Contextualizing eco-anxiety and eco-anger: tentative responses to visceral and numinous emotions.

In this paper, we explore how the emotions of eco-anxiety and eco-anger can be perceived as potentially constructive responses to the climate crisis. We examine the context in which these emotions are experienced and expressed in light of the relationship between human beings and Nature. We argue that these eco-emotions are both visceral and numinous, and that this dual characteristic is critical when determining how best to respond to eco-anxiety and eco-anger. We propose that a suitable approach to this challenge is to draw from the imagination and the symbolic domain, and we offer personal reflections on what this process may look like.

Dans cet article les auteurs explorent comment les émotions d'éco-anxiété et d'éco-colère peuvent être perçues comme des réponses potentiellement constructives à la crise du climat. A la lumière de la relation entre les êtres humains et la nature ils étudient le contexte dans lequel ces émotions sont ressenties et exprimées et soutiennent que ces éco-émotions sont à la fois viscérales et numineuses. Les auteurs suggèrent que cette double caractéristique est cruciale quand il s'agit de déterminer comment répondre au mieux à l'éco-anxiété et l'éco-colère. Ils suggèrent que l'approche qui convient pour relever ce défi est de s'appuyer sur l'imagination et le domaine symbolique. Des réflexions personnelles sont données afin d'illustrer à quoi pourrait ressembler ce processus.

En el presente trabajo, los autores exploran como las emociones de eco-ansiedad y eco-enojo pueden percibirse como respuestas potencialmente constructivas a la crisis climática. Se examina el contexto en el cual estas emociones son experimentadas y expresadas a la luz de la relación entre seres humanos y naturaleza, y se argumenta que estas eco-emociones son tanto viscerales como numinosas. Los autores sugieren que esta característica dual es crítica al momento de determinar el mejor modo de responder a la eco-ansiedad y al eco-enojo, y proponen que un abordaje apropiado a este desafío se basa en la imaginación y en el domino simbólico. Se ofrecen reflexiones personales acerca de cómo puede manifestarse este proceso.

Grasping the paradoxical nature of wisdom through unconscious integrative complexity.

There has been much progress in the scientific study of wisdom on both conceptual and empirical fronts in the past few decades. Despite all the progress being made, there are still gaps that can be filled to provide even more explanatory power and coherence. Although academic discourse on wisdom has included the ability to integrate issues in a complex manner, there is still room for improved theorizing on wisdom's integrative complexity. Since integrative complexity has both conscious and unconscious dimensions, including the latter in discussions on wisdom will add a valuable aspect to its conceptualization. This article will argue how unconscious integrative complexity is the variable in wisdom's conceptual equation that involves paradox, which is a well-known sign of wisdom. Explanations contrasting conscious integrative complexity and unconscious integrative complexity in reference to wisdom will be discussed. Then, the Archetypal Test of the Nine Elements will be proposed as a testing instrument to operationalize unconscious integrative complexity. After the conceptualization and operationalization are worked through, we will conclude with a couple examples to illustrate our reflections.

Integrating positive psychology and spirituality in the context of climate change.

In the context of climate change and its accompanying impact on stress and mental health, we argue that positive psychology (PP) may benefit from an integration of spirituality to better support people's wellbeing. Starting with an overview of climate change's impact on wellbeing and health, we explore the paradoxical and complex relationship between humans and nature. Following which, we will briefly define spirituality and present an evocative metaphor of the wave to portray the evolution of the field of PP. In our conclusive remarks, we argue that the field of PP has gradually become more open to integrate spirituality (since the first wave), as it evolves towards greater complexity (in its third wave). In addition to meaning, some spiritual perspectives potentially relevant to positive psychology facilitate an ecocentric view (i.e., eco-spiritualities) which allow for a better understanding of the paradoxical human-nature relationship, as we struggle to deal with the complex issues related to climate change.

Detection and Sequencing of Multiple Human Norovirus Genotypes from Imported Frozen Raspberries Linked to Outbreaks in the Province of Quebec, Canada, in 2017.

