Minors and young adult's hospitalizations after "chimique" consumption in Mayotte Island: Which substances are involved?

OBJECTIVES: Over the last 10 years, the use of an unknown drug called "chimique" has emerged, among adolescents and young adults in precarious situations in Mayotte Island. To date, the exact composition of "chimique" is still poorly documented, but seizures made on the Island at the same time indicated that it would be mainly composed of synthetic cannabinoids receptor agonists (SCRAs). The objective of this study was to identify which substances, among those consumed under the name of "chimique", leading to hospital admissions. METHODS: Between 1st march and 30th June 2019, all patients, over 14 years old, hospitalized in the emergency department of Mayotte hospital after use of "chimique" for which the physician required toxicological analysis were included. Blood samples and clinical data were recorded for each patient. Toxicological analyses were performed using high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/QTOF). RESULTS: Twelve patients were included: 11 males and 1 female. The mean age was 26 years (median age: 22). There were 2 minors. Clinical presentations varied, mainly psychiatric and neurologic disorders were observed. No death was reported. Toxicological analysis identified psychoactive substances such as THC and/or its metabolites (n=3) and MDMB-4en-PINCA (n=2). The other substances identified were mainly part of the patients' treatment. CONCLUSION: This is the first study conducted in the Indian Ocean confirming the presence of SCRAs in the "chimique". For a while, the consumption of SCRAs in France seemed to be of limited importance. However, their use has become important in the Indian Ocean since the spread of "chimique" in Mayotte. It continues to spread especially in Reunion Island since 2017 under the name of "chamane".

Targeted temperature management using the "Esophageal Cooling Device" after cardiac arrest (the COOL study): A feasibility and safety study.

BACKGROUND: Targeted temperature management (TTM) between 32 and 36°C is recommended after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of the "Esophageal Cooling Device" (ECD) in performing TTM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This single-centre, prospective, interventional study included 17 comatose OHCA patients. Main exclusion criteria were: delay between OHCA and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)>60min, delay between sustained ROSC and inclusion >360min, known oesophageal disease. A TTM between 32 and 34°C was performed using the ECD (Advanced Cooling Therapy, USA) connected to a heat exchanger console (Meditherm III®, Gaymar, France), without cold fluids' use. Primary endpoint was feasibility of inducing, maintaining TTM, and rewarming using the ECD alone. Secondary endpoints were adverse events, focusing on potential digestive damages. Results were expressed as median (interquartiles 25-75). RESULTS: Cooling rate to reach the Target Temperature (33°C-TT) was 0.26°C/h [0.19-0.36]. All patients reached the 32-34°C range with a time spent within the range of 26h [21-28] (3 patients did not reach 33°C). Temperature deviation outside the TT during TTM-maintenance was 0.10°C [0.03-0.20]. Time with deviation >1°C was 0h. Rewarming rate was 0.20°C/h [0.18-0.22]. Among the 16 gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures performed, 10 (62.5%) were normal. Minor oeso-gastric injuries (37.5% and 19%, respectively) were similar to usual orogastric tube injuries. One patient experienced severe oesophagitis mimicking peptic lesions, not cooling-related. No patient among the 9 alive at 3-month follow-up had gastrointestinal complains. CONCLUSION: ECD seems an interesting, safe, accurate, semi-invasive cooling method in OHCA patients treated with 33°C-TTM, particularly during the maintenance phase.