Can single-use versus standard duodenoscope improve ergonomics in ERCP? A comparative, simulation-based pilot study.

Background and study aims Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and injuries (MSIs) are frequent in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The aim of this study was to assess potential ergonomic advantages of a lighter single-use duodenoscope compared with a standard reusable one for endoscopists performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods Three experienced endoscopists performed an ergonomic, preclinical, comparative protocol-guided simulation study of a single-use and a standard reusable duodenoscope using an anatomic bench model. Surface EMG signals from left forearm and arm muscles were recorded. A commercial inertial sensor-based motion capture system was applied to record body posture as well. Results A significant lowering of root mean square amplitude and amplitude distribution of biceps brachii signal (ranging from 13% to 42%) was recorded in all the participants when using a single-use duodenoscope compared with a reusable one. An overall reduction of muscle activation amplitude and duration was also associated with the single-use duodenoscope for forearm muscles, with different behaviors among subjects. Participants spent most of the time in wrist extension (> 80%) and ulnar deviation (> 65%). A consistent pattern of functional range of motion employed for completing all procedures was observed. Conclusions Our study showed that a lighter scope has a promising effect in reducing upper arm muscle activity during ERCP with potential benefit on musculoskeletal health in the ERCP setting.

Bilateral ureteral endometriosis-an indolent, aggressive, and dangerous condition.

OBJECTIVE: To describe an unusual bilateral ureteral reimplantation due to endometriosis and to provide a flowchart of conservative decision making. DESIGN: Video description of a case, demonstrating a step-by-step explanation of the decision planning and description of the surgical steps in a female patient with bilateral ureteral endometriosis who had previously undergone operation for bowel endometriosis, and who presented with extensive disease in the posterior compartment with no symptoms besides bilateral renal function disruption. The study was reviewed and approved by the Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo Institutional Review Board. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Deep infiltrating endometriosis involving the ureter has an incidence of 0.1% to 1%, normally affecting the lower one-third of its segment, up to 4 cm above the vesicoureteric junction. Bilateral ureteral involvement occurs in 9% of cases. The absence of specific symptoms makes the diagnosis of this condition challenging. Lumbar pain develops when its involvement is complicated by marked obstruction with impaired renal function. Decompressive surgery is mandatory. The necessity of ureteroneocystostomy increases along with the severity of hydronephrosis, accounting for 62% of ureteral decompressive procedures. However, bilateral ureteroneocystostomy is a rare procedure, not exceeding 6% of ureteral reimplantations. This case illustrates a situation in which a patient with a previous bowel segmental resection presented with an advanced bilateral posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis, compromising the lower rectum below the previous anastomosis, vagina, posterior, and lateral parametrium bilaterally and both inferior hypogastric plexi. Hormonal therapy improved endometriosis symptoms but did not control the urinary tract involvement. Along with the patient, considering a high probability of intestinal, urinary, and sexual impairment, a conservative approach was chosen. INTERVENTION: The procedure started with adesiolysis, accessing the retroperitoneum and identifying both dilated ureters (Figs. 1 and 2). They were dissected as caudally as possible, until endometriosis fibrosis was reached, to have a bigger length of proximal ureter to allow a tension-free ureteroneocystostomy. The Retzius space was developed, and the bladder was freed and mobilized (Fig. 3). After cutting the ureter, the proximal end was spatulated. The bladder dome was approximated to the psoas muscle with an interrupted suture to permit a tension-free ureteroneocystostomy. The detrusor muscle was opened for approximately 2 to 3 cm, exposing the vesical mucosa, which was subsequently opened. The posterior ureterovesical anastomosis was performed with running monofilament absorbable 4-0 sutures. A double-J stent was placed, and the anterior ureterovesical anastomosis was completed. The detrusor muscle was loosely closed over the ureter with interrupted absorbable sutures to avoid urinary reflux. A Maryland clamp was used to ensure sufficient entry of the tunnel. All these steps were repeated in the contralateral side. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Successful performance of a bilateral laparoscopy tension-free ureteroneocystostomy with bilateral psoas hitch. RESULTS: The postoperative course was uneventful. Renal function was restored. One year after surgery, the patient remained asymptomatic, and endometriotic lesions showed no increase, thus remaining stable. CONCLUSION: Ureteral endometriosis can be aggressive and indolent. Decompressive procedures must be performed. The decision-making process must take into consideration the patient's characteristics and expectations. In selected cases, a conservative approach may be required, when future possible functional disfunctions can be worse than the actual symptoms. In those situations, close surveillance is necessary.

