RESUMEN
Specific neutralization of the pathogenic autoimmune cells is the ultimate goal in therapy of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, the pathogenic autoimmunity in MS, can be directed against several major target antigens, and therefore targeting pathogenic T-cells directed against a single target antigen is unlikely to be effective. To overcome this multiplicity and the potential complexity of pathogenic autoreactivities in MS, we have put forward the concept of concomitant multi-antigen/multi-epitope targeting as, a conceivably more effective approach to immunotherapy of MS. We constructed an (Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomeylitis (EAE)/MS-related synthetic human Target Autoantigen Gene (MS-shMultiTAG) designed to encode in tandem only EAE/MS related epitopes of all known encephalitogenic proteins. The MS-related protein product (designated Y-MSPc) was immunofunctional and upon tolerogenic administration, it effectively suppressed and reversed EAE induced by a single encephalitogenic protein. Furthermore, Y-MSPc also fully abrogated the development of "complex EAE" induced by a mixture of five encephalitogenic T-cell lines, each specific for a different encephalitogenic epitope of MBP, MOG, PLP, MOBP and OSP. Strikingly, Y-MSPc was consistently more effective than treatment with the single disease-specific peptide or with the peptide cocktail, both in suppressing the development of "classical" or "complex" EAE and in ameliorating ongoing disease. Overall, the modulation of EAE by Y-MSPc was associated with anergizing the pathogenic autoreactive T-cells, downregulation of Th1/Th17 cytokine secretion and upregulation of TGF-ß secretion. Moreover, we show that both suppression and treatment of ongoing EAE by tolerogenic administration of Y-MSPc is associated also with a remarkable increase in a unique subset of dendritic-cells (DCs), CD11c+CD11b+Gr1+-myeloid derived DCs in both spleen and CNS of treated mice. These DCs, which are with strong immunoregulatory characteristics and are functional in down-modulation of MS-like-disease displayed increased production of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-ß and low IL-12. Functionally, these myeloid DCs suppress the in-vitro proliferation of myelin-specific T-cells and more importantly, the cells were functional in-vivo, as their adoptive transfer into EAE induced mice resulted in strong suppression of the disease, associated with a remarkable induction of CD4â¯+â¯FoxP3+ regulatory cells. These results, which highlight the efficacy of "multi-epitope-targeting" agent in induction of functional regulatory CD11c+CD11b+Gr1+myeloid DCs, further indicate the potential role of these DCs in maintaining peripheral tolerance and their involvement in downregulation of MS-like-disease.
Asunto(s)
Células Dendríticas/fisiología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/terapia , Proteínas de la Mielina/uso terapéutico , Células Mieloides/fisiología , Traslado Adoptivo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Antígenos Ly/análisis , Antígenos CD11/análisis , Antígeno CD11b/análisis , Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/genética , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Tolerancia Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Proteínas de la Mielina/inmunología , Proteínas de la Mielina/fisiología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéutico , Bazo/inmunología , Bazo/patología , Especificidad del Receptor de Antígeno de Linfocitos T , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Lung separation is frequently used during lung resection to facilitate surgery and hypoxaemia may occur because of increasing pulmonary shunt. In this study, we tested a method of mini-ventilation to the non-dependent lung and compared it to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to improve oxygenation during lung resection. Thirty-eight adult patients participated in this randomised, single-blinded crossover study. Following lung separation, mini-ventilation and CPAP of 5 cmH2O were alternately applied every 15 minutes to the non-dependent lung. Mini-ventilation was performed by a portable time-cycled ventilator with a respiratory rate of 8 breaths/minute and a tidal volume of 0.1 to 0.15 l. Arterial blood gases, peak inspiratory pressure, the dynamic compliance in the dependent lung and the surgeon's evaluation of the surgical field exposure were recorded. The arterial oxygen partial pressure was significantly higher during mini-ventilation compared to CPAP (379 vs 228 mmHg). No difference was noted in the dependent lung peak inspiratory pressure or in the dynamic compliance. The surgical conditions were similar with both methods in 53% of the patients, while the surgeon preferred CPAP in 44% and mini-ventilation in 3%. In conclusion, mini-ventilation is a simple method which improves oxygenation during lung resection. However due to interference with surgical field exposure, it should be reserved for cases in which CPAP does not relieve hypoxaemia.
