Oral squamous cell carcinomas and oral potentially malignant disorders: A Latin American study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) associated or not with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), and the epidemiological profile and traditional risk factors in Latin America. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted in 17 Latin American centres. There were included cases of OSCC, analysing age, gender, OSCC and their association with previous OPMD. Clinicopathological variables were retrieved. The condition of sequential-OSCC versus OSCC-de novo (OSCC-dn) was analysed concerning the aforementioned variables. Quantitative variables were analysed using Student's t-test, and qualitative variables with chi-square. RESULTS: In total, 2705 OSCC were included with a mean age of 62.8 years old. 55.8% were men. 53.75% of the patients were smokers and 38% were common drinkers. The lateral tongue border was the most affected site (24.65%). There were regional variations in OPMD, being leukoplakia the most frequent. Of the overall 2705 OSCC cases, 81.4% corresponded to OSCC-dn, while s-OSCC were 18.6%. Regarding lip vermillion SCC, 35.7% corresponded to de novo lip SCC and 64.3% were associated with previous OPMD. CONCLUSIONS: In Latin America, OSCC-dn seems to be more frequent with regional variations of some clinical and histopathological features. Further prospective studies are needed to analyse this phenomenon.

Effect of the accumulation of risk factors on the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma / [Efecto de la acumulación de factores de riesgo en el riesgo de carcinoma de células escamosas bucal]

Introduction: the causative factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma are not necessary and not sufficient causes, even the most accepted ones, such as tobacco and alcohol. Little is known about the cumulative effect of all risk factors for oral cancer. The objective of this work was to analyze whether the sum of oral cancer risk factors is associated with an increase in its risk. Methods: a case-control study was carried out to determine the risk factors for oral cancer in the population under study, and then correlate the number of risk factors in each individual with the risk of oral cancer. Results: the accumulation of oral cancer risk factors, analyzed using different strategies, was always associated with a significant increase in the risk of oral cancer. Having 3 or more risk factors was associated with an increased risk of oral cancer (OR 110, p <0.0001) Conclusion: the main risk factor for oral cancer is the accumulation of its risk factors. The accumulation of risk factors could be considered a necessary cause for the development of oral cancer.

Introducción: los factores causales de carcinoma de células escamosas bucal son causas no necesarias y no suficientes, incluso los más aceptados, como tabaco y alcohol. Poco se conoce sobre el efecto acumulativo de todos los factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar si la sumatoria de factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal se asocia con un aumento de su riesgo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles para determinar los factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal en la población bajo estudio, para luego correlacionar el número de factores de riesgo en cada individuo, con el riesgo de cáncer bucal. Resultados: la acumulación de factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal, analizada mediante diferentes estrategias, estuvo siempre asociada con un aumento significativo del riesgo de cáncer bucal. Tener 3 o más factores de riesgo estuvo asociado con mayor riesgo de cáncer bucal (OR 110, p<0,0001) Conclusión: el principal factor de riesgo de cáncer bucal es la acumulación de sus factores de riesgo. La acumulación de factores de riesgo podría considerarse una causa necesaria para el desarrollo de cáncer bucal.

Oral Human Papillomavirus: a multisite infection

BACKGROUND: The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has different strategies for persist in the cells. This characteristic has led us to consider the presence of the virus in tissues of the oral cavity that had no clinical signs of infection. The aim of this study was to detect the presence of DNA-HPV at multiple sites of the oral cavity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study was designed: Oral Squamous Carcinoma Group (OSCG), healthy n=72 and Control Group (CG), n=72, healthy volunteers paired by sex and age with OSCG. Four samples were taken from OSCG: saliva, biopsy, brush scraping of lesion and contralateral healthy side. In CG a saliva sample and a scratch of the posterior border of tongue were collected. HPV was detected by PCR using Bioneer Accuprep genomic DNA Extraction kit, and consensus primers MY09 and MY11. Chi square test was applied. RESULTS: 432 samples were obtained from 144 individuals. DNA-HPV was detected in 30 (42%) of OSCG subjects and 3 (4%) of CG. Two or more positive samples were obtained in 67% of the OSCG, 67% in saliva and 60% in biopsy; in CG 100% of the individuals were positive in the two samples. CONCLUSIONS: HPV is frequently present in oral cavity as a multifocal infection, even without the presence of clinical lesions

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Oral cancer associated with chronic mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa

Background: Most of the studies dealing with Chronic Mechanical Irritation (CMI) and Oral Cancer (OC) only considered prosthetic and dental variables separately, and CMI functional factors are not registered. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess OC risk in individuals with dental, prosthetic and functional CMI. Also, we examined CMI presence in relation to tumor size. Material and methods: a case-control study was carried out from 2009 to 2013. Study group were squamous cell carcinoma cases; control group was patients seeking dental treatment in the same institution. Results: 153 patients were studied (Study group n=53, Control group n=100). CMI reproducibility displayed a correlation coefficient of 1 (p< 0.0001). Bivariate analysis showed statistically significant associations for all variables (age, gender, tobacco and alcohol consumption and CMI). Multivariate analysis exhibited statistical significance for age, alcohol, and CMI, but not for gender or tobacco. Relationship of CMI with tumor size showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: CMI could be regarded as a risk factor for oral cancer. In individuals with other OC risk factors, proper treatment of the mechanical injuring factors (dental, prosthetic and functional) could be an important measure to reduce the risk of oral cancer (AU)