Redesign of a GI endoscopy unit during the COVID-19 emergency: A practical model.

The pandemic diffusion of the SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the world required measures to prevent and strategies to control the infection, as well as the reallocation of the hospital structures in order to take care of an increased number of infected patients. Endoscopy Units should be able to perform endoscopic procedures on COVID-19 infected as well as on noninfected patients. The aim of this manuscript is to propose a model for a fast reorganization of the endoscopy department environment in order to safely perform endoscopic procedures in this Pandemic COVID-19 scenario, according to the current advices given by the Scientific Societies.

Optimizing Perioperative Outcomes with Selective Bowel Resection Following an Algorithm Based on Preoperative Imaging for Bowel Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To validate the algorithm for selective bowel surgery based on preoperative imaging by comparing the perioperative outcomes of patients who undergo each type of bowel surgery for deep bowel disease, and secondarily to evaluate the incidence, factors, and subsequent outcomes when the actual procedure performed deviated from the preoperative surgical plan. DESIGN: Retrospective study comparing 3 surgical interventions in an intention-to-treat analysis. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Women with significant pain (visual analog scale [VAS] >7) who were diagnosed with bowel endometriosis from preoperative imaging and underwent laparoscopic surgery for bowel endometriosis at a large referral center between 2014 and 2017. INTERVENTION: Laparoscopic shaving, disc resection, or full-segment resection and reanastomosis of bowel endometriosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 172 patients (mean age, 36.6 ± 5.2 years) underwent bowel surgery for endometriosis (n = 30 shaving, 71 disc, and 71 segmental resection). Total operative time was similar in the 3 group, but the mean length of hospital stay was longer in the segmental group (5.3 ± 1.0 days) compared with the disc group (4.6 ± 0.9 days) and the shaving group (3.8 ± 1.5 days) (p = .001). The surgical procedure was performed as planned according to the clinical algorithm in 86.5% of patients. Adherence to the proposed clinical algorithm resulted in a low incidence of overall complications (8.7% of total complications, 4.6% of minor complications, and 3.5% of major complications). The incidence of minor complications was higher in the segmental group (9.9%) compared with the discoid group (1.4%) and the shaving group (0%) (p = .0236), whereas the incidence of major complications were similar across the 3 groups (3.3%, 2.8%, and 4.2%, respectively; p = .899). There was a significantly higher frequency of pseudomembranous colitis in the segmental resection group (7 patients; 9.9%) compared with the discoid group (n = 1; 1.4%) and shaving group (0%) (p = .04). Owing to discrepancies between preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings after dissection and mobilization, deviation from the planned procedure occurred in a total of 25 of 172 cases (14.5%), with a less extensive procedure actually performed in 21 of 25 (84%) of the deviated cases. One of the 4 cases (25%) that involved a more extensive procedure resulted in a major complication of rectovaginal fistula. CONCLUSION: Selective bowel resection algorithm provides a systematic approach to the surgical management of patients with bowel endometriosis. Adherence to the surgical plan according to the preoperative imaging and criteria outlined in the algorithm can be accomplished in the majority of patients; however, the surgical team should be aware that upstaging or downstaging may be required, depending on the intraoperative findings. When feasible, the team should opt for a less extensive procedure to avoid complications associated with more radical surgery.

Postoperative Bowel Symptoms Improve over Time after Rectosigmoidectomy for Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bowel function (changes in stool caliber, sensation of incomplete evacuation, stooling frequency, and rectal bleeding) and urinary function (dysuria and retention) after segmental resection in patients with bowel endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 413 (mean age = 33.6 ± 5.1 years) of reproductive aged women, with bowel endometriosis that underwent segmental bowel resection of the rectosigmoid from 2005 to 2018, without history of prior bowel surgery, without existing or history of malignancy. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic segmental bowel resection performed by the same team and with the same technique. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data collected from the patients' records included length of resected segment, distance of the lesion from the anal verge, and complications. Information on intestinal and urinary function was obtained from a questionnaire applied before the surgery and at 2, 6, and 12 months after the surgery. There was a significant increase in the incidence of stool thinning and rectal bleeding 2 months after surgical procedure; these symptoms decreased significantly over time. The incidence of urinary symptoms decreased significantly over time after surgery. The length of the bowel segment resected was not associated with the postoperative symptoms, but the rectosigmoid lesion was significantly closer to the anal verge in patients with rectal bleeding and urinary symptoms. There was no association between the length of intestinal segment resected and the frequency of stooling. At 6 months, patients who had a decreased frequency of stooling underwent a resection closer to the anal verge (9.7 cm) in comparison with the ones with unchanged or increase frequency of stooling (10.1 cm and 10.7 cm, respectively; p <.05). CONCLUSION: Patient complaints on bowel and urinary alterations after segmental resection were transient with significant improvement over time up to 12 months. Bowel and urinary symptoms were not associated with the size of the bowel segment resected, whereas rectal bleeding at 2 months after surgery was significantly associated with the distance from anal verge. Segmental resection was also associated with a great improvement in constipation at 12 months postoperative.

