Hyaline cartilage at the portal plate and gallbladder in biliary atresia.

Biliary atresia (BA) is a fibro-obliterative cholestatic disease of infancy. The presence of cartilage in the resected tissue is an uncommon finding. We documented the presence of both mature and immature hyaline cartilage in the portal plate and the wall of the gallbladder in a 2-month-old girl infant with BA who had undergone Kasai portoenterostomy. The presence of cartilage could be part of a heterotopia or an uncommon connective tissue metaplasia. The presence of immature cartilage with the merging of the perichondrium with the soft tissue highlights a metaplastic etiology in the index case.

Antenatally Detected Thoracic Lesions: Prognosis, Management and Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Foetal thoracic lesions are uncommon, with the incidence of 1 in 15,000 live births. Antenatal monitoring of these lesions is required to prognosticate the parents about the postnatal outcome of the lesions and about the well-being of the baby. Foetal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the modalities to detect these lesions and follow-up during pregnancy and postnatally. Congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformations (CPAM), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and bronchopulmonary sequestrations (BPS) are the commonly detected foetal thoracic lesions. Parameters such as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) volume ratio (CVR) and lung-to-head ratio (LHR) determine the prognosis of these lesions. With this background, we planned to study the prognosis and outcome of antenatally detected thoracic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study carried out for 2 years (January 2017 to December 2018). Pregnant females with foetuses diagnosed to have thoracic lesions on the second- and third-trimester ultrasound and foetal MRI were enrolled for the study. CVR and LHR were noted. Outcomes were analysed in terms of the need of termination of pregnancy, foetal or neonatal demise and need of surgery or conservative management. RESULTS: Of a total of 521 pregnancies, thoracic lesions were detected in 22 (4.22%) cases. Individually, the incidence of each lesion was: CPAM-10 (45.45%), BPS-5 (22.73%), CDH-5 (22.73%) and congenital higher airway obstruction-2 (9.1%). Chromosomal screening was normal in 100% of cases. Follow-up was done for 2 years. Termination of pregnancy was required in 3 (13.64%) cases, postnatal death occurred in 4 (18.2%) cases, surgery was required in three cases of CDH soon after birth and two cases of extralobar BPS at 2 years of age. 10 (45.45%) cases were managed conservatively, who are doing well at 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: CPAMs, BPSs and CDH are the commonly detected antenatal thoracic lesions. Ultrasonography and MRI help detect and prognosticate the parents about the outcomes of these lesions. CVR and LHR with associated congenital malformations are important prognostic markers for these lesions. There is a need of long-term prospective studies to delineate the natural history of these lesions.

Goal-directed fluid therapy guided by plethysmographic variability index versus conventional liberal fluid therapy in neonates undergoing abdominal surgery: A prospective randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative fluid therapy maintains normovolemia, normal tissue perfusion, normal metabolic function, normal electrolytes, and acid-base status. Plethysmographic variability index has been shown to predict fluid responsiveness but its role in guiding intraoperative fluid therapy is still elusive. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to compare intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy based on plethysmographic variability index with liberal fluid therapy in term neonates undergoing abdominal surgeries. METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in a tertiary care centre, over a period of 18 months. A total of 30 neonates completed the study out of 132 neonates screened. Neonates with tracheoesophageal fistula, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital heart disease, respiratory disorders, creatinine clearance <90 mL/min and who were hemodynamically unstable were excluded. Neonates were randomized to goal-directed fluid therapy group where the plethysmographic variability index was targeted at <18 or liberal fluid therapy group. Primary outcome was comparison of total amount of fluid infused intraoperatively in both the groups. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative and postoperative arterial blood gas parameters, biochemical parameters, use of vasopressors, number of fluid boluses, complications and duration of hospital stay. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in total intraoperative fluid infused [90 (84-117.5 mL) in goal-directed fluid therapy and 105 (85.5-144.5 mL) in liberal fluid therapy group (p = .406)], median difference (95% CI) -15 (-49.1 to 19.1). There was a decrease in serum lactate levels in both groups from preoperative to postoperative 24 h. The amount of fluid infused before dopamine administration was significantly higher in liberal fluid therapy group (58 [50.25-65 mL]) compared to goal-directed fluid therapy group (36 [22-44 mL], p = .008), median difference (95% CI) -22 (-46 to 2). In postoperative period, the total amount of fluid intake over 24 h was comparable in two groups (222 [204-253 mL] in goal-directed fluid therapy group and 224 [179.5-289.5 mL] in liberal fluid therapy group, p = .917) median difference (95% CI) cutoff -2 (-65.3 to 61.2). CONCLUSION: Intraoperative plethysmographic variability index-guided goal-directed fluid therapy was comparable to liberal fluid therapy in terms of total volume of fluid infused in neonates during perioperative period. More randomized controlled trials with higher sample size are required. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Central Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2020/02/023561).