Asunto(s)
Pulmón/cirugía , Oxígeno/sangre , Neumonectomía , Respiración Artificial , Adulto , Anciano , Presión de las Vías Aéreas Positiva Contínua , Estudios Cruzados , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Método Simple CiegoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Management of recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax by open surgery was considered the treatment of choice until recently. The major drawbacks of this management are the prolonged postoperative pain and cosmetic results. In the last decade, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has replaced the routine use of open surgery. Most papers that compared limited open surgery to VATS addressed the early postoperative results, and studies that assessed the long-term results focused primarily on the rate of recurrence and pulmonary function tests. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of minithoracotomy and VATS with emphasis on patients' long-term, subjective perspective and satisfaction. METHODS: Medical records of patients with recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent surgical treatment by limited thoracotomy (63 patients) or VATS (58 patients) more than 3 years ago were enrolled. Hospital medical charts were used to compare the early postoperative results. Outpatient clinic records and a telephone questionnaire were employed to evaluate long-term results. RESULTS: There was no mortality or major morbidity in either group, and hospitalization time was similar. Patients in the thoracotomy group needed significantly higher doses of narcotic analgesia for a longer period. There were two cases of recurrence in the VATS group (3%). Seventy-eight percent of patients in the VATS and 21% in the thoracotomy group classified their pain as insignificant a month following the operation (P < 0.05). Three years following surgery, 97% of the VATS group patients considered themselves completely recovered from the operation compared with only 79% in the thoracotomy group (P < 0.05). Nineteen percent of the thoracotomy group and 3% of the VATS group suffered from chronic or intermittent pain necessitating use of analgesics more than once a month. Thirteen percent of patients from the open procedure group required services from the pain clinic. Patients in the VATS group were, in general, much more satisfied with their operation and with the surgical scars compared with patients from the thoracotomy group. CONCLUSION: We recommend video-assisted surgery as the first-line surgical treatment for patients with recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax. This recommendation is based on its somewhat favorable early postoperative course, the superior long-term outcome, and patient satisfaction.
Asunto(s)
Neumotórax/cirugía , Cirugía Asistida por Video , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor Postoperatorio , Recurrencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Toracotomía/métodos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
We previously found that the peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells (MCs) (PBMCs) of a patient with chronic neutropenia contained an expanded population of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells using a variable (V) region delta1 gene product in the T-cell receptor-alpha (TCR-alpha) polypeptide [Vdelta1-constant(C)alpha+ T cells]. Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products have now revealed a productive Vdelta1/joining (J)alphaIGRJa03/Calpha rearrangement of the TCR-alpha gene, predominantly associated with a Vbeta16/Dbeta2.1/Jbeta2.1/Cbeta2 TCR-beta gene, in these cells. Furthermore, we detected a markedly deficient proliferative response of the patient PBMCs to triggering with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to the CD3 molecule, contrasting with a substantial response to the Vbeta3, 12, 14, 15, 17 and 20-specific staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) superantigen, suggesting defective TCR-mediated activation of the Vdelta1+/Vbeta16+ clone. Moreover, whereas triggering of Vdelta1- T cells cultured with interleukin-2 (IL-2) by MoAb to the CD3 molecule enhanced proliferation, Vdelta1-Calpha+ T cells were inhibited by MoAbs to either CD3 or Vdelta1. Vdelta1-Calpha+ T-cell clones spontaneously secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and were further induced to release tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) when triggered by anti-CD3 plus phorbol ester. Aberrant signalling by the clonotypic TCR together with the functional properties of the CD8+ Vdelta1+/Vbeta16+ clone may thus contribute to the immunohaematological abnormalities observed in this patient.
