Ganglioglioma in a Survivor of Infantile Glioblastoma.

Congenital tumors account for 2% to 4% of all pediatric central nervous system tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents a small subset of these tumors. Despite harboring histologic features similar to older patients, infants with GBM exhibit improved survival and respond more favorably to surgery and chemotherapy. To highlight this tumor's unique behavior, we report the case of a survivor of infantile GBM who developed a recurrent tumor in the surgical bed 6 months after diagnosis. The tumor was ultimately resected and was a ganglioglioma. This case shows both a favorable clinical outcome to an infantile GBM and this tumor's natural history.

Diffuse Midline Glioma With Osseous Metastases at Diagnosis: A Case Report.

Extraneural metastasis is extremely rare in pediatric patients with high-grade glioma and carries a grim prognosis. Detection of metastases at initial presentation is even rarer. A 15-year-old adolescent girl presented with paraplegia, urinary retention, and a constellation of systemic symptoms. Imaging showed a fourth ventricular lesion, innumerable intradural lesions, leptomeningeal seeding throughout the neuraxis, and numerous osteoblastic lesions involving the spine, ribs, sternum, pelvis, humerus, and femurs. Pathology confirmed metastatic diffuse midline glioma, H3K27M-mutant. Our patient died 2 weeks after initial presentation. Further work is needed to develop effective treatment strategies for these high-risk patients.

Education Milestones for Newly Diagnosed Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Patients: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

The diagnosis of cancer in a child, adolescent, or young adult is an emotionally overwhelming time. To improve the quality of education and support provided to patients and caregivers with a new cancer diagnosis, we executed a quality improvement initiative to (a) define key education milestones for the delivery of essential education during the first 2 months following diagnosis and (b) to define role accountability within the multidisciplinary team for delivery of content and execution of tasks. To develop education milestones, we (a) identified educational content from review of the literature, (b) determined the sequence of content delivery through qualitative interviews with patients and caregivers, and (c) developed education milestones by evaluation of existing workflows. To develop task lists, we (a) determined which multidisciplinary team member was best suited to deliver specific content and (b) defined discrete tasks required to execute education milestones. Key content topics and preferred sequence are as follows: Emotional Adjustment to Diagnosis, When and How to Call the Doctor, Medication Management, Practical Needs, Line Care, and Access to Nontherapeutic Clinical Trials. Eight education milestones were defined across the initial 2 months following cancer diagnosis. The education milestones are paired with task lists. The education milestones and task lists guide the execution of complex education across a multidisciplinary service line in an emotionally challenging time. Early information focuses on essential content, role responsibility is clearly defined, and psychosocial support services are purposefully and iteratively integrated into care during the initial weeks following a cancer diagnosis.

Health Care Providers' Perceptions of Nutrition Support in Pediatric Oncology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients.

One of the most common side effects of medical treatment for patients with an oncologic diagnosis is malnutrition. There is limited research that broadly assesses the perceptions of health care providers (HCPs) regarding nutrition support in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of nutrition support among pediatric oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplant HCPs. The study used a cross-sectional descriptive design using a 31-item survey. Results of the survey indicated that nurses were more likely to initiate conversations about nutrition support during the first month of diagnosis, while midlevel providers and physicians initiated discussions in response to a change in nutritional status evidenced by decreased oral intake or weight loss. Participants reported resistance by patients and families more often for enteral nutrition compared with parenteral nutrition. Findings suggest a need to develop a more unified service line-based approach for initiating discussions related to nutrition support that incorporate patient and family perceptions.

Perceptions of nutrition support in pediatric oncology patients and parents.

An estimated 60% of pediatric oncology patients experience malnutrition during cancer therapy. Initiation of enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) are interventions aimed at maintaining and promoting growth. Limited literature addressing perceptions of nutrition support methods exists. To develop effective guidelines on nutrition education, it is important to understand perceptions regarding nutrition support. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe perceptions of pediatric oncology patients and parents regarding the use of EN and PN and identify influencing variables. A convenience sample of pediatric oncology patients and parents were surveyed at a large Midwestern children's hospital. The majority of those surveyed chose PN over EN if they or their child were unable to eat or maintain their nutritional status. Perceptions may be influenced by comfort, ease of nutrition or medication administration, experience, health care team's recommendation, choice, and image. This study provides health care professionals an initial opportunity to understand perceptions of EN and PN, which may provide a foundation for a multi-institutional study and enhance patient and family education.

Extraneural metastasis of a nongerminomatous germ cell tumor of the central nervous system in a pediatric patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt: a case report and review of the literature.

We describe the case of a 7-year-old white boy who presented with a mixed malignant germ cell tumor with predominant embryonal carcinoma component. The patient underwent right ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement for hydrocephalus at the time of diagnosis. He received multiagent chemotherapy followed by second-look surgery. Despite an initial response to chemotherapy, the patient had metastatic progression of disease within the craniospinal axis. He received craniospinal radiation and high-dose chemotherapy. Although, he had resolution of central nervous system (CNS) disease, follow-up off treatment revealed extra-abdominal metastases. This is a rare case to discuss abdominal metastasis of a CNS germ cell tumor in a patient with a VP shunt. The influence of VP shunt placement on treatment and management decisions of patients with CNS tumors will be discussed.