Isolated Fetal Ventriculomegaly- Postnatal Outcomes and Proposed New Prognostication Classification.

Background: Outcome of Isolated ventriculomegaly diagnosed antenatally depends on size of ventricles and associated malformations. There is scarcity of literature on the guidelines for prognostication based on outcomes as per the ventricle size. Aim: The aim of this work was to study outcome of antenatally detected isolated ventriculomegaly in terms of medical termination, postnatal neuro-developmental milestones, and mortality; and also to propose a new prognostication classification. Methods: Prospective and retrospective observational study on antenatal mothers with isolated ventriculomegaly diagnosed in fetus. Outcomes in terms of termination of pregnancy, postnatal mortality, need of surgery, and morbidity were recorded. Patients were categorized into four groups: Group 1--ventricle size <10 mm, II--11-15 mm, III--16-20 mm, and IV > 20 mm and neuro-developmental milestones were co-related. Association with chromosomal anomalies, congenital heart disease, and maternal infection were also analyzed. Results: 521 antenatal females were referred with fetal anomalies with 163 having CNS malformations. Isolated ventriculomegaly was seen in only 44. Patients of groups 1 and 2 had 100% normal neuro-developmental milestones without any intervention. Group 3 patients had normal neurodevelopmental milestones in 60% only while shunt surgery was required in 40% of patients. All patients of group 4 had poor outcome with only 50% survival. No association with chromosomal anomalies and heart disease was found. Conclusions: Prognosis of isolated ventriculomegaly depends upon size of ventricles and its progressive increase on serial ultrasounds. New proposed classification is simple and would be useful for the treating surgeons to explain the prognosis to parents so as to relieve them of anxiety.

Factors affecting stress levels in parents of surgical neonates: A prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of research focusing on the stress levels in parents of newborns undergoing surgery. Resource challenged systems have to deal with overcrowding, a shortage of workforce along with demographic and socioeconomic issues like delayed presentations and out of pocket expenses. The primary objective of this study was to understand the factors associated with stress in the parents of these congenitally malformed neonates. METHODOLOGY: This was a prospective cohort study, which was conducted in a neonatal surgical ICU of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Factors affecting stress levels in parents of surgical neonates were studied in 100 participants. A multi-dimensional questionnaire - The PSS: NICU score was utilized in the study. The parents were interviewed on Day 3-5 after surgery. RESULT: 59% of the respondents were fathers. The majority of the parents were in the age bracket of 24 to 35 years. The mean scores for the subscales sights and sounds, looks and behavior and alteration in the parental role were 3.24±0.8, 3.52±0.63, 3.55±0.8 and 2.8 ± 0.9 respectively. The highest level of stress was found in the domains of alteration of parental role and infant appearance and behavior. Comparisons showed significantly higher maternal scores in all the domains. Overall stress scores were highest for abdominal wall defects. CONCLUSION: Parents of neonates undergoing surgery suffer from significant stress levels and appropriate counseling targeted towards specific stressors is required to allay this important parental issue.

Anorectal Malformations: The Earlier the Diagnosis, the Better the Outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of delayed presentation of anorectal malformation (ARM) in neonates and to compare the presenting characteristics and outcomes of early versus delayed presentation. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study of all neonates (age < 28 d) with ARM over 2 y. Delayed presentation was defined as presentation beyond 48 h of birth. Various presenting features and their early postoperative outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Nearly half (26, 48%) of the 54 neonates with ARM had delayed presentation. Early and late presenters did not differ in terms of gender, gestational age, birth weight, place of delivery, and type of ARM (p > 0.05 for all). Delayed group had lower weight at presentation (p = 0.008), higher incidence of severe abdominal distension (p = 0.05), and sepsis (p = 0.171) and required longer time for resuscitation (p = 0.007) and more inotropes (p = 0.015), preoperatively. Early postoperative outcomes including time for stoma to function, initiate feeds and time to reach full feeds were significantly delayed in late presenters. They also had more wound infections, longer hospital stay and higher mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed diagnosis of ARM is associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality. Adequate awareness and training of health workers for early identification of ARM by careful perineal examination of all newborns at birth is the need of the hour.

