCLUSION: An excess of mortality and a significant reduction in life expectancy of mentally disordered patients who were first admitted to psychiatric beds was noted, particularly patients admitted for substance-related disorders, which should represent a priority in mental health policies.
Asunto(s)
Hospitales Psiquiátricos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Recién Nacido , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Factores de Riesgo , Causas de MuerteRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aims to verify the impact that the length of stay has on the rates of readmission for patients who were first admitted to various inpatient psychiatric units in a large catchment area in a middle-income country. METHODS: The study included all patients who were first admitted to the 108 acute psychiatric beds available in the catchment area of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, for a period of 8 years. Demographic features, inpatient unit of discharge, diagnosis and length of stay were assessed by bivariate analysis. An analysis of the time span between first admission and readmission was also conducted using survival curves estimated by the Kaplan-Meier formula. For the analyses of the risk of readmissions, a logistic regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS: From a total of 6261 patients admitted in the period of the survey, approximately one-third (2006) had at least one other readmission during the follow-up period. The rates per year of early readmission (within 90 days after discharge) varied from 16.1 to 20.9 %. The risk of readmission was higher immediately after discharge. The survival analysis showed that ultrashort length of stay (1-2 days) was associated with reduced odds of readmission, but multivariate logistic analysis showed no association between length of stay and the odds of readmissions. The predictors of early readmission included the diagnosis of depressive, bipolar, psychotic, and non-alcohol-related disorders, younger ages and unemployment. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of the first psychiatric admission was not associated with a higher risk of readmissions. Predictors for early readmissions of first-time-admitted psychiatric patients seem to be more related to the severity of the psychiatric diagnosis and demographic characteristics.
Asunto(s)
Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Admisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Readmisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Brasil , Áreas de Influencia de Salud , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Riesgo , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Defecación , Trastornos Fóbicos/terapia , Trastornos Urinarios/psicología , Antidepresivos de Segunda Generación/uso terapéutico , Terapia Combinada , Humanos , Masculino , Paroxetina/uso terapéutico , Trastornos Fóbicos/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos Urinarios/terapia , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Defecación , Trastornos Fóbicos/terapia , Trastornos Urinarios/psicología , Antidepresivos de Segunda Generación/uso terapéutico , Terapia Combinada , Paroxetina/uso terapéutico , Trastornos Fóbicos/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos Urinarios/terapiaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To review the literature concerning the role and the inclusion of emergency psychiatric services in mental health networks. METHOD: We performed a search in online databases (PubMed and SciELO) of empirical articles and reviews about emergency psychiatric services and networks of mental health services. RESULTS: Emergency psychiatric services are a core unit for a proper functioning of mental health networks, by both the management of emergencies itself, and the regulation of the network where it belongs. The emergency psychiatric services relate to all inpatient and outpatient services, allowing the organization of the flow of admissions and avoiding the overload of the network of mental health.The functions of emergency psychiatric services are broad and go beyond the simple referral for hospitalization, since clinical stabilization and psychosocial support can be reached in well structured emergency psychiatric services. In Brazil, these functions were expanded after the mental health reform and the burden of mental health network caused by difficulties and limitations of inpatient and outpatient services. CONCLUSION: Emergency psychiatric services should be recovered and expanded; especially those located in general hospitals. It is suggested that investment in psychiatric emergencies should be a priority of the Brazilian public health policies for improving the mental health care.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Urgencia Psiquiátrica/organización & administración , Hospitalización , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/organización & administración , Salud Mental , Atención Ambulatoria , Brasil , Centros Comunitarios de Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Urgencia Psiquiátrica/estadística & datos numéricos , Reforma de la Atención de Salud , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , HumanosRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Revisão de dados da literatura relativos ao papel e à inserção de serviços de emergências psiquiátricas em redes de saúde mental. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma busca em banco de dados (PubMed e SciELO) de artigos empíricos e revisões sobre serviços de emergências psiquiátricas e rede de serviços de saúde mental. RESULTADOS: Serviços de emergências psiquiátricas constituem unidade central para o funcionamento adequado de redes de saúde mental, tanto pelo manejo de situações de emergências, como pela regulação da rede em que se insere. Os serviços de emergências psiquiátricas relacionam-se com todos os serviços hospitalares e extra-hospitalares, possibilitando a organização do fluxo das internações e evitando sobrecarga da rede de saúde mental. As funções dos serviços de emergências psiquiátricas são amplas e extrapolam o simples encaminhamento para internação integral, pois estabilização clínica e suporte psicossocial podem ser alcançados em serviços de emergências psiquiátricas bem estruturados. No Brasil, estas funções foram ampliadas após a Reforma da Assistência à Saúde Mental e a sobrecarga das redes de saúde mental provocadas pelas dificuldades e limitações dos serviços hospitalares e extra-hospitalares. CONCLUSÃO: Serviços de emergências psiquiátricas devem ser valorizados e ampliados, principalmente aqueles localizados em hospitais gerais. Recomenda-se que o investimento em emergências psiquiátricas seja prioridade das políticas de saúde pública brasileiras para o aprimoramento da atenção na saúde mental.
