Designing Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles with the Co-Precipitation Technique to Improve Phosphorous Availability in Broiler Chicks.

Dicalcium phosphate (DP) is a mineral involved in the metabolism and development and is used as a dietary source of phosphorus (PT) for poultry. Our study objective is to design nano-dicalcium phosphate (NDP) by co-precipitation. The methodological procedure was divided into two phases: (1) NDP synthesis, and (2) bird performance, digestibility, and Ca-P in chick's tissues. The sizes of the NDP were 20-80 nm. NDP had the Ca: P ratio of 1:1.12. The birds were divided into control diet (available P (Pa) = 0.13%) and three supplementary P sources [Commercial (Calcium phosphate), analytical grade (DP) and nanoparticles (NDP)] with three Pa levels (0.24, 0.35, 0.46%). Supplementary P sources compared to the control treatment had the highest body weight gain (698.56 vs. 228; p < 0.05) and feed intake (FI) (965.18 vs. 345.82), respectively. The digestibility of PT (67%) improved with 0.35% NDP. The highest contents of PT -breast were with the levels of 0.35 and 0.46% NDP. The PT, ash, and diameters were higher (p < 0.05) with supplementary P compared to the control treatment. As conclusion, the use of 0.35% NDP was the ideal dose in the chicks for the digestibility, absorption values, and the amount of PT in the breast.

Relation of the maximum temperature and relative humidity close to the insemination with the tropical milking criollo heifer's gestation in three seasons.

The high climatic variability of hot climates of the intertropical zone reduces cattle fertility. In dairy cows in temperates zones, the THI has been used to evaluate the temperature and relative humidity (RH) joint effect in reproduction, but its use is not recommended in all geographic zones; in hot climates, the maximum temperature (Tmax) can provide more convenient information than THI. The objective of this study was to determine the artificial insemination (AI) service seasons and their joint effect with the maximum temperature and relative humidity of the previous seven days, the service day, and posterior seven days to the AI in the tropical milking criollo (LT) heifer's gestation. Climatic data was used to define three seasons: hot-dry (HD), hot-humid (HH), and fresh-dry (FD), and 313 artificial insemination services from 176 heifers were analyzed over fourteen years. The seasons were determined by cluster analysis. Gestation at first service (GF) was analyzed with a logistic regression model and global gestation (GG) with a mixed linear generalized model. The Tmax of previous seven days insemination [Formula: see text] - 0.20 ± 0.09 (p ≤ 0.02) in HD (p ≤ 0.02) and RH of seven days posterior insemination [Formula: see text]= - 0.08 ± 0.04 (p ≤ 0.04) in HD (p ≤ 0.01) affected GF. No effect of the Tmax and RH on the service day was observed (p > 0.05). The highest GG probabilities were higher than 0.70 in HH and FD, making those seasons the most suitable for inseminating LT heifers.

Kappa-casein genotyping in tropical milking Criollo and its association to milk production and composition.

Caseins are abundant proteins in milk and found in four types (αS1, αS2, ß, and κ). There is substantial variation in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the κ-casein gene in different cattle breeds, although the tropical milking Criollo (TMC) has not yet been investigated. The aim was to determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies in the κ-casein gene for two alleles (A and B) in TMC and further investigate its association to milk production and composition. A total of 180 TMC females were genotyped from blood samples. κ-Casein genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) after polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification of genomic DNA. Allele frequencies were 0.39 for A-allele and 0.61 for B-allele (P < 0.05). Genotype frequencies were 0.09 (AA), 0.60 (AB), and 0.31 (BB) (P < 0.05). The κ-casein genotype in TMC cows did not affect milk yield or composition. In sum, the TMC has high frequencies of the B-allele and AB/BB genotypes, although there are no association of such genotypes and milk traits.

Comparison of four nonlinear growth models in Creole chickens of Mexico.

Animal growth is a complex and dynamic process that involves physiological and morphological changes from hatching to maturity. It is defined as the increase in body size per time unit. Mathematical functions, called growth models, have been used to explain growth patterns. The aim of this study was to compare the Gompertz-Laird, logistic, Richards, and Von Bertalanffy growth models to determine which best fits the data of the Creole chickens (CC). Three hundred forty-seven CC were individually weighed from hatching until 177 D of age. Birds were fed a starter diet (0-18 D of age; 19% crude protein (CP) and 3,000 kcal of ME/kg) and grower diet (19-177 D of age; 18% CP and 2,800 kcal of ME/kg). Data were analyzed using PROC NLIN to fit the nonlinear growth curve. The coefficient of determination (R2), Akaike information criteria (AIC), and Bayesian information criteria (BIC) were used to compare the goodness of fit of the models. The Von Bertalanffy (R2: 0.9382, 0.9415; AIC: 2,224.1, 2,424.8; BIC: 2,233.5, 2,434.3, for females and males, respectively) was the model that best explained growth of the birds. On the other hand, both the Gompertz-Laird and logistic models overestimated hatching BW and underestimated the final BW of CC. Females reached age of maximum growth faster than males. The asymptotic weight was higher in males (3,011 g) than in females (2,011 g). Body weight at inflection point was 892 g at 64 D of age for males and 596 g at 54 D for females. In conclusion, the best fit of the data was obtained with the Von Bertalanffy growth model; the information is intended to serve as the basis for utilizing CC.

Soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) with enzymes in broiler diets.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. METHODS: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. RESULTS: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. CONCLUSION: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.

Evaluación productiva y reproductiva de dos grupos de cabras triple mestizas bajo condiciones de confinamiento en el trópico seco de Venezuela / Productive and reproductive evaluation of two groups of 3-breed crossbred goats under confinement conditions in the Venezuelan dry tropics

En el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de dos grupos genéticos de cabras triple-mestizas: con 50 por ciento de Alpino, 25 por ciento de Nubia y 25 por ciento de Criolla (AND), y con 50 por ciento de Nubia, 25 por ciento de Alpino y 25 por ciento de Criolla (NAD), mantenidas bajo confinamiento en el trópico seco de Venezuela. Se analizaron la producción de leche (PL), duración de lactancia (DL), prolificidad (PR), intervalo entre partos (IP) y duración de la gestación (DG), utilizando un modelo lineal mixto que incluyó los efectos de grupo genético (AND, NAD), cabra anidada dentro de grupo genético, número de parto (1-5), año de parto (1990-1995) y época de parto (seca, lluviosa). Las medias generales fueron 126.3 ñ 62.3 kg en PL, 197.5 ñ 75.6 días en DL, 1.21 ñ 0.4 crías/parto en PR, 441.4 ñ 121.4 días en IP, y 149.2 ñ 3.1días en DG. Se encontró un efecto significativo (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) del grupo genético en todas las variables, excepto en la duración de la lactancia. Las medias de cuadrados mínimos de los grupos AND y NAD en PL, PR, IP y DG fueron: 132.7 ñ 13.2 y 96.6 ñ 17.1 kg, 1.32 ñ 0.06 y 1.03 ñ 0.08 crías/parto, 439.4 ñ 36.0 y 382.0 ñ 43.5 días, y 149.4 ñ 0.59 y 147.7 ñ 0.83 días, respectivamente. El año de parto tuvo un efecto significativo (P < 0.01) en todas las variables, excepto prolificidad. El número de parto afectó (P < 0.01) el intervalo entre partos y la duración de la gestación. Se concluye que el grupo mestizo AND tuvo un comportamiento productivo y reproductivo superior al NAD bajo las condiciones ambientales y de manejo del trópico seco venezolano.

Producción de leche y duración de la lactancia en cabras(Capra hircus) Alpinas y Nubias importadas a Venezuela / Milk production and lactation length in Alpine and nubian goats (Capra hiarcus) imported to Venezuela

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar los factores que afectan la producción de leche y la duración de la lactancia en un hato de cabras (Capra hircus) de las razas Alpina y Nubia, importado desde Estados Unidos de América a Venezuela. El hato se mantuvo en estabulación, con un manejo intensivo en corrales parcialmente techados. Los animales fueron alimentados con heno de gramíneas y alimento concentrado. La producción de leche se midió en dos ordeños diarios cada 14 días. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un modelo lineal mixto que incluyó los efectos de raza (Alpina, Nubia), cabra anidada dentro de raza, número de parto (1-5), tipo de parto (sencillo, gemelar), año de parto (1989-1993), estación de parto (seca, lluviosa), y la interacción año de parto x estación de parto. Se observó un efecto significativo (P < 0.01) de la raza en la producción de leche; las medias de cuadrados mínimos para las razas Alpina y Nubia fueron 262.2 y 137.0 kg, respectivamente. Se encontraron efectos significativos (P < 0.01) del número de parto, el año de parto, la época de parto y la interacción año de parto x época de parto en la producción de leche. La producción de leche se incrementó con el número de parto, se redujo a medida que progresaron los años, y fue mayor en la época seca. La raza tuvo un efecto significativo (P < 0.01) en la duración de la lactancia; las medias de cuadrados mínimos fueron 272 y 210 días para las cabras Alpina y Nubia, respectivamente. También se encontró un efecto positivo (P < 0.01) del número de parto en la duración de la lactancia. Se concluye que la producción de leche en cabras de razas exóticas en el trópico seco de Venezuela es muy susceptible a factores ambientales. Además, los bajos niveles de producción obtenidos y el hecho de que éstos disminuyeron a medida que progresaron los años, indican que el hato tuvo problemas para adaptarse al clima y al manejo proporcionado. La raza Alpina fue superior a la raza Nubia bajo estas condiciones.