Surgical Principles for Disc Resection of Deep Bowel Endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: Colorectal involvement represents 90% of bowel endometriosis. The best surgical approach must consider the patient's clinical symptoms, preoperative imaging, and correlation with surgical findings. For patients with severe pain who either have failed medical treatment or contraindications to hormonal treatment and have a single bowel lesion <3 cm that involves the inner muscularis, disc resection is the preferred approach to treat bowel endometriosis [1,2]. Therefore, here we describe the surgical principles for disc resection for deep bowel endometriosis. DESIGN: Step-by-step video illustration of our surgical technique with clarification of surgical principles. SETTING: Tertiary care center. INTERVENTION: A mechanical bowel preparation is given before surgery. A 10-mm port is placed in the umbilicus, and 3 other 5-mm auxiliary ports are placed in the right and left iliac fossa and in the suprapubic region. Dissection starts with development of both medial pararectal spaces. The retrocervical region is approached, and the bowel lesion is isolated. A suture is placed into the endometriosis bowel lesion to facilitate invagination into the stapler. A circular stapler is inserted into the rectum, and the anvil is opened at the level of the endometriosis lesion. Each end of the suture held by 2 graspers are pushed dorsally, whereas the stapling device is gently pushed ventrally, imbricating the delineated area. The stapler is closed, including the endometriosis area. After reassuring that the posterior part of the mesentery is free, the device is fired, excising only the anterior wall of the rectum. CONCLUSION: Disc resection is the technique of choice to treat a focal bowel endometriosis lesion <3 cm.

Wire-guided biliary cannulation: a comprehensive approach to a set of techniques.

Biliary cannulation represent a challenge for the endoscopists that approach to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, with non-negligible rate of failure even in expert hands. In order to achieve the biliary tree, two main technique are nowadays mainly used, namely the contrast-assisted cannulation and the wire-guided cannulation (WGC) techniques. The WGC technique is widely used because it seems to be related to higher success rate of cannulation of the common bile duct and, at the same time, to lower rates of complications. Particularly, this approach is associated with lower risk of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis, although the pathogenesis of this adverse event is still not completely understood. The outspread of this technique among endoscopists promoted the development of different methods of performing WGC-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, such as the touch technique, the no-touch technique and the double guide-wire cannulation. Furthermore, the variety of guide wires and accessories, with their different characteristics, contribute to make the scenario extremely heterogeneous. To date, the published studies did not highlight which is the best strategy that maximizes the rate of success and minimizes the percentage of complications, even because the experience of the operator represents an important variable that conditions the outcomes. The aim of this review is to define state of the art in WGC technique, in order to better understand the possible advantages in using this approach and to bring to light the possible area that may be object of further studies.

"To stent or not to stent?": immediate emergency surgery with laparoscopic radical colectomy with CME and primary anastomosis is feasible for obstructing left colon carcinoma.