Human noroviruses are among the main causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Frozen raspberries have been linked to several norovirus food-related outbreaks. However, the extraction of norovirus RNA from frozen raspberries remains challenging. Recovery yields are low and PCR inhibitors limit the sensitivity of the detection methodologies. In 2017, 724 people from various regions of the Province of Quebec, Canada, were infected by noroviruses and the outbreak investigation pointed to frozen raspberries as a putative source. A new magnetic silica bead approach was used for the extraction of viruses from different outbreak samples. The RNA extracts were tested by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and five samples were confirmed positive for norovirus by RT-qPCR amplicon sequencing. A multiplex long-range two-step RT-PCR approach was developed to amplify norovirus ORF2 and ORF3 capsid genes from the positive frozen raspberry RNA extracts and other sequencing strategies were also explored. These capsid genes were sequenced by Next-Generation Sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of multiple genotypes (GI.3, GI.6, and GII.17) and intra-genotype variants in some of the frozen raspberry samples. Variants of genotype GI.3 and GI.6 had 100% homology with sequences from patient samples. Similar strains were also reported in previous outbreaks. Confirmation approaches based on sequencing the norovirus capsid genes using Next-Generation Sequencing can be applied at trace level contaminations and could be useful to assess risk and assist in source tracking.

Untangling Spiritual Contradictions Through the Psychology of Lived Paradox: Integrating Theological Diversity in the Old Testament with Durand's Framework on the Imaginary.

There are many theological themes that appear in the Old Testament in Israel's relationship with Yahweh. These themes contain multiple emphases throughout different times in Israel's history that can richly inform how the contemporary believer is to relate with God. At times though, these varied themes can seem to cross in opposition with one another. Having a framework of theological diversity is helpful in untangling potential theological contradictions that can otherwise threaten to strangle the well-being of the believer trying to live faithfully in light of the whole canon of Scripture. Insights from the French anthropologist Gilbert Durand on the psyche's unconscious structures of the imaginary seem to be of help in this endeavor. They can aid the contemporary believer's journey in discerning when to take the initiative in acting on behalf of God, when to be expectantly passive while waiting for God to fulfill his promises, and when to engage in a joint decision-making process with him. They can also aid the believer toward both psychological and spiritual maturity as well as provide help in navigating different seasons in one's spiritual journey.

Whole Genome Sequencing of a Canadian Bovine Gammaherpesvirus 4 Strain and the Possible Link between the Viral Infection and Respiratory and Reproductive Clinical Manifestations in Dairy Cattle.

Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a herpesvirus widespread in cattle populations, and with no clear disease association. Its genome contains a long unique coding region (LUR) flanked by polyrepetitive DNA and 79 open reading frames (ORFs), with unique 17 ORFs, named Bo1 to Bo17. In 2009, a BoHV-4 strain was isolated (FMV09-1180503: BoHV-4-FMV) from cattle with respiratory disease from Quebec, Canada, and its LUR was sequenced. Despite the overall high similarity, BoHV-4-FMV had the most divergent LUR sequence compared to the two known BoHV-4 reference strain genomes; most of the divergences were in the Bo genes and in the repeat regions. Our phylogenetic analysis based on DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase genes revealed that virus isolate was BoHV-4 gammaherpesvirus and clustered it together with European BoHV-4 strains. Because BoHV-4-FMV was isolated from animals presenting respiratory signs, we have updated the BoHV-4 Canadian cattle seroprevalence data and tried to find out whether there is a link between clinical manifestation and BoHV-4 seropositivity. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was performed with nearly 200 randomized sera of dairy cattle from two Canadian provinces, Quebec (n = 100) and Ontario (n = 91). An additional set of sera obtained from Quebec, from the healthy (n = 48) cows or from the animals experiencing respiratory or reproductive problems (n = 75), was also analyzed by IFA. BoHV-4 seroprevalence in Canadian dairy cattle was 7.9% (Quebec: 6% and Ontario: 9.9%). Among animals from the Quebec-based farms, diseased animals showed higher BoHV-4 seropositivity than healthy animals (P < 0.05), with a significant 2.494 odds ratio of being seropositive in sick compared to healthy animals. Although there is no established direct link between BoHV-4 and specific diseases, these seroprevalence data suggest the possible involvement of BoHV-4 in dairy cattle diseases.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pig meat.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is an economically important disease in the swine industry. Previous studies demonstrated the presence of the virus in pig meat and its transmissibility by oral consumption. This study further analyzed the infectivity of PRRSV in commercial pig meat. Fresh bottom meat pieces (n = 1500) randomly selected over a period of 2 y from a pork ham boning plant located in Quebec, Canada, were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Each trimmed meat was stored in the plant freezer, subsampled weekly for up to 15 wk, and tested with quantitative RT-PCR to determine the viral load. Meat infectivity was evaluated using specific pathogen-free piglets, each fed with approximately 500 g of meat at the end of the storage time. Genotype-specific RT-PCR confirmed the presence of PRRSV mainly during cold weather in 0.73% of the fresh meat pieces. Wild and vaccine strains of genotype 2 were detected. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleic acid was stable in meat stored at around -20°C during the 15 wk. Serological and molecular analysis showed the transmission of infection by a majority of PRRSV positive meat pieces (5/9) fed orally to naïve recipients. The results confirmed a low prevalence of PRRSV in market's pig meat, and virus transmissibility by oral consumption to naïve recipients even after several weeks of storage in a commercial freezer. It occurred mainly with meat harboring the highest PRRSV RNA copies, in the range of 109 copies per 500 g of meat, with both wild type and vaccine-related strains.

