[The efficacy of leukinferon in suppurative-septic diseases]. / Effektivnost' leikinferona pri gnoino-septicheskikh zabolevaniiakh.

In the complex of treatment of purulent-septic diseases leukinferon at a dose of 300 IU/kg was used according to the following scheme: 3 injections with the 48 h interval between injections. The effect of leukinferon mainly on the function of neutrophil granulocytes and subpopulation of T-lymphocytes was established. Together with clinico-laboratory data indicative of the effectiveness of treatment, normalization of interferon status and decrease in the level of a circulating factor of tumour necrosis in seriously ill patients was observed.

[Effects of interferon preparations on the course of Salmonella infection (experimental and clinical studies)]. / Vliianie preparatov interferona na techenie salmonelleznoi infektsii (éksperimentalnoe i klinicheskoe issledovanie).

The effect of type I interferons on the process of experimental salmonellosis in mice and rabbits, as well as their effect on salmonellosis in patients was studied. It was shown that homologous interferon increased the animal survival rate, activated bactericidal activity of the phagocytic cells and increased elimination of the infectious agents from the host. The complex of the etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment of 32 patients with salmonellosis included human leukocytic interferon, leukinferon. It was administered intramuscularly in a dose of 1 x 10(4)-2 x 10(4) IU: three injections at intervals of 48 to 72 hours (the treatment course). The course was repeated 10 days after the last injection of the first course. Addition of leukinferon to the routine scheme of the medicinal treatment of salmonellosis provided recovery of all the patients without complications or appearance of the bacteria carriers (the observation period of more than 3 years).

[The chemoluminescence of the primary focus of a suppurative infection and of isolated neutrophils exposed to dimephosphon]. / Khemiliuminestsentsiia pervichnogo ochaga gnoinoi infektsii i izolirovannykh neitrofilov pri vozdeistvii dimefosfona.

The influence of dimephosphone at concentrations of 0.001 M-0.75 M on the chemiluminescence of tissues at the focus of purulent infection in the ear of a guinea pig, on the survival rate of the experimental animals injected with the lethal dose of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as on the spontaneous and stimulated chemiluminescence of blood neutrophils in patients with wound infection, was studied. The study showed that different concentrations of dimephosphone oppositely influenced the intensity of the chemiluminescence of neutrophil suspensions and tissues at the focus of infection: low concentrations were found to produce stimulating action and high concentrations, suppressive action. At the highest concentration used in this study (0.75 M) dimephosphone prevented the death of the animals receiving lethal doses of S. aureus.

[Immunocorrection with pentaglobin in wound infection and burn disease]. / Immunokorrektsiia pentaglobinom pri ranevoi infektsii i ozhogovoi bolezni.

Patients with wound infections and extended burns were treated with pentaglobin (Biotest-Pharma), a serum preparation containing high concentrations of immunoglobulin M. The use of the preparation at early stages after surgical operations in the patients with wound infections or at the beginning of active surgical treatment of the patients with burns decreased the terms of the body temperature normalization as well as normalization of the immunological, hematological and biochemical indices. The most pronounced efficacy of pentaglobin was observed in the patients with severe microbial toxemia. A scheme for pathogenetic immunocorrection of wound infections and burns was developed. It is based on simultaneous recording of intensity of immunological responses in peripheral blood and intensity of protective reactions in wound tissues.

[Sandoglobulin immunocorrection in trauma]. / Immunokorrektsiia sandoglobulinom pri travme.

Twenty one patients with the long-term compression syndrome (LCS) and 12 patients with burns treated with sandoglobulin in combination with antibacterial therapy were followed up. The control groups included 14 and 18 patients, respectively. All the patients had wound infections. Increased or lowered respiratory burst of peripheral blood neutrophils and lowered contents of active T-lymphocytes were detected in the majority of the patients. The patients had also an increased respiratory burst of tissue homogenate in the primary focus. Sandoglobulin decreased the periods of normalization of the immunological indices, body temperature and leukogram shifts to the right. The most pronounced effect of the drug was recorded before radical operations, i.e. in the presence of acute microbial toxemia or in patients with severe and extended burns. The procedure of immunological monitoring developed by the authors rapidly estimates the indications to the use of sandoglobulin alone or in combination with other immunomodulators.

[Clinical and laboratory effect of leukinferon in purulent infections]. / Kliniko-laboratornyi éffekt leikinferona pri gnoinoi infektsii.