OBJECTIVE: To review the literature concerning the role and the inclusion of emergency psychiatric services in mental health networks. METHOD: We performed a search in online databases (PubMed and SciELO) of empirical articles and reviews about emergency psychiatric services and networks of mental health services. RESULTS: Emergency psychiatric services are a core unit for a proper functioning of mental health networks, by both the management of emergencies itself, and the regulation of the network where it belongs. The emergency psychiatric services relate to all inpatient and outpatient services, allowing the organization of the flow of admissions and avoiding the overload of the network of mental health.The functions of emergency psychiatric services are broad and go beyond the simple referral for hospitalization, since clinical stabilization and psychosocial support can be reached in well structured emergency psychiatric services. In Brazil, these functions were expanded after the mental health reform and the burden of mental health network caused by difficulties and limitations of inpatient and outpatient services. CONCLUSION: Emergency psychiatric services should be recovered and expanded; especially those located in general hospitals. It is suggested that investment in psychiatric emergencies should be a priority of the Brazilian public health policies for improving the mental health care.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Servicios de Urgencia Psiquiátrica/organización & administración , Hospitalización , Hospitales Psiquiátricos/organización & administración , Salud Mental , Atención Ambulatoria , Brasil , Centros Comunitarios de Salud Mental , Servicios de Urgencia Psiquiátrica , Reforma de la Atención de Salud , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Characterize and compare acute psychiatric admissions to the psychiatric wards of a general hospital (22 beds), a psychiatric hospital (80) and of an emergency psychiatry unit (6). METHOD: Survey of the ratios and shares of the demographic, diagnostic and hospitalization variables involved in all acute admissions registered in a catchment area in Brazil between 1998 and 2004. RESULTS: From the 11,208 admissions, 47.8 percent of the patients were admitted to a psychiatric hospital and 14.1 percent to a general hospital. The emergency psychiatry unit accounted for 38.1 percent of all admissions during the period, with a higher variability in occupancy rate and bed turnover during the years. Around 80 percent of the hospital stays lasted less than 20 days and in almost half of these cases, patients were discharged in 2 days. Although the total number of admissions remained stable during the years, in 2004, a 30 percent increase was seen compared to 2003. In 2004, bed turnover and occupancy rate at the emergency psychiatry unit increased. CONCLUSION: The increase in the number of psychiatric admissions in 2004 could be attributed to a lack of new community-based services available in the area beginning in 1998. Changes in the health care network did affect the emergency psychiatric service and the limitations of the community-based network could influence the rate of psychiatric admissions.
OBJETIVO: Caracterizar e comparar internações psiquiátricas agudas em alas psiquiátricas no hospital geral (22 leitos), hospital psiquiátrico (80) e emergência psiquiátrica (6). MÉTODO: Foram analisadas todas as internações agudas entre 1998 e 2004 na região do estudo, com razões e proporções de variáveis demográficas, diagnósticas e das hospitalizações. RESULTADOS: Das 11.208 internações, 47,8 por cento foram no hospital psiquiátrico e 14,1 por cento no hospital geral. A emergência psiquiátrica realizou 38,1 por cento das internações no período, com grande variabilidade da taxa de ocupação e giro leito durante os anos. Cerca de 80 por cento das internações foram menores que 20 dias, com metade destas resolvidas em dois dias. O número total das internações permaneceu estável durante os anos, mas em 2004 ocorreu um aumento de 30 por cento em relação a 2003. O giro leito e a taxa de ocupação na emergência psiquiátrica aumentaram em 2004. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento das internações psiquiátricas em 2004 pode estar ligado ao não surgimento de novos serviços extra-hospitalares desde 1998. O serviço de emergência psiquiátrica refletiu mudanças na rede de saúde e as limitações da rede de saúde extra-hospitalar podem ter influenciado a taxa de internações psiquiátricas.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Servicios de Urgencia Psiquiátrica , Hospitales Psiquiátricos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Admisión del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado Civil , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Alta del Paciente , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Characterize and compare acute psychiatric admissions to the psychiatric wards of a general hospital (22 beds), a psychiatric hospital (80) and of an emergency psychiatry unit (6). METHOD: Survey of the ratios and shares of the demographic, diagnostic and hospitalization variables involved in all acute admissions registered in a catchment area in Brazil between 1998 and 2004. RESULTS: From the 11,208 admissions, 47.8% of the patients were admitted to a psychiatric hospital and 14.1% to a general hospital. The emergency psychiatry unit accounted for 38.1% of all admissions during the period, with a higher variability in occupancy rate and bed turnover during the years. Around 80% of the hospital stays lasted less than 20 days and in almost half of these cases, patients were discharged in 2 days. Although the total number of admissions remained stable during the years, in 2004, a 30% increase was seen compared to 2003. In 2004, bed turnover and occupancy rate at the emergency psychiatry unit increased. CONCLUSION: The increase in the number of psychiatric admissions in 2004 could be attributed to a lack of new community-based services available in the area beginning in 1998. Changes in the health care network did affect the emergency psychiatric service and the limitations of the community-based network could influence the rate of psychiatric admissions.