RESUMEN
The discordance between genome size and the complexity of eukaryotes can partly be attributed to differences in repeat density. The Muller F element (â¼5.2 Mb) is the smallest chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster, but it is substantially larger (>18.7 Mb) in D. ananassae To identify the major contributors to the expansion of the F element and to assess their impact, we improved the genome sequence and annotated the genes in a 1.4-Mb region of the D. ananassae F element, and a 1.7-Mb region from the D element for comparison. We find that transposons (particularly LTR and LINE retrotransposons) are major contributors to this expansion (78.6%), while Wolbachia sequences integrated into the D. ananassae genome are minor contributors (0.02%). Both D. melanogaster and D. ananassae F-element genes exhibit distinct characteristics compared to D-element genes (e.g., larger coding spans, larger introns, more coding exons, and lower codon bias), but these differences are exaggerated in D. ananassae Compared to D. melanogaster, the codon bias observed in D. ananassae F-element genes can primarily be attributed to mutational biases instead of selection. The 5' ends of F-element genes in both species are enriched in dimethylation of lysine 4 on histone 3 (H3K4me2), while the coding spans are enriched in H3K9me2. Despite differences in repeat density and gene characteristics, D. ananassae F-element genes show a similar range of expression levels compared to genes in euchromatic domains. This study improves our understanding of how transposons can affect genome size and how genes can function within highly repetitive domains.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas/genética , Drosophila/genética , Retroelementos/genética , Animales , Composición de Base/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Codón/genética , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Genes de Insecto , Histonas/metabolismo , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional/genética , Wolbachia/genéticaRESUMEN
Telemedicine has special significance to India considering its vast geographical spread and predominant rural population. Adoption of health information technology has been one of the major options for more efficient delivery of healthcare for rural and geographically distant populations spread across India. With an expanding application of telemedicine, the policy makers in India feel that a recommended set of standards and guidelines for telemedicine needs to be set in place and constantly refined to promote the integrated growth of telemedicine in the country. The present article outlines the initiative and the current status of the standardization effort in India.