Le syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin, causé par le virus du syndrome respiratoire et reproducteur porcin (vSRRP), est une maladie ayant un impact économique important pour l'industrie porcine. Des études antérieures ont démontré la présence du virus dans la viande de porc ainsi que sa transmissibilité par ingestion. La présente étude poursuit l'analyse de l'infectiosité du vSRRP dans la viande commerciale de porc. Des coupes de fesses de porc fraîches (n = 1500) sélectionnées aléatoirement sur une période de deux ans dans une usine de désossage située au Québec (Canada), ont été testées en utilisant une transcription réverse suivie d'une amplification en chaîne par polymérase (RT-PCR). Chaque pièce de viande parée a été entreposée dans les congélateurs à l'usine, échantillonnée hebdomadairement pendant 15 semaines, et testée par RT-PCR quantitatif afin de calculer la charge virale. Le potentiel infectieux a été évalué sur des porcelets exempts d'agent pathogène spécifique qui ont été nourris avec approximativement 500 g de viande à la fin de la période d'entreposage. Une RT-PCR spécifique au génotype a confirmé la présence du vSRRP principalement durant les temps froids, dans 0,73 % des pièces de viandes fraîches. Des souches sauvages et vaccinales du génotype 2 ont été détectées. L'acide nucléique du virus du syndrome respiratoire et reproducteur porcin est demeuré stable dans la viande durant la période d'entreposage de 15 semaines à −20 °C. L'analyse sérologique et moléculaire a démontré la transmission de l'infection par une majorité des pièces de viande positives au vSRRP (5/9) chez les porcelets naïfs ayant consommé la viande. Les résultats confirment la faible prévalence du vSRRP dans la viande distribuée sur le marché ainsi que la transmissibilité du virus par consommation orale chez des hôtes naïfs même après plusieurs semaines d'entreposage dans un congélateur commercial. La transmission s'est produite surtout avec les viandes ayant un nombre de copies d'ARN de vSRRP plus élevés, environ 109 copies par 500 g de viande, associées à des souches de type tant sauvage que vaccinal.(Traduit par les auteurs).

HERPESVIRUSES INCLUDING NOVEL GAMMAHERPESVIRUSES ARE WIDESPREAD AMONG PHOCID SEAL SPECIES IN CANADA.