Comparison of unenhanced and contrast-enhanced 3 T magnetic resonance portovenography in children with extra hepatic portal venous obstruction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate role of 3-T magnetic resonance portovenography (MRPV) in children with extra hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) and compare unenhanced and contrast-enhanced sequences. METHODS: 20 Children with EHPVO underwent MRPV using unenhanced [T2, T1 pre-contrast, Balanced turbo field echo (BTFE)] and contrast-enhanced (CE) modified DIXON (mDIXON) sequences. The images were evaluated for the patency of abdominal veins, hepatic and splenic parenchyma by two radiologists for interobserver agreement. RESULTS: BTFE and post-contrast mDIXON sequences performed best for evaluation of abdominal veins. Concordance between the BTFE and CE sequences was good to very good for both the radiologists for splenic vein (SV) evaluation. The concordance between the two sequences for evaluation of superior mesenteric vein and its confluence with the SV was less remarkable and varied from fair to good, while the interobserver agreement was very good to perfect. The interobserver agreement between the BTFE and CE sequence for the evaluation of left renal vein was very good, while that for IVC was perfect. The agreement between BTFE and CE sequence was perfect for the evaluation of right and middle hepatic veins, while the interobserver agreement was good to perfect. The interobserver agreement was poor for evaluation of hepatic parenchyma on BTFE sequence as compared to CE sequence, and moderate for splenic parenchyma. CONCLUSION: BTFE sequence is the single best unenhanced MR pulse sequence to detect all the vascular structures in children with EHPVO. CE-MRI is not superior to BTFE sequence and should be used at the discretion of the radiologist.

Role of urodynamics in male patients of high-anorectal malformations: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: Association of spinal or vertebral anomalies and the iatrogenic denervation during surgical correction of anorectal malformation patients especially in boys can lead to neurogenic bladder inthese subset of patients. The paucity of literature with regard to urodynamic studies focusing exclusively in male children with high-anorectal malformations (HARM) lead us to analyze the urodynamic changes. The objective was to study urodynamic profile in male patients who have undergone surgery for anorectal malformation. METHODS: Male high-anorectal malformation patients who had completed all the stages of repair were prospective studied. Following the basic work up, all patients based on the urodynamics were categorized into 2 groups as safe or unsafe bladders. Unsafe bladder was defined as detrusor pressure > 40 cm (high detrusor pressure) or pressure variability of 15 cm of water (detrusor overactivity) or significant post-void residue. MRI was limited to patients with only abnormal urodynamics to rule out spinal causes of neurogenic bladder and due to financial constraints, it could not be offered to all patients. RESULTS: 41 HARM meet the exclusion criteria. All patients were asymptomatic with none having history of urinary tract infections. Ultrasound showed bladder wall thickening in 31.7% patients. UDS revealed reduction in bladder capacity and compliance was noted in 31.7% and 30% patients, respectively. Elevated detrusor pressures (> 40 cm of water) were noted in 10% (4/41), detrusor overactivity with concomitant elevated detrusor pressures in 19.5% (8/41) and normal UDS in 70% (29/41). 13 patients (31.7%) had abnormal cystometric parameters with 12(30%) having unsafe bladders. MRI confirmed sacral agenesis in 1 patient with unsafe bladder. CONCLUSION: Urodynamics can demonstrate occult neurovesical dysfunction in patients with HARM. This would help in early renal protective therapy and prevent the burden of long-term sequelae of neurovesical dysfunction in HARM patients.

TIMP-2 as a noninvasive urinary marker for predicting neurogenic bladder in patients under follow-up for spina bifida.