Great debate exists in the initial acute management of large bowel obstruction from obstructing left colon carcinoma. While endoscopic stenting is well established as the first approach in the setting of palliative care of patients with advanced metastatic disease as well as a bridge to elective surgery in elderly patients who have an increased risk of postoperative mortality (age >70 years and/or ASA status ≥3), controversies exist regarding oncological safety and long-term outcomes of endoscopic colonic stenting in younger patients and ESGE Guidelines do not recommend SEMS placement in patients <70 and fit for curative surgery. Particularly, the Consensus Panelists currently state that SEMS placement as a bridge to surgery is not recommended as the standard treatment because (1) it does not reduce the postoperative mortality in the general population, (2) SEMS may be associated with an increased risk of tumor recurrence, and (3) acute resection is feasible in young and fit patients, with an acceptable postoperative mortality rate. A 32-year-old lady was admitted with complete LBO from obstructing sigmoid carcinoma. Initial i.v. CE-CT scan detected a large bowel partial obstruction with fecal impaction in the entire colon until sigmoid with some mildly dilated SB loops. The presence of a thickened area in the colonic wall could not be assessed because the patient was young and thin and in such patients the CT appearance of bowel wall cannot be clearly appreciated. She was initially managed with laxatives and gastrografin. The patient's obstruction did not improve and abdominal distension worsened with nausea and colicky pain. Urgent endoscopy detected a friable mass, consistent with completely obstructing carcinoma of the mid sigmoid. Biopsies were taken and distal ink marking was made. Whole-body urgent CT scan with i.v. contrast was performed in order to obtain full preoperative staging and to rule out distant metastases. CT scan and the previously given oral gastrografin confirmed complete large bowel obstruction with a tight stricture in the sigmoid. Cecum was markedly distended.

A multicenter randomized trial comparing the use of touch versus no-touch guidewire technique for deep biliary cannulation: the TNT study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There are 2 techniques described for selective bile duct guidewire cannulation, the touch (T) technique (engaging the papilla with a sphincterotome and then advancing the guidewire) and the no-touch (NT) technique (engaging the papilla only with the guidewire). The aim of this prospective, multicenter randomized study was to compare the outcomes of the 2 guidewire cannulation techniques. METHODS: Three hundred consecutive patients with naïve papillae were enrolled in 2 groups (150 to T group and 150 to NT group). A maximum of 15 biliary cannulation attempts, for no longer than 5 minutes, or a maximum of 5 unintentional cannulations of the pancreatic duct for each group were performed. If biliary cannulation failed, the patient was crossed over to the other technique with the same parameters. The primary outcome was the guidewire cannulation success rate using either the T or NT technique. Secondary outcomes were the number of attempts and cannulation duration, number of pancreatic duct cannulations, and adverse events. RESULTS: The primary cannulation rate was significantly higher in the T group compared with the NT group (88% vs 54%, P < .001), and the cannulation rate was significantly higher using the T technique compared with the NT technique also after crossover (77% vs 17%, P < .001). The mean number of cannulation attempts was 4.6 in the T group versus 5.5 in the NT group (P = .006), and the duration of cannulation before crossover (P < .001) and overall cannulation duration after crossover (P < .001) were significantly lower in the T group. The number of unintended pancreatic duct cannulations was statistically higher using the T technique compared with the NT technique (P = .037). The rates of adverse events did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results clearly indicated that the T technique is superior to the NT technique for biliary cannulation. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01954602.).

Team work and cytopathology molecular diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-associated death in the next decade or so. It is widely accepted that tumorigenesis is linked to specific alterations in key genes and pancreatic neoplasms are some of the best characterized at the genomic level. Recent whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing analyses confirmed that PDAC is frequently characterized by mutations in a set of four genes among others: KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A/p16, and SMAD4. Sequencing, for example, is the preferable technique available for detecting KRAS mutations, whereas in situ immunochemistry is the main approach for detecting TP53 gene alteration. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of PDAC is still a clinical challenge, involving adequate acquisition of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and specific pathological assessment from tissue architecture to specific biomolecular tests. The aim of the present review is to provide a complete overview of the current knowledge of the biology of pancreatic cancer as detected by the latest biomolecular techniques and, moreover, to propose a paradigm for strict teamwork collaboration in order to improve the correct use of diagnostic sources.

Estudo das telas cirúrgicas de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25 e polipropileno monofilamentar no reparo de hérnias inguinais / Study of surgical meshes of polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 and monofilament polypropylene in the repair of inguinal hernias