Little is known about herpesviruses in Canadian pinnipeds. We measured prevalence of antibodies to herpesviruses in the sera from Canadian phocid seals by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Wild harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and captive harbor seals were positive for antibodies to Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV-1) at prevalences of 91% and 100%, respectively. Sera from wild hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandica), and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) were positive for antibodies to PhoHV-1 antigenically related herpesvirus antigens at 73%, 79%, and 96%, respectively. We isolated new herpesviruses in cell culture from two hunter-harvested ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in poor body condition from Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada; one lethargic hooded seal from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Québec, Canada; and one captive, asymptomatic harp seal from the Magdalen Islands, Québec. Partial sequencing of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene revealed that all four virus isolates were closely related to PhoHV-2, a member of the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, with nucleotide similarity ranging between 92.8% and 95.3%. The new seal herpesviruses were genetically related to other known pinniped herpesviruses, such as PhoHV-1, Otariid herpesvirus 3, Hawaiian monk (Monachus schauinslandi) seal herpesvirus, and Phocid herpesvirus 5 with 47-48%, 55%, 77%, and 70-77% nucleotide similarities, respectively. The harp seal herpesvirus and both ringed seal herpesviruses were almost identical to each other, whereas the hooded seal herpesvirus was genetically different from the three others (92.8% nucleotide similarity), indicating detection of at least two novel seal herpesviruses. These findings are the first isolation, partial genome sequencing, and identification of seal gammaherpesviruses in three species of Canadian phocid seals; two species of which were suspected of exposure to one or more antigenically related herpesviruses based on serologic analyses.

Propidium monoazide (PMA) and ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) improve DNA array and high-throughput sequencing of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus identification.

Pan-viral DNA array (PVDA) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) are useful tools to identify novel viruses of emerging diseases. However, both techniques have difficulties to identify viruses in clinical samples because of the host genomic nucleic acid content (hg/cont). Both propidium monoazide (PMA) and ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) have the capacity to bind free DNA/RNA, but are cell membrane-impermeable. Thus, both are unable to bind protected nucleic acid such as viral genomes within intact virions. However, EMA/PMA modified genetic material cannot be amplified by enzymes. In order to assess the potential of EMA/PMA to lower the presence of amplifiable hg/cont in samples and improve virus detection, serum and lung tissue homogenates were spiked with porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) and were processed with EMA/PMA. In addition, PRRSV RT-qPCR positive clinical samples were also tested. EMA/PMA treatments significantly decreased amplifiable hg/cont and significantly increased the number of PVDA positive probes and their signal intensity compared to untreated spiked lung samples. EMA/PMA treatments also increased the sensitivity of HTS by increasing the number of specific PRRSV reads and the PRRSV percentage of coverage. Interestingly, EMA/PMA treatments significantly increased the sensitivity of PVDA and HTS in two out of three clinical tissue samples. Thus, EMA/PMA treatments offer a new approach to lower the amplifiable hg/cont in clinical samples and increase the success of PVDA and HTS to identify viruses.

Identification of a novel herpesvirus associated with a penile proliferative lesion in a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas).

The carcass of an adult male beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) was found beach cast in 2008 on the shore of the St. Lawrence Estuary at Rivière-Ouelle, Quebec, Canada. The carcass was transported to the Faculté de médecine vétérinaire of the Université de Montréal for postmortem examination. Aspiration pneumonia was the probable cause of death. Necropsy revealed a focal papilloma-like penile lesion, characterized by focal mucosal thickening with disorganization of the epithelial layers and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. A pan-herpesvirus nested PCR assay on frozen tissue from the penile lesion was positive. The PCR product sequencing revealed a partial herpesvirus DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene sequence of 600 nucleotides. Its nearest nucleotide identity was with the partial DPOL gene of an alphaherpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus 5 (79.5% identity). It also shared high identity with several other marine mammal herpesviruses (50.2 to 77.3% identity). This new herpesvirus was tentatively named beluga whale herpesvirus (BWHV). Virus isolation was unsuccessful. The pathogenic potential of BWHV is unknown, but the evaluation of archived tissues suggests that the virus is endemic in the St. Lawrence Estuary beluga population.

Capsular sialic acid of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 binds to swine influenza virus and enhances bacterial interactions with virus-infected tracheal epithelial cells.

