Access to essential anticancer medicines for children and adolescents in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Essential anticancer medicines are an indispensable component of multidisciplinary treatment of paediatric malignancies. A European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) study reported inequalities in the availability of anticancer medicines for adult solid tumours and provided a model for the present survey. The aim of this survey was to assess the accessibility of essential medicines used in paediatric cancer patients aged 0 to 18 years across Europe from 2016 to 2018. METHODS: A list of medicines was drawn with input from the European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOP Europe) Clinical Research Council referring to the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (WHO EMLc) 2017. A survey was sent to nominated national clinician and pharmacist rapporteurs and parent associations in up to 37 countries; answers were obtained from 34 countries. RESULTS: The full survey list contained 68 medicines, including 24 on the WHO EMLc 2017. Health professionals reported that 35% of all medicines were prescribed off-label in at least one country and that 44% were always available in >90% of countries. Only 63% of the EMLc 2017 medicines were reported as always available. The main determinant of unavailability was shortages, reported for 72% of medicines in at least one country. Out-of-pocket costs were reported in eight countries. Twenty-seven percent of orally administered medicines were never available in child-friendly formulations. Parents detailed individual efforts and challenges of facilitating ingestion of oral medicines as prescribed. Inequalities in access to pain control during procedures were reported by parents across Europe. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with cancer in Europe experience lack of access to essential medicines. Urgent actions are needed to address shortages, financial accessibility, availability of safe age-appropriate oral formulations, and pain management across Europe.

[Intravenous lines in transfusion and their medical devices]. / Les voies d'abord transfusionnelles et leurs dispositifs médicaux.

Treatment by blood transfusion first requires an intravenous cannula. Professionals remember the optimal diameter for transfusion (16 to 18G). Practices differ according to the department concerned. Neonatology and paediatric wards use precision filters and put in fine cannulas (24G) with the constraint that this restricts transfusion flow rate. In haematology and oncology departments, the state of the patient's veins has to be considered when administering chemotherapy which may be toxic for vascular endothelium and the implantation of a venous port by a critical care anaesthetist may be suggested. Emergency departments use central venous catheters, blood warmers and, exceptionally, intraosseous infusion which is now being used again. Haemodialysis requires repeated vascular access making the creation of arteriovenous fistula necessary. We wanted to have an overview of all the different techniques potentially used in the departments of a health institution. These medical devices are managed by the pharmacies in our institutions.

Effects of bolesatine on a cell line from the SP2/O thymic lymphosarcoma.

Bolesatine, a toxic protein isolated from Boletus satanas Lenz inhibits in vitro protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in a cell line from a radiation-induced thymic lymphosarcoma (SP2/O) with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.5 nM (0.6 microgram/ml). In vivo, an i.p. single injection of bolesatine, corresponding to 1/6 and 1/10 of 24-h 50% lethal dose, in Balb/c mice having ascitic tumour induced by the i.p. preinjection of SP2/O cells allows a remission of 50% and 30%, respectively. Treated mice survived 120 days after the treatment, i.e. 90 days after the death of control animals.

Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA by the polymerase chain reaction in anti-HBE positive chronic hepatitis B patients

A deteccao do DNA do Virus da Hepatite B pela Reacao em cadeia Polimerase (PCR) foi comparada com os outros marcadores sorologicos virais (AgHBs, AgHBe e anti-HBe) numa serie de 49 pacientes com hepatite cronica B, incluindo 12 que apresentaram clareamento espontaneo do AgHBs. Nenhum caso AgHBs negativo foi PCR positivo, mas 33/37 (89,2 por cento) dos casos AgHBs positivos foram PCR positivos (p<0,0001). Entre as amostras AgHBs positivas, 9 foram AgHBe positivas e anti-HBe negativas, todas elas PCR positivas....