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Alcohol y salud: ¿Alcohol y salud?: revisión bibliográfica / Alcohol and health: alcohol and health?: review of the literature

El consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas constituye un serio problema sanitario y social. En los últimos años se han destacado sus propiedades anticancerosas, antioxidantes y protectoras contra la enfermedad cardíaca coronaria, lo que ha generado controversias entre beneficios y perjuicios de su consumo. Los efectos tóxicos sobre el sistema nervioso central lideran el cuadro de la intoxicación aguda, mientras que los efectos del consumo crónico afectan prácticamente todo el organismo, alterando numerosas funciones aún en etapas tempranas de la vida. Los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud tienen un rol clave en la prevención de los daños producidos por este hábito tan difundido.

Effect of two mouthwashes on salivary ph.

To analyze the effect of two mouthwashes on salivary pH and correlate it with age, buffer capacity and saliva flow rate in healthy volunteers, a crossover phase IV clinical study involving three age-based groups was designed. Two commercial mouthwashes (MW), Cool Mint ListerineR (MWa) and Periobacter R (MWb) were used. The unstimulated saliva of each individual was first characterized by measuring flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity. Salivary pH was evaluated before rinsing with a given MW, immediately after rinsing, 5 minutes later, and then every 10 min (at 15, 25, 35 min) until the baseline pH was recovered. Paired t-test, ANOVA with a randomized block design, and Pearson correlation tests were used. Averages were 0.63 mL/min, 7.06, and 0.87 for flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity, respectively. An immediate significant increase in salivary pH was observed after rinsing, reaching average values of 7.24 (MWb) and 7.30 (MWa), which declined to an almost stable value 15 minutes. The great increase in salivary pH, after MW use shows that saliva is a dynamic system, and that the organism is capable of responding to a stimulus with changes in its composition. It is thus evident that pH of the external agent alone is not a good indicator for its erosive potential because biological systems tend to neutralize it. The results of this study enhance the importance of in vivo measurements and reinforce the concept of the protective action of saliva.

Effect of two mouthwashes on salivary pH

Etários de adultos voluntarios sanos, para analizar el efecto de dos colutorios sobre el pH salival y relacionarlo con la edad la capacidad buffer y el flujo salival. Se utilizaron dos marcascomerciales de colutorios (MW), ListerineCoolMint® (MWa) y eriobacter® (MWb). Primero se caracterizó la saliva sin estimular de cada individuo, se le midió el volumen minuto, el pH y la capacidad buffer. El pH salival se evaluó antes del buche con cada MW, inmediatamente después del enjuague bucal, 5 minutos después y luego cada 10 minutos (a los 15,25, 35 min) hasta que el pH inicial se recuperó. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizaron: ANOVA en bloque,test t apareado y el test de correlación de Pearson. Al caracterizar la saliva, se obtuvieron los siguientes valores promedio: 0.63 mL/min, 7.06 y 0.87 de volumen minuto,pH, y capacidadbuffer. Luego del enjuague se observó un incremento inmediato y significativo del pH salival alcanzando valores de 7.24 (MWb) y 7.30 (MWa) para descender a un valor estable luegode 15 minutos. El importante incremento del pH salival luego del uso del colutorio, muestra que la saliva es un sistema dinámico y que el organismo es capaz de responder a estímulos con cambios en su composición. Se hace evidente que el pH del agente externo, no es un buen indicador de su potencialerosivo sobre los elementos dentarios ya que los sistemas biológicos tienden a neutralizarlo. Los presentes resultadosponen de manifiesto la importancia de las mediciones en vivo y refuerzan el concepto de la función protectora de la saliva...

Effect of two mouthwashes on salivary ph. / Effect of two mouthwashes on salivary ph.

To analyze the effect of two mouthwashes on salivary pH and correlate it with age, buffer capacity and saliva flow rate in healthy volunteers, a crossover phase IV clinical study involving three age-based groups was designed. Two commercial mouthwashes (MW), Cool Mint ListerineR (MWa) and Periobacter R (MWb) were used. The unstimulated saliva of each individual was first characterized by measuring flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity. Salivary pH was evaluated before rinsing with a given MW, immediately after rinsing, 5 minutes later, and then every 10 min (at 15, 25, 35 min) until the baseline pH was recovered. Paired t-test, ANOVA with a randomized block design, and Pearson correlation tests were used. Averages were 0.63 mL/min, 7.06, and 0.87 for flow rate, pH, and buffer capacity, respectively. An immediate significant increase in salivary pH was observed after rinsing, reaching average values of 7.24 (MWb) and 7.30 (MWa), which declined to an almost stable value 15 minutes. The great increase in salivary pH, after MW use shows that saliva is a dynamic system, and that the organism is capable of responding to a stimulus with changes in its composition. It is thus evident that pH of the external agent alone is not a good indicator for its erosive potential because biological systems tend to neutralize it. The results of this study enhance the importance of in vivo measurements and reinforce the concept of the protective action of saliva.