Clinical trials of human leukocytic alpha-interferon for injections, leukinferon were performed in 51 patients with different forms of surgical purulent infections. It was shown that leukinferon lowered the terms of normalization of body's temperature, leukocytosis, respiratory neutrophilic outbreak and levels of active T-lymphocytes. The same was observed when leukinferon was used prophylactically in cardiosurgical patients. The effect of leukinferon depended on the level of radical operations on primary purulent foci and severity of the patient's state. Leukinferon had immunomodulatory properties and mainly influenced the system of neutrophilic phagocytes. The action was lymphocyte-mediated. The rapid effect of leukinferon makes it necessary to recommend it for treatment of patients with purulent infections as an agent of urgent immunomodulation.

[The microbial factor in the chemiluminescence of the peripheral blood neutrophils of patients with suppurative surgical infection]. / Mikrobnyi faktor khemiliuminestsentsii neitrofilov perifericheskoi krovi bol'nykh s gnoinoi khirurgicheskoi infektsiei.

The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils in the peripheral blood of 30 healthy adults and 39 patients with the local and generalized forms of purulent infection was studied. Nonstimulated chemiluminescence and the index of chemiluminescence stimulation in the presence of opsonized Staphylococcus aureus added in vitro were determined. The former characteristic was found to be directly and the latter one, inversely related to the concentration of S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, but not E. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Citrobacter, in the primary focus. At the microbial concentration exceeding 10(4) cells/g of tissue, the former characteristic was essentially higher than the level of chemiluminescence in healthy persons. With the improvement of the general state of the patients and in the absence of microorganisms in the wound as the result of complex treatment this characteristic decreased to values comparable with the reaction of neutrophils in healthy persons.

[Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of the primary focus at different infecting doses of Staphylococcus aureus]. / Liuminolzavisimaia khemiliuminestsentsiia pervichnogo ochaga pri razlichnykh zarazhaiushchikh dozakh Staphylococcus aureus.

Guinea pigs were infected intramuscularly with different doses of S. aureus. At different periods after infection the chemiluminescence (CL) of the primary focus in the animals infected with 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of S. aureus (abscess formation on day 3, mortality rate equal to 70%) was poor and increased only on days 6-9; in animals injected with 10(9) CFU (abscess formation on day 6, mortality rate equal to 16%) the CL increased on day 3 and lasted till day 20; in the animals infected with 10(8) CFU (the appearance of infiltration, no mortality) the reaction increased on day 1, then decreased; and in those infected with 10(2) CFU (no local manifestations of the process) the reaction was low at all periods. CL peak was recorded early mainly due to the neutrophil reaction, while a later CL peak (in cases of the favorable outcome of the infection) was explained by the macrophagal reaction. Thus, for the favorable outcome of the infection (in the presence of inflammation) the early increase of the CL of neutrophils migrating to the focus is characteristic, while the resolution of the local process is manifested by CL decrease and the prevalence of the macrophagal component of the reaction.

[Stimulation of the respiratory burst of the neutrophils from healthy subjects by different Staphylococcus aureus concentrations]. / Stimuliatsiia respiratornogo vzryva neitrofilov zdorovykh liudei razlichnymi kontsentratsiiami Staphylococcus aureus.

Preopsonized live and heat-killed S. aureus stimulated, without the washing of serum, the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of human neutrophils obtained from healthy donors. The intensity of chemiluminescence was evaluated by the index of stimulation with staphylococci, with due consideration for their concentration. With the microbe/phagocyte ratio equal to 10:1, these indices had the maximum values when both live and killed staphylococci were used. At high concentrations of staphylococci, especially live ones, all indices were low (those for live staphylococci had negative values) and uniform. As the concentration of the antigen decreased, individual features in the reaction of each donor became apparent. With the microbe/phagocyte ratio equal to 100:1, stimulation with live and killed staphylococci induced the identical fluorescence of neutrophils. The capacity of nonopsonized staphylococci for inducing chemiluminescence was poorly pronounced. For this reason, the test system using S. aureus at low concentrations was proposed for the prognostication of this infection, while the ratio 100:1 can be used for the evaluation of the opsonin-phagocytic system in case of a developed purulent process.

[Chemiluminescence of human neutrophils as affected by opportunistic microbes]. / Khemiliuminestsentsiia neitrofilov cheloveka pod deistviem uslovno-patogennykh mikrobov.