INTRODUCTION: Neurogenic bladder (NB) post-meningomyelocele (MMC) repair is a major challenge and needs lifelong follow-up. Many cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NB. To avoid repeated urodynamic studies (UDS) and renal scans, we studied urinary tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) levels and correlated with urodynamic profiles to establish their efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective case-control study on children between 6 months to 12 years of age, who were at least 6 months post-MMC repair and had NB on UDS. Patients were evaluated under 4 cohorts of 20 patients each: Group A (NB on treatment), Group B (NB not on treatment), Group C (no NB), and Group D (Controls). All groups underwent radiofrequency thermocoagulation, urine culture, ultrasonography. Urine samples were stored at -800°C and analyzed using a validated Human ELISA kit for TIMP-2. RESULTS: Eighty patients with a mean age of 3.54 ± 2.1 years were studied. A common ultrasound finding was a thickened urinary bladder (33.3%). All UDS parameters showed a statistically significant differences between groups with NB (Groups A and B) and a group without NB (Group C). Analysis of TIMP-2 levels between individual groups was statistically significant. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve between urinary TIMP-2 and cystometric parameters indicated that urinary TIMP-2 levels are highly diagnostic of NB. TIMP-2 value of 358.5 pg/ml was found to be the least value with 93.5 sensitivity and 86.2% specificity. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential of urinary marker TIMP-2 as noninvasive and cost-effective test to initially diagnose and predict the progression of disease in NBs with reasonable sensitivity and specificity.

Robotic Excision of Choledochal Cyst with Hepaticoduodenostomy (HD): Report of HD Technique, Initial Experience, and Early Outcome.

INTRODUCTION: Minimal access surgical approach to choledochal cyst (CC) is becoming a standard of care in pediatric age group. Robotic-assisted excision of CC is increasingly being practiced at centers which have access to the system. We present our experience and technique of hepaticoduodenostomy (HD). Over all initial experience, short-term outcomes and complications are also presented and discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with CC and undergoing robotic excision were retrospectively studied. Patients with active cholangitis, liver dysfunction, and perforated CC were excluded for robotic procedures. All included patients were preoperatively evaluated as per the defined protocol. They underwent excision of CC with HD. The duodenal anastomosis was done after limited mobilization and emphasis was laid on anastomosing the distal D2 part to the common hepatic duct. This prevents bile reflux into stomach. The follow-up evaluation was done for these patients. Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan for duodenogastric reflux (DGR) was done only if patients reported symptoms related to it. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients (10 females) were studied. The mean age was 84 months. Type 1b was present in 12 patients and the rest were type IVb. Complete cyst excision with HD was done in all patients except conversion to open in one patient. The mean surgical time was 170 ± 40 minutes with console time of 140 ± 20 minutes. Median follow-up duration is 2.5 years (range: 3.5-0.5 years). HIDA scan was done in five patients who had reported epigastric pain. Of these five, one patient had a positive DGR. He is on conservative management. CONCLUSION: Robot-assisted CC excision with HD is feasible as proven by the outcome of 19 patients presented in this series. HD is to be done away from pylorus in distal part of down curving D2. This particular step prevents DGR and is the most important point of technique in doing HD. The presented series is the first report of robotic excision of CC with HD. The robot is a facilitator for complex and difficult operations as CC excision and HD.

Outcome of antenatally diagnosed cystic hygroma - Lessons learnt.

PURPOSE: This study is carried out to characterize the prognosis and outcome of antenatally diagnosed cystic hygroma in a series of registered pregnancies. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study, carried out over a period of 4 years (Jan 2016-Sept 2019). All the pregnancies referred from the department of obstetrics with antenatally detected cystic hygroma or increased nuchal thickness on level II ultrasonography suggestive of lymphangiomas were registered in the Pediatric Surgery outpatient department. Amniocentesis, fetal ECHO and fetal MRI (if indicated)were done. Prognosis was explained to the family and mode of delivery was planned as per the obstetric indications. Postnatal evaluation included general physical examination along with ultra sound (USG)doppler of the lesion. The neonates were admitted in neonatal surgical ICU for the administration of intralesional bleomycin in a dose of 0.3 IU/kg under strict observation. All the babies were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months. Results were segregated as excellent, good and still in follow up cohort as per the final outcome. The fetal neck masses detected antenatally and the age at first dose of bleomycin were compared with the number of sclerotherapy doses required to achieve good response. RESULTS: Only nine patients out of 626 registered pregnancies (1.4%) were diagnosed with cystic hygroma. One antenatal mother opted for termination of pregnancy at 19 weeks of gestation and another patient was lost to follow up after receiving two doses of bleomycin in postnatal period. Maternal hypothyroidism was noted in two pregnancies. Antenatal USG shows increased nuchal thickness in 2 cases (first trimester) and 6 cases in level II scan. Amniocentesis shows normal fetal karyotyping in all these pregnancies. Fetal ECHO suggests normal biventricular function in 100% cases while fetal MRI done in one case completely ruled out any aerodigestive compromise. Mode of delivery is found to be planned elective LSCS in 57% of cases while normal vaginal delivery attained in 43% of cases as per the obstetric guidelines. Six cases achieved good response with >50% reduction in size out of which 4 cases received the dose at the first 10 days of life. Complete disappearance of lesion at the end of 6 months of follow up were seen in two babies. CONCLUSIONS: Antenatal screening for early detection of fetal cystic hygroma with possible associated congenital aneuploidies helps in prognostication and planning the mode of delivery. A multimodality approach during intra and postpartum increases safety margin. Even huge neck masses without associated anomalies carry fair prognosis. Intralesional bleomycin is safe and prevents surgical morbidity.

