Depression prevalence based on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale compared to Structured Clinical Interview for DSM DIsorders classification: Systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Estimates of depression prevalence in pregnancy and postpartum are based on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) more than on any other method. We aimed to determine if any EPDS cutoff can accurately and consistently estimate depression prevalence in individual studies. METHODS: We analyzed datasets that compared EPDS scores to Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID) major depression status. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to compare prevalence with EPDS cutoffs versus the SCID. RESULTS: Seven thousand three hundred and fifteen participants (1017 SCID major depression) from 29 primary studies were included. For EPDS cutoffs used to estimate prevalence in recent studies (≥9 to ≥14), pooled prevalence estimates ranged from 27.8% (95% CI: 22.0%-34.5%) for EPDS ≥ 9 to 9.0% (95% CI: 6.8%-11.9%) for EPDS ≥ 14; pooled SCID major depression prevalence was 9.0% (95% CI: 6.5%-12.3%). EPDS ≥14 provided pooled prevalence closest to SCID-based prevalence but differed from SCID prevalence in individual studies by a mean absolute difference of 5.1% (95% prediction interval: -13.7%, 12.3%). CONCLUSION: EPDS ≥14 approximated SCID-based prevalence overall, but considerable heterogeneity in individual studies is a barrier to using it for prevalence estimation.

Antenatal Depression in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

CONTEXT: Antenatal depression is not easily visible, though the prevalence is high. The idea of conducting this study was conceived from this fact. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of antenatal depression and identify the risk factors, for early diagnosis and intervention. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study conducted in a Tertiary Care Hospital was prospective and cross-sectional. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pregnant women between 18 and 40 years of age were studied. The sample size comprised 318 women. They were assessed using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score, Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis I Disorders, Life Event Stress Scale (LESS), and Life Distress Inventory (LDI). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 15 software was used to measure percentages, mean, correlation, and P < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Prevalence of antenatal depression in the study was 12.3%. Correlation of the sociodemographic factors, obstetric factors, LDI, and LESS with EPDS scores showed statistical significance for unplanned pregnancy, distress associated with relationships, physical health, financial situation, social life, presence of personality disorder, being a homemaker, and higher educational status. CONCLUSION: The study showed a high prevalence rate of depression and identified risk factors.

Bupropion-warfarin combination: a serious complication.

Depressive illness and thromboembolic disorders are both highly prevalent. Warfarin is frequently combined with an antidepressant drug, the choice of which depends mainly on the risk of a hemorrhagic complication. Patients requiring the warfarin are often in the older age group, where the newer antidepressants with a better safety profile are preferred over tricyclic antidepressants. We report herein, a patient who was on bupropion for depression, when he developed deep vein thrombosis high-risk. Warfarin was started. While on this combination bupropion was abruptly stopped. This caused a more than two-fold elevation of international normalized ratio (INR) above the level, which is considered a high-risk for a hemorrhagic complication. INR reverted back to the desired level on reintroduction of bupropion. This indicates that a bupropion-warfarin combination should be used with the caution, though there has been no reported interaction so far.

Olanzapine-induced Tardive Oculogyric Crises.

Tardive syndromes are much lower in prevalence in second generation antipsychotics (SGA) than in the typical antipsychotics. Although, olanzapine, which is an SGA, has a high risk of causing weight gain, metabolic syndrome, raised blood sugar, and dyslipidemias; it is widely used as the risk of developing extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) is low. Among the various forms of EPS, tardive syndromes are the most feared, tardive dyskinesia, tardive akathisia, and tardive dystonia are the commonest tardive syndromes, the others being less common. Tardive oculogyric crises (TOC) are a rare form of tardive dystonia. This patient had TOC with prolonged unsupervised treatment with low-dose olanzapine. Added to that, she developed weight gain that was alarmingly high and such high gain in weight with olanzapine, to our knowledge, has not been reported. She responded to a low dose of trihexiphenydyl, and on stopping olanzapine and adding aripiprazole, has started losing weight.