OBJETIVO: Aferir complicações pós-operatórias imediatas e tardias em pacientes portadores de hérnia inguinal submetidos à correção cirúrgica, comparando a utilização da tela de polipropileno monofilamentar com a tela de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo dos pacientes submetidos ao reparo inguinal com uso de tela cirúrgica, avaliando as complicações precoces e tardias por meio de levantamento de prontuários e contato telefônico. Foram utilizadas telas de polipropileno monofilamentar e telas polipropileno com poliglecaprone-25, sendo os pacientes alocados em cada um dos grupos de forma aleatorizada. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 114 pacientes no estudo submetidos ao reparo inguinal pela técnica de Lichtenstein. No grupo que utilizou a tela de polipropileno monofilamentar (81,5%), foram identificados quatro pacientes (4,30%) com seroma, dois (2,15%) com hematoma, dois (2,15%) apresentaram infecção de ferida operatória, três (3,22%) apresentaram hipoestesia, nove (9,67%) apresentaram dor ou desconforto crônico na região inguinal e não houve casos de recorrência da hérnia no período. No grupo que utilizou a tela de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25 (18,5%), foram identificados um paciente (4,76%) com seroma e um (4,76%) com hipoestesia e dois pacientes (9,52%) apresentaram desconforto ou dor crônica. CONCLUSÃO: O reparo inguinal com uso de tela foi o meio mais eficiente para o tratamento da hérnia inguinal apresentando baixos índices de complicação e fácil aplicabilidade O uso das telas de polipropileno/poliglecaprone-25 ainda não está totalmente estabelecido, apresentando taxas globais de complicações iguais às telas de polipropileno monofilamentar.

OBJECTIVE: To assess postoperative early and late complications in patients with inguinal hernia undergoing surgical correction, comparing the use of monofilament polypropylene mesh with polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 mesh. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients undergoing inguinal repair with the use of surgical mesh, evaluating early and late complications through the analysis of medical records, and telephone contact. Monofilament polypropylene mesh and polypropylene/polyglecaprone-25 mesh were used, with the patients being randomly allocated to each group. RESULTS:The study included 114 patients who underwent inguinal repair through Lichtenstein technique. In the group that used the monofilament polypropylene mesh (81.5%) 4 patients (4.30%) were identified with seroma, 2 patients (2.15%) with hematoma, 2 patients (2.15%) had surgical wound infection, 3 patients (3.22%) had hypoesthesia, 9 patients (9.67%) had chronic pain or discomfort in the groin, and there were no cases of recurrence of hernia in the period. In the group that used the polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 mesh (18.5%), 1 patient (4.76%) had seroma, 1 patient (4.76%) had hypoesthesia, and 2 patients (9.52%) showed chronic discomfort or pain. CONCLUSION: The inguinal repair with mesh use is the most efficient treatment for inguinal hernia, showing low rate of complications, and being easy to apply. The use of polypropylene/poliglecaprone-25 mesh is not yet fully established, presenting overall rates of complications similar to monofilament polypropylene mesh.

Current status of peroral cholangioscopy in biliary tract diseases.

Peroral cholangioscopy (POC) is an important tool for the management of a selected group of biliary diseases. Because of its direct visualization, POC allows targeted diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. POC can be performed using a dedicated cholangioscope that is advanced through the accessory channel of a duodenoscope or via the insertion of a small-diameter endoscope directly into the bile duct. POC was first described in the 1970s, but the use of earlier generation devices was substantially limited by the cumbersome equipment setup and high repair costs. For nearly ten years, several technical improvements, including the single-operator system, high-quality images, the development of dedicated accessories and the increased size of the working channel, have led to increased diagnostic accuracy, thus assisting in the differentiation of benign and malignant intraductal lesions, targeting biopsies and the precise delineation of intraductal tumor spread before surgery. Furthermore, lithotripsy of difficult bile duct stones, ablative therapies for biliary malignancies and direct biliary drainage can be performed under POC control. Recent developments of new types of conventional POCs allow feasible, safe and effective procedures at reasonable costs. In the current review, we provide an updated overview of POC, focusing our attention on the main current clinical applications and on areas for future research.

Deep Invasive Endometriosis Lesions of the Rectosigmoid May Be Related to Alterations in Cell Kinetics.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze cell kinetics through expression and apoptosis of topoisomerase 2-α (TOP2A), p53, and c-erb2 in rectosigmoid endometriotic lesions and in healthy endometrial tissue and to establish correlations between such findings and clinical data in patients with rectosigmoid endometriosis. METHODS: Sixty patients with rectosigmoid endometriosis and 20 control women without endometriosis were included. Immunohistochemical assays were used to measure expression of TOP2A, p53, and c-erB-2. Apoptosis was quantified by directly counting the apoptotic bodies. FINDINGS: The number of lesions was positively correlated with expression of TOP2A in the lesion. There was also significant correlation between the lesions' size and number and cell turnover index. Apoptosis index (AI) was the same for endometriosis lesions and eutopic endometrium. Expression of TOP2A was significantly lower in the endometriosis group compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in cell proliferation but not in the AI in rectosigmoid endometriosis are indicative of an imbalance in cell kinetics that may lead to the development of the disease.