Robotic Assisted Vesicoscopic Cohen's Reimplantation in Pediatric Patient: Nuances of Technique, Experience, and Outcome.

Aim: Vesicoscopic Cohen's reimplantation closely replicates the open procedure and is reported to have equally good results. Robotic assisted vesicoscopic reimplantation (RAVR) is a new procedure, and the information on technique of RAVR is sparse. We present our technique, experience, and early outcome with RAVR and review of literature. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with vesicoureteric reflux grade II and above. These patients were subjected to RAVR. Selection criteria for this procedure were age >4 years, preserved renal function, and bladder capacity >250 mL. Patients with previous bladder surgery or urethral issues were excluded. Patients were operated by DaVinci Si system, and the technique is described in detail. Three ports were placed by use of bougie. The ureters were adequately mobilized before placing in submucosal tunnel. Results: Total of 5 ureters were reimplanted in 4 patients (2 females and 1 bilateral). Ureteral tapering was done in 1 patient. Mean port placement time was 25 minutes with 12 minutes of docking time. Mean console time was 70 minutes for unilateral cases and 100 minutes for the bilateral case. There was resolution of reflux in all patients. The mean follow-up duration is 9 months. Conclusions: Robotic assisted vesicoscopic reimplantation is a feasible and safe method of replicating Cohen's reimplantation. There is a learning curve with the procedure, and nuances related to the technique need to be learned by the surgeon. This is the third report on RAVR and provides the necessary technical details required by a robotic surgeon to replicate this procedure.

Thoracoscopic Transdiaphragmatic Excision of Hepatic Hydatid in Patients with Synchronous Pulmonary Hydatid: A Novel Operative Approach.

Background: We wish to describe a novel technique of transdiaphragmatic excision of hepatic hydatid in patients with synchronous ipsilateral lung hydatid. Patients and Methods: Two patients, aged 11 and 6 years, presented with large synchronous hydatid cyst in right lung and liver. Second patient had two large cysts in right lobe of liver in posterior-superior segment of VII and VIII. The patients underwent thoracoscopic excision of lung cyst, and in same sitting the liver hydatid was seen bulging through the diaphragm. The diaphragm was incised to expose the cyst beneath, with excision of hydatid. Port-in-cyst technique was used to excise the membranes. Results: Both lung and liver cyst were successfully removed through thoracoscopic approach and a laparotomy was altogether avoided. Both patients did well in follow-up (3 years and 6 months). There are no respiratory issues in these patients. Conclusions: This is a novel approach for multiple synchronous hepatic and pulmonary hydatid. This can be applied in specific scenario as described. It gives a significant advantage of avoiding a laparotomy and thoracotomy in patients and thus reducing morbidity.

Anterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty: Our Experience.

CONTEXT: Anterior sagittal anorectoplasty (ASARP) is accepted as one of the techniques for the repair of vestibular fistula (VF) and low-type anomalies, but some may have reservations. AIMS: The aim of the study is to describe the technique, important features, and functional and cosmetic outcomes of ASARP for the treatment of anorectal malformation (ARM) in females. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A prospective study was performed from 1992 to 2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 157 pediatric patients (aged 1-15 years) with diagnosis of ARMs with VF, perineal fistula (perineal ectopic anus), and rectovaginal fistula managed by ASARP. RESULTS: Most cases (36.94%) were 1-6 months' age group; 92.99% of patients (146) were having VF, 5.09% (8) perineal fistula, and 1.91% (3) rectovaginal fistula. Associated anomalies (37) were present in 19.75% (31) of patients. Primary ASARP was performed in 85.35% (134) of cases. The mean operative time was 105 (±15) min. Intraoperative complications were seen in 3.82% (6) of patients. Early postoperative complications were seen in 5.09% (8) of patients - wound infection (4), wound dehiscence (3), and retraction of the rectum (1). Late complications were seen in 12.73% (20) of cases. Overall, five patients developed anal stenosis, two responded to dilatation therapy, and three required anoplasty. The external appearance of the perineum after the 3rd month (postoperatively) was satisfactory in 95.54% (150); overall, 4.46% (7) of patients required the second procedure. Stooling pattern could be assessed in 80.25% (126) of patients at 3 years' age group. Only one had poor outcome with severe soiling (incontinence) and perineal excoriation that also had myelomeningocele. CONCLUSIONS: ASARP is an excellent procedure for VF as it results in optimal correction with minimal sphincteric damage, without additional complexity or difficulties. Primary ASARP is a quick and effective technique and does not require colostomy if performed after due preoperative gut preparation and by an experienced pediatric surgeon.