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine bacterial pathogen, and it is also an emerging zoonotic agent. It is unknown how S. suis virulent strains, which are usually found in low quantities in pig tonsils, manage to cross the first host defense lines to initiate systemic disease. Influenza virus produces a contagious infection in pigs which is frequently complicated by bacterial coinfections, leading to significant economic impacts. In this study, the effect of a preceding swine influenza H1N1 virus (swH1N1) infection of swine tracheal epithelial cells (NTPr) on the ability of S. suis serotype 2 to adhere to, invade, and activate these cells was evaluated. Cells preinfected with swH1N1 showed bacterial adhesion and invasion levels that were increased more than 100-fold compared to those of normal cells. Inhibition studies confirmed that the capsular sialic acid moiety is responsible for the binding to virus-infected cell surfaces. Also, preincubation of S. suis with swH1N1 significantly increased bacterial adhesion to/invasion of epithelial cells, suggesting that S. suis also uses swH1N1 as a vehicle to invade epithelial cells when the two infections occur simultaneously. Influenza virus infection may facilitate the transient passage of S. suis at the respiratory tract to reach the bloodstream and cause bacteremia and septicemia. S. suis may also increase the local inflammation at the respiratory tract during influenza infection, as suggested by an exacerbated expression of proinflammatory mediators in coinfected cells. These results give new insight into the complex interactions between influenza virus and S. suis in a coinfection model.

Emergence of a new swine H3N2 and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus reassortant in two Canadian animal populations, mink and swine.

A swine H3N2 (swH3N2) and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) influenza A virus reassortant (swH3N2/pH1N1) was detected in Canadian swine at the end of 2010. Simultaneously, a similar virus was also detected in Canadian mink based on partial viral genome sequencing. The origin of the new swH3N2/pH1N1 viral genes was related to the North American swH3N2 triple-reassortant cluster IV (for hemagglutinin [HA] and neuraminidase [NA] genes) and to pH1N1 for all the other genes (M, NP, NS, PB1, PB2, and PA). Data indicate that the swH3N2/pH1N1 virus can be found in several pigs that are housed at different locations.

Shielding self-esteem through the adoption of psychological disengagement mechanisms: the good and the bad news.

The fact that Canada's working population is aging and will continue to do so is no surprise to anyone. What is surprising though is what many of these aging workers are experiencing in the late years of their career: They continue to be the target of negative stereotypes which in turn, reinforce discrimination and marginalization practices. The present study was aimed at understanding the consequences of differential treatment based on age (measured by relative deprivation) from the theoretical perspective of psychological disengagement. A total of 117 Canadian civil servants over the age of 45 participated in this study. According to hypotheses, it was found that feelings of relative deprivation were associated with discounting which in turn led to a decrease in self-esteem. This chain of reactions generated instabilities, fluctuations in self-esteem and through this, questioned the protective role of psychological disengagement. It is only by devaluing their non-prestigious domain of activity that participants seemed to regain stability of their self-esteem. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Elevated levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the peripheral blood of women with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the concentrations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the peripheral blood of normal women and patients with endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective study using ELISA to measure peripheral blood MIF. SETTING: Gynecology clinic and human reproduction research laboratory. PATIENT(S): Thirty-eight normal women and 55 women with endometriosis. INTERVENTION(S): Peripheral blood samples were obtained a few days before laparoscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The MIF concentrations in blood serum. RESULT(S): This current study showed a 364% increase in MIF concentrations in women with endometriosis as compared to normal women. A significant increase was seen in endometriosis stages I-II, but a more marked increase was observed in the more advanced stages of the disease (III-IV). Both fertile and infertile women with endometriosis had higher levels of MIF than normal controls, but the difference was more significant in infertile women with endometriosis. Women with endometriosis with no pelvic pain had higher levels of MIF than normal controls, but a more significant increase in MIF levels was observed in women with endometriosis reporting pelvic pain. CONCLUSION(S): This study showed a marked increase in MIF concentrations in the peripheral blood of women with endometriosis and a relationship with disease progress, and suggests that MIF may be involved in endometriosis-related pain and infertility.