Asunto(s)
Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Neutropenia/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T alfa-beta/análisis , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta/análisis , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/fisiología , Linfocitos T Citotóxicos/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesis , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Complejo CD3/inmunología , Enfermedad Crónica , Humanos , Activación de Linfocitos , Linfocinas/biosíntesis , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genéticaRESUMEN
We describe an alternative treatment for postpneumonectomy empyema in patients for which Claggett procedure is inappropriate. During the years 1990-2002 eight patients with postpneumonectomy empyema were treated by continuous soft tube thoracostomy, intrapleural fibrinolysis and antibiotics. The medical records of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. The procedure was well tolerated by all patients and there were no significant complications during the treatment period. One patient died 9 months postpneumonectomy due to metastatic disease. The remaining patients have successfully completed the treatment with no recurrence of empyema. Continuous soft tube drainage with intrapleural fibrinolysis and antibiotics is a safe treatment for postpneumonectomy empyema in patients who are not appropriate candidates for operative management.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: An abnormal distribution of subsets of gammadelta T cells, which are a component of the inflammatory infiltrate in arthritic synovium, has been demonstrated in the peripheral blood (PB) of patients with arthritis and neutropenia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the clinical manifestations of patients with arthritis and neutropenia are related to the specific gammadelta T cell subset predominant in the PB. METHODS: Flow cytometry of PB lymphocytes in six consecutive patients with chronic neutropenia and arthritis was performed. Variable (V) gamma and delta gene families were analysed by polymerase chain reaction. cDNA was subjected to direct automated sequencing of T cell receptor (TCR) genes. RESULTS: Three patients had non-deforming and non-erosive rheumatoid factor (RF)(+) polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis, RF(+) oligoarticular arthritis, or RF(-) non-deforming oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis with persistent expansions of Vgamma1(+)/Vdelta2(+), Vgamma2(+)/Vdelta2(+), or Vgamma1(+)/Vdelta (undetermined (2- 1-)) T cells, respectively. The other three patients, without persistent expansion of gammadelta T cells, had either non-deforming and non-erosive oligo- or polyarthritis with a balanced distribution of several Vdelta and Vgamma genes, or severe erosive RF(+) arthritis with deficiency of all but Vgamma1(+)/Vdelta1(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: gammadelta T cell lymphoproliferations in chronic neutropenia and arthritis use different Vgamma and Vdelta gene families, often forming T cell receptor (TCR) structures that are infrequent in normal adult PB. Arthritis with Vgamma1(+)/Vdelta2(+), Vgamma2(+)/Vdelta2(+), or Vgamma1(+)/Vdelta2(-)/Vdelta1(-) gammadelta T cells in the PB is non-deforming and non-erosive, suggesting a protective effect of these cells, as opposed to a more pathogenic contribution of Vgamma1(+)/Vdelta1(+) cells.
Asunto(s)
Artritis/inmunología , Neutropenia/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T gamma-delta , Membrana Sinovial/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Anciano , Enfermedad Crónica , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Genes Codificadores de los Receptores de Linfocitos T , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
In this study, we investigated the in vitro proliferative response of peripheral blood T lymphocytes from MS patients and controls to MBP and MOG either in the absence or in the presence of the conditioning factor IL-7. In the absence of IL-7, T-cell reactivity to MOG and MBP was similar in MS patients and controls even if an increased MBP response was found in a subgroup of patients with active disease. In the presence of IL-7, increased T-cell reactivity to MBP was observed in MS patients suggesting that their MBP-specific T cells are in a different functional state.