External validation of the SF-36 quality-of-life questionnaire in Italian and Brazilian populations to select patients with colorectal endometriosis for surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the external validity of the validated French model of the quality-of-life questionnaire (QOL) SF-36 in predicting improvement after colorectal resection for endometriosis. DESIGN: Italian and Brazilian cohort studies (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). SETTING: Tertiary referral university hospital in Brazil and expert center in endometriosis in Italy. PATIENTS: Patients with colorectal endometriosis from an Italian population (n = 63) and a Brazilian population (n = 151). INTERVENTION: Laparoscopic colorectal resection for treatment of endometriosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Preoperative and postoperative evaluations of the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary (MCS) of the SF-36 were performed. Substantial improvement in PCS and MCS was observed after colorectal resection in both populations. In the Brazilian population, the receiver operating curve (ROC) (area under the curve [AUC]) was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-0.89) for MCS and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.71-0.83) for PCS, demonstrating good discrimination performance. The mean difference between the predicted and calibrated probabilities was 19.6% for MCS and 32.8% for PCS. In the Italian population, the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.52-0.78) for PCS and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.55-0.78) for MCS. The model demonstrated poor discrimination and calibration performance for PCS (p < .001) and MCS (p = .003). The mean difference between the predicted and calibrated probabilities was 17.5% for MCS and 21.8% for PCS. CONCLUSION: Despite the use of validated translations of the SF-36, our results underline the limits of this tool in selection of patients for colorectal resection due to underestimation of predicted quality of life, possibly because of variations in epidemiologic characteristics of the populations.

Comparative analysis of iatrogenic injury of biliary tract in laparotomic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy / Análise comparativa de lesão iatrogênica de vias biliares em colecistectomias laparotômicas e videolaparoscópicas

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic injury to the bile ducts is the most feared complication of cholecystectomy and several are the possibilities to occur. AIM: To compare the cases of iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tract occurring in conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, assessing the likely causal factors, complications and postoperative follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with analysis of records of patients undergoing conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All the patients were analyzed in two years. The only criterion for inclusion was to be operative bile duct injury, regardless of location or time of diagnosis. There were no exclusion criteria. Epidemiological data of patients, time of diagnosis of the lesion and its location were analyzed. RESULTS: Total of 515 patients with gallstones was operated, 320 (62.1 %) by laparotomy cholecystectomy and 195 by laparoscopic approach. The age of patients with bile duct injury ranged from 29-70 years. Among those who underwent laparotomy cholecystectomy, four cases were diagnosed (1.25 %) with lesions, corresponding to 0.77 % of the total patients. No patient had iatrogenic interventions with laparoscopic surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to laparotomy, had a lower rate of bile duct injury. .

RACIONAL: A lesão iatrogênica das vias biliares representa a complicação mais temida na colecistectomia e vários são seus fatores desencadeantes. OBJETIVOS: Estudar comparativamente os casos de lesões iatrogênicas de vias biliares ocorridas em colecistectomias convencionais e videolaparoscópicas, avaliando os prováveis fatores causais, complicações e o seguimento pós-operatório. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva, com análise de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à colecistectomias convencionais e videolaparoscópicas. Foram analisados todos os pacientes operados no período de dois anos. O critério de inclusão único foi o de existir lesão operatória da via biliar, independentemente de sua localização ou tempo de diagnóstico. Não houve critérios de exclusão. Foram analisados dados epidemiológicos dos pacientes, tempo de diagnóstico da lesão e sua localização. RESULTADOS: Total de 515 pacientes portadores de litíase biliar foi operado, senod 320 (62,1%) por colecistectomia laparotômica e 195 por videolaparoscópica. A idade dos pacientes com lesão de via biliar variou de 29-70 anos. Entre os submetidos à colecistectomia laparotômica, foram diagnosticados quatro casos (1,25%) com lesão de via biliar, correspondendo à 0,77% do total de pacientes. Nenhum paciente teve iatrogênese com a videocirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: A colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, comparativamente à colecistectomia laparotômica, apresentou menor taxa de lesão de via biliar. .