Pediatric Trauma: Management and Lessons Learned.

AIM: The aim is to prospectively study 125 trauma patients admitted in the pediatric surgery ward in our institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pediatric patients admitted in the ward after initial resuscitation in the triage room were included. Isolated neurosurgical and orthopedic injuries were excluded. X-ray cervical spine, hip, and chest and a focused assessment with sonography in trauma ultrasound were done for all patients. Computed tomography of the abdomen or chest was done where relevant. Injury profile and surgical intervention when needed were analyzed. RESULTS: Road traffic accidents and fall from height caused 73.6% of the injuries. School-going children were most commonly affected (60.8%). Distinctive injuries were noted such as abdominal wall hernias and delayed bladder perforation. All solid organ injury irrespective of grade treated conservatively. Forty percent of the children required surgical intervention. Five patients after laparotomy were found to have surgical conditions unrelated to trauma, whereas another 14 required delayed surgery. Five patients had injuries secondary to sexual abuse. All except two patients were discharged in a satisfactory condition and are doing well in the follow-up. CONCLUSION: In spite of extensive injuries and the need for multiple surgeries, children with trauma have a good prognosis. Close observation during admission and also in follow-up are essential, as many patients may require delayed surgery ≥1 week from injury.

Functional and Radiological Parameters to Assess Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in Shunt Failure Patients.

BACKGROUND: Placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt is a standard treatment for hydrocephalus. The risk of shunt malfunction in the first year is 25%-40% making endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) a feasible option in those patients with shunt failure. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate ETV as a viable option in patients with shunt malfunction and to correlate the clinical outcome following successful ETV with functional and radiological outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent ETV as a diversion procedure for hydrocephalus following shunt failure or malfunction over 1 year were studied. Functional outcome was evaluated by Wee function independence measure score carried out preoperatively, postoperatively, and at 6-month follow-up. Similar comparison was carried out for radiological parameters such as effacement of gyri, periventricular lucency, frontal horn diameter (maximum), Evans' index, and third ventricular diameter. RESULTS: Of 15 patients, 61.5% were shunt free after ETV. All the failures were noted in the first month following the procedure. The factors, which showed statistically significant correlation with the outcome of ETV, included age (P = 0.030), preoperative functional score (P = 0.006), and all the three components of the functional scoring, namely self-care score (P = 0.087), motor control score (P = 0.035), and neurocognitive score (P = 0.003). Parameters such as Evans' index, maximum frontal horn diameter, and third ventricular diameter showed no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative scans. In follow-up imaging, only the frontal horn diameter showed a significant improvement (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: ETV leads to significant neurocognitive improvement and postoperative functional status making it a viable option in patients who present with shunt malfunction.

Outcome Analysis of Patients of Congenital Hydrocephalus with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt at a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India.

INTRODUCTION: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a commonly performed neurosurgical procedure in pediatric surgical practice. This study is aimed at determining the outcome of congenital hydrocephalus patients who underwent shunt surgery at our center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 278 operated cases of congenital hydrocephalus with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were analyzed in terms of complications. Hydrocephalus associated with intracranial hemorrhage, neural tube defects, and ventriculitis were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Complications were observed in 32.0% (89/278) of cases. Shunt block and chamber migration were the most common complications (29.21%). Abdominal wound complications were seen in 4.49% of cases. Shunt exposure due to erosion of overlying skin was noted in 6 patients. Shunt infection was diagnosed in only 9 patients (4.4%). New-onset seizures were seen in 4 cases. Overall, 21% of patients required redo shunt and there were 2 mortalities. CONCLUSION: VP shunt continues to have high complication rates. Shunt migration and new-onset seizure disorders are important late complications. In spite of inherent problems, shunt surgery is the procedure of choice until a safer effective alternative is available.