Asunto(s)
Interleucina-7/farmacología , Esclerosis Múltiple Crónica Progresiva/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/inmunología , Proteína Básica de Mielina/farmacología , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/farmacología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteína Básica de Mielina/inmunología , Proteínas de la Mielina , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/inmunología , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Closed tube thoracostomy is a standard procedure for the evacuation of air, blood, or other materials from the pleural space. This paper describes a modification of the Seldinger technique that facilitates chest tube insertion. Either a Nelaton or Thieman catheter is threaded into the side drainage hole and out the tip of a standard Argyle-type chest tube. After using the clamp to insert the catheter into the pleural space through a previously dissected tract, the catheter serves as a guide over which the chest tube is inserted. The technique is simple to use, effective, and safe. It employs standard, inexpensive materials to insert chest tubes in such a way as to minimize the potential traumatic complications inherent in other techniques.
Asunto(s)
Tubos Torácicos , Toracostomía/métodos , Drenaje/instrumentación , Drenaje/métodos , Humanos , Toracostomía/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
Pertussis toxin (PT), a holomer consisting of a catalytic S1 subunit and a B oligomer composed of S2-S4 and S3-S4 dimers, held together by the S5 subunit, exerts profound effects on immune cells, including T-cell mitogenicity. While the mitogenic activity of PT was shown to reside fully within the B oligomer, it could not be assigned to any particular B-oligomer component. In this study, we purified the S3-S4 dimer to homogeneity under conditions propitious to maintenance of the native conformation. In contrast to previous reports which suggested that both S3-S4 and S2-S4 dimers are necessary for mitogenic activity, our preparation of the highly purified S3-S4 dimer was as strongly mitogenic as the B oligomer, suggesting that the S3-S4 dimer accounts for the mitogenic activity of the B oligomer. Moreover, in vitro stimulation of naive lymphocytes by the S3-S4 dimer resulted in reversal of the normal CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell ratio from approximately 2:1 to 1:2. The reversal of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell ratio is unlikely to be due to preferential apoptosis-necrosis of CD4(+) T cells, as indicated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of annexin-stained T-cell subsets, or to preferential stimulation of CD8(+) T cells. The mechanism underlying the reversal requires further investigation. Nevertheless, the data presented indicate that the S3-S4 dimer may have potential use in the context of diseases amenable to immunological modulation.
Asunto(s)
Relación CD4-CD8 , Mitógenos/farmacología , Toxina del Pertussis , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/farmacología , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/farmacología , Animales , Western Blotting , Cromatografía en Gel , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Dimerización , Ganglios Linfáticos/inmunología , Ratones , Subunidades de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/química , Factores de Virulencia de Bordetella/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 is a well known marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, its limitation is its nonspecificity, because elevated levels may be encountered in other gastrointestinal disorders, both benign and malignant. The following case is a patient with a true (epithelial) splenic cyst with elevated serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno CA-19-9/sangre , Quistes/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Bazo/diagnóstico , Dolor Abdominal/etiología , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Quistes/sangre , Quistes/complicaciones , Quistes/cirugía , Epitelio/patología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Esplenectomía/métodos , Enfermedades del Bazo/sangre , Enfermedades del Bazo/complicaciones , Enfermedades del Bazo/cirugíaRESUMEN
T-cell autoimmunity to myelin basic protein was recently shown to be neuroprotective in injured rat optic nerves. In the present study, using the mouse optic nerve, we examined whether active immunization rather than passive transfer of T-cells can be beneficial in protecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from post-traumatic death. Before severe crush injury of the optic nerve, SJL/J and C3H.SW mice were actively immunized with encephalitogenic or nonencephalitogenic peptides of proteolipid protein (PLP) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), respectively. At different times after the injury, the numbers of surviving RGCs in both strains immunized with the nonencephalitogenic peptides pPLP 190-209 or pMOG 1-22 were significantly higher than in injured controls treated with the non-self-antigen ovalbumin or with a peptide derived from beta-amyloid, a non-myelin-associated protein. Immunization with the encephalitogenic myelin peptide pPLP 139-151 was beneficial only when the disease it induced, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, was mild. The results of this study show that survival of RGCs after axonal injury can be enhanced by vaccination with an appropriate self-antigen. Furthermore, the use of nonencephalitogenic myelin peptides for immunization apparently allows neuroprotection without incurring the risk of an autoimmune disease. Application of these findings might lead to a promising new approach for treating optic neuropathies such as glaucoma.