Ring-opening reactions for the solid-phase synthesis of nisin lipopeptide analogues.

Three lipopeptide analogues of the lantibiotic nisin A have been synthesised on-resin using Fmoc-SPPS techniques to investigate the structure-activity relationship of the A and B ring of these types of lanthipeptides. Lanthionine and methyllanthionine macrocycles were incorporated using orthogonally protected residues for on-resin cyclisation. Unsaturated dehydroalanine and, for the first time, dehydrobutyrine were synthesised on-resin from their cysteine derivatives. However, none of the synthetic or semi-synthetic lipopeptide analogues of nisin showed inhibitory activity towards bacterial strains that are normally sensitive to nisin.

Decarboxylative Radical Addition to Methylideneoxazolidinones for Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Selectively Protected Diamino Diacids.

Syntheses of stereochemically pure and selectively protected diamino diacids can be achieved by redox decarboxylation of distal N-hydroxyphthalimide esters of protected aspartic, glutamic or α-aminoadipic acids via radical addition to methylideneoxazolidinones. The products are useful for solid-supported syntheses of robust bioactive carbocyclic peptide analogs. Yields of reactive primary radical addition are superior to those of more stabilized radicals, and the reaction fails if the alkylideneoxazolidinone has a methyl substituent on its terminus (i.e., 13a/13b).

Impact of oxetane incorporation on the structure and stability of alpha-helical peptides.

Peptide-based drugs combine advantages of larger biological therapeutics with those of small molecule drugs, but they generally display poor permeability and metabolic stability. Recently, we introduced a new type of peptide bond isostere, in which the backbone carbonyl is replaced with a 3-amino oxetane heterocycle, into short linear peptides with the aim of improving their therapeutic potential. In this study, we have explored the impact of oxetane modification on α-helical peptides to establish whether or not this modification is tolerated in this biologically important structural motif. The oxetane modification was introduced at two positions in a well-characterised helical peptide sequence, and circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopy were used to measure the resulting secondary structure content under different experimental conditions. Our data demonstrated that introduction of an oxetane into the peptide backbone results in a significant loss of helicity, regardless of where in the sequence the modification is placed. The molecular determinants of this destabilisation were then explored using steered molecular dynamics simulations, a computational method analogous to single molecule spectroscopy. Our simulations indicated that oxetane modification introduces a kink in the helical axis, alters the dihedral angles of residues up to three positions away from the modification, and disrupts the (i, i + 4) hydrogen bonding pattern characteristic of α-helices in favour of new, short-range hydrogen bonds. The detailed structural understanding provided in this work can direct future design of chemically modified peptides.

Development of oxetane modified building blocks for peptide synthesis.

The synthesis and use of oxetane modified dipeptide building blocks in solution and solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is reported. The preparation of building blocks containing non-glycine residues at the N-terminus in a stereochemically controlled manner is challenging. Here, a practical 4-step route to such building blocks is demonstrated, through the synthesis of dipeptides containing contiguous alanine residues. The incorporation of these new derivatives at specific sites along the backbone of an alanine-rich peptide sequence containing eighteen amino acids is demonstrated via solid-phase peptide synthesis. Additionally, new methods to enable the incorporation of all 20 of the proteinogenic amino acids into such dipeptide building blocks are reported through modifications of the synthetic route (for Cys and Met) and by changes to the protecting group strategy (for His, Ser and Thr).

Enzymatically-stable oxetane-based dipeptide hydrogels.

Low molecular weight gelators that are not easily degraded by enzymes have a range of potential applications. Here, we report new Fmoc-protected dipeptides in which the amide carbonyl group has been replaced by an oxetane ring. Remarkably one of these peptidomimetics, but not the corresponding dipeptide, is an effective gelator, forming hydrogels at a concentration of 3 mg mL-1. On assembly, there is a lack of beta-sheet structure, implying that there is no requirement for this motif in such a gel. Furthermore, the modified dipeptide is also stable to proteolysis compared to the parent dipeptide.

Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oxetane Modified Peptides.

Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is used to create peptidomimetics in which one of the backbone amide C═O bonds is replaced by a four-membered oxetane ring. The oxetane containing dipeptide building blocks are made in three steps in solution, then integrated into peptide chains by conventional Fmoc SPPS. This methodology is used to make a range of peptides in high purity including backbone modified derivatives of the nonapeptide bradykinin and Met- and Leu-enkephalin.

Engineering the structure of an N-terminal ß-turn to maximize screw-sense preference in achiral helical peptide chains.

Oligomers of α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) are achiral peptides that typically adopt 310 helical conformations in which enantiomeric left- and right-handed conformers are, necessarily, equally populated. Incorporating a single protected chiral residue at the N-terminus of the peptide leads to induction of a screw-sense preference in the helical chain, which may be quantified (in the form of "helical excess") by NMR spectroscopy. Variation of this residue and its N-terminal protecting group leads to the conclusion that maximal levels of screw-sense preference are induced by bulky chiral tertiary amino acids carrying amide protecting groups or by chiral quaternary amino acids carrying carbamate protecting groups. Tertiary L-amino acids at the N-terminus of the oligomer induce a left-handed screw sense, while quaternary L-amino acids induce a right-handed screw sense. A screw-sense preference may also be induced from the second position of the chain, weakly by tertiary amino acids, and much more powerfully by quaternary amino acids. In this position, the L enantiomers of both families induce a right-handed screw sense. Maximal, and essentially quantitative, control is induced by an L-α-methylvaline residue at both positions 1 and 2 of the chain, carrying an N-terminal carbamate protecting group.