Chemoluminescence of neutrophils obtained from 24 healthy donors in response to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli preopsonized with 5% fresh autologous serum or with pooled normal sera was studied. Chemoluminescent response to S. aureus was most pronounced in comparison with that to the other microbes. Neutrophils from most of the donors showed chemiluminescent response of medium intensity, their stimulation index (SI) being 10-12; neutrophils from some donors showed low response (their SI not exceeding 10), and some donors provided highly responsive neutrophils (their SI exceeding 20). Neutrophils from the latter group of donors retained their high SI over the longest period of time (60 minutes and more). Experiments made under the conditions of preopsonization with pooled normal sera indicated that differences in the response of neutrophils were linked with the individual features of these cells. Low response to P. aeruginosa and E. coli was, possibly, due to the antiphagocytic activity of these microorganisms. Differences in the response of neutrophils to antigens of opportunistic microbes, as well as in the dependence of this response from serum factors, may finally determine the result of the interaction between host defence factors and microorganisms at the infection atrium.

[Enhanced activity of the protective factors in patients with suppurative surgical infection using interferon preparations]. / Povyshenie aktivnosti faktorov zashchity u bol'nykh s gnoinoi khirurgicheskoi infektsiei pri primenenii preparatov interferona.

Administration of leukocytic interferon to patients with sepsis and purulent resorptive fever resulted in a reliable increase in the indices of the host protective factors with respect to the infections. Addition of interferon to the surgical and antibacterial treatment promoted a decrease in the periods providing the clinical effect to 19.8 days against 43.8 days in the treatment without interferon.

[Dynamics of staphylococcal infection in guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus surface antigens]. / Dinamika stafilokokkovoi infektsii u morskikh svinok na fone povychennoi chuvstvetel'nosti zamedlennogo tipa k poverkhnostnym antigenam Staphylococcus aureus.

The relationship between delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to S. aureus surface antigens and the intensity of the infectious process induced by the sublethal infection of guinea pigs with S. aureus was studied. The protective effect, manifested by a decrease in the staphylococcal contamination of the spleen tissue and by an increase in the level of the activation of lymphocytes, was shown to correlate with DH induced by inactivated staphylococcal cells. In infected guinea pigs having DH to different staphylococcal antigens the disease either took a more severe course (in cases of DH to cell wall or peptidoglycan) than in the animals subjected only to infection, or no aggravation of the disease was observed (in cases of DH to protein A).

[Lymphocytes with antigen receptors in drug allergy]. / Limfotsity s retseptorami dlia antigena pri lekarstvennoi allergii.

The data on the possibility of using the rosette-formation tests for the diagnosis of drug allergy are presented. Tests based on changes in the levels of activated T- and B-lymphocytes after their incubation with allergenic drugs have proved to be low informative. The test found to be highly informative is the antigen-specific rosette-formation test based on the detection of lymphocytes, capable of binding allogeneic erythrocytes loaded with antibiotics causing allergy in patients, in the peripheral blood. This test may be of importance not only in diagnosis, but also for prognosis, as it permits the detection of sensitization to a drug before the clinical manifestations of allergy.

[Staphylococcal infection in guinea pigs sensitized with a commercial staphylococcal allergen]. / Stafilokokkovaia infektsiia u morskikh svinok, sensibilizirovannykh kommercheskim allergenom stafilokokka.

Guinea pigs, previously injected with commercial staphylococcal allergen to induce delayed hypersensitivity, were infected by the intramuscular injection of S. aureus in a nonlethal dose. For control, the animals receiving only S. aureus were used. The dynamic study of the degree of septicemia and some lymphocytic characteristics in the animals was made. The study revealed that delayed hypersensitivity did not aggravate the course of the main disease; on the contrary, it rendered protection against the subsequent infection. Increased resistance to infection was manifested by a decrease in the degree of septicemia, determined from the decreased number of colony-forming units of S. aureus in the splenic tissue as assessed by inoculation into agar, as well as from a higher level of the activation of lymphocytes as assessed by rosette formation.

[Changes in the immunological indices after splenectomy and the reimplantation of splenic fragments in an experiment]. / Izmenenie immunologicheskikh pokazatelei posle splenéktomii i reimplantatsii fragmentov selezenki v éksperimente.

Splenectomized guinea-pigs underwent autotransplantation of splenic fragments into the greater omentum or mesentery of small intestine. Twenty-five to thirty days after operation the animals were infected with S. aureus and then were examined over time before and after infection at different times. Measurements were taken of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, lymphocytes with staphylococcal receptors, as well as of the content of neutrophils with IgG Fc-fragment and complement receptors. It was established that in guinea-pigs subjected to splenectomy followed by autotransplantation of decapsulated splenic fragments, the experimental generalized staphylococcal infection took a milder course, which was manifested by an increase in the above immunologic characteristics as compared to animals undergoing splenectomy alone.