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades del Nervio Óptico/prevención & control , Traumatismos del Nervio Óptico/inmunología , Estilbamidinas , Vacunación/métodos , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Femenino , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Proteína Básica de Mielina/inmunología , Proteínas de la Mielina , Proteína Proteolipídica de la Mielina/inmunología , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/inmunología , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Compresión Nerviosa , Enfermedades del Nervio Óptico/patología , Traumatismos del Nervio Óptico/patología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/patología , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Maintenance of bronchopulmonary hygiene is mandatory for preventing complications of respiratory therapy in the hospitalized patient. Removal of secretions from the tracheobronchial tree is crucial. Conventional therapy, designed to assist in dislodging airway secretions, includes chest physical therapy, incentive spirometry, transnasal endotracheal suctioning and bronchoscopy. Minitracheostomy was first described by Matthews and Hopkinson for recurrent endotracheal suctioning in 1984. Since then there have been few papers about it, but they report good results with low morbidity. Despite this, its use is not popular in routine clinical work. We report our experience with minitracheostomy in the prevention of sputum retention. We conclude that its use is easy, safe and very effective in preventing postoperative and post-traumatic respiratory complications.
Asunto(s)
Esputo/metabolismo , Traqueostomía/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Higiene , Enfermedades Pulmonares/complicaciones , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Succión/métodosRESUMEN
Eight rhesus monkeys with different MHC backgrounds were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). All developed severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis associated with large inflammatory foci and extensive demyelination. T-cell autoreactivity to MOG was directed against three main epitopes encompassed within amino acids 4-20, 35-50 and 94-116, of which two are also immunodominant epitopes for the autoimmune T cell response to MOG in patients with MS. A strong B cell response to MOG was observed in all monkeys and major epitopes recognized were located within amino acids 4-26, 24-46 and 44-66/54-76.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito B/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Macaca mulatta , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/inmunología , Animales , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Linaje de la Célula/inmunología , Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Femenino , Inmunización , Epítopos Inmunodominantes/inmunología , Masculino , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Proteínas de la Mielina , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/farmacología , Glicoproteína Mielina-OligodendrócitoRESUMEN
Solid and papillary neoplasm of the pancreas is an interesting and rare malignant tumor. It occurs most commonly in young women. It was first described in 1959 and since then has been referred to by different names, including solid and cystic tumor, solid and cystic epithelial neoplasms, and others. Its malignant potential is low and metastasis is very rare. Treatment includes partial pancreatectomy with full resection of the tumor. The prognosis is generally very good. We present 3 women (aged 17, 19, 39) diagnosed and treated for solid and papillary neoplasm of the pancreas. The unique clinical, histological, and epidemiological characteristics of this tumor are detailed.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Papilar/cirugía , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Carcinoma Papilar/epidemiología , Carcinoma Papilar/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Pancreatectomía , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologíaRESUMEN
Immunization of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with a single dose of human myelin in CFA, without administration of Bordetella pertussis, induces a form of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) resembling in its clinical and pathological expression multiple sclerosis in humans. The EAE incidence in our outbred marmoset colony is 100%. This study was undertaken to assess the genetic and immunological basis of the high EAE susceptibility. To this end, we determined the separate contributions of immune reactions to myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein to the EAE induction. Essentially all pathological features of myelin-induced EAE were also found in animals immunized with MOG in CFA, whereas in animals immunized with myelin basic protein in CFA clinical and pathological signs of EAE were lacking. The epitope recognition by anti-MOG Abs and T cells were assessed. Evidence is provided that the initiation of EAE is based on T and B cell activation by the encephalitogenic phMOG14-36 peptide in the context of monomorphic Caja-DRB*W1201 molecules.
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Presentación de Antígeno , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/metabolismo , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/metabolismo , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/inmunología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Animales , Autoanticuerpos/biosíntesis , Callithrix , Línea Celular , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/etiología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Femenino , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunización , Inyecciones Intradérmicas , Activación de Linfocitos , Masculino , Proteína Básica de Mielina/administración & dosificación , Proteína Básica de Mielina/inmunología , Proteínas de la Mielina , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/administración & dosificación , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Although autoreactive T-cells have a pivotal role in initiating the inflammatory process in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS), recent evidence suggests a relevant role for autoantibodies specific for myelin proteins as well. To examine the role of B-cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with MS, we analyzed the V(H) gene usage in ten MS patients by PCR technologies. Analysis of HCDR3 length revealed an oligoclonal accumulation of B-cells. Sequence analysis of the V(H)3 and V(H)4 gamma transcripts of two MS individuals demonstrated that this accumulation was related to the expansion and somatic diversification of a limited groups of B-cell clones. These findings are indicative of a chronic and intense antigenic stimulation occurring in the CNS. Animal models, such as EAE, are of particular importance in order to elucidate the pathogenetic effector mechanisms in autoimmune demyelination. In a non-human primate model of EAE, we describe that the immunodominant T-cell epitope is presented exclusively by a monomorphic DRB1 allele, suggesting that susceptibility to EAE may be linked to this unique restriction and, therefore, providing a possible mechanism for MHC linkage to diseases. Moreover, we report on the presence of inflammation, sharp demyelination and axonal damage in EAE induced with whole myelin as well as with recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), but not with myelin basic protein alone. The presence of axonal pathology was supported by immunohistochemistry with anti-amyloid precursor protein and anti-non phosphorilated neurofilaments monoclonal antibodies within early active demyelinated plaques. These findings suggest that axonal damage may be an early event in the pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the CNS and highlights the importance of animal models in which therapies targeting repair and axonal survival may be exploited.
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Axones/inmunología , Axones/patología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/patología , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Animales , HumanosRESUMEN
To investigate the immunogenicity and encephalitogenicity of oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP), recombinant soluble mouse OSP (smOSP) was produced from a synthetic gene engineered to lack the sequences coding for the hydrophobic transmembrane domains of the native molecule. SmOSP was immunogenic and encephalitogenic for SJL/J, C3H.SW and C57BL/6J mice, but not PL/J or BALB/c mice. SmOSP-specific T-cells from SJL/J, C3H.SW and C57BL/6J mice induced severe chronic clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis upon transfer. These findings indicate that autoimmune T-cell responses to OSP should be investigated in the context of multiple sclerosis.
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Autoantígenos/inmunología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/etiología , Antígenos H-2/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Claudinas , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C3H , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Uncovering primary target antigens in multiple sclerosis (MS) is of major significance for understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of the disease, and for designing immunospecific therapy. In this study, a synthetic peptide representing a predicted T cell epitope on myelin oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) was found to be encephalitogenic in C3H.SW mice, inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with an abrupt onset. Two separate preliminary studies with MOBP peptides indicated that autoreactivity to MOBP occurs in MS. These data strongly suggest that MOBP is a highly relevant target in MS and further point to the complexity of antigen specificities in MS.
Asunto(s)
Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/genética , Animales , Autoinmunidad/fisiología , Línea Celular , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/inmunología , Enfermedades Desmielinizantes/fisiopatología , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/fisiopatología , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C3H/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos/inmunología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas de la Mielina , Glicoproteína Asociada a Mielina/genética , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased significantly in recent years. Early detection of a small mucosal tumor by endoscopy is occurring more frequently. This, together with improved results of surgical treatment, has created a new population of patients with prolonged post-esophagectomy survival. Adenocarcinoma in the reconstructed gastric tube is no longer a rare finding and is expected to be even more common in the future. We report a case of a patient treated for metachronous gastric tube carcinoma and discuss the steps of the surgical procedure.