Comparative Efficacy of Continuous Ceftazidime Infusion vs. Intermittent Bolus against In Vitro Ceftazidime-Susceptible and -Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm.

Background: As the anti-biofilm pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties of antibiotics are not well-defined, we have evaluated the PK/PD indices for different regimens of ceftazidime (CAZ; with/without colistin) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Methods: We have used the Center for Disease Control and Prevention Biofilm Reactor with two susceptible (PAO1 and HUB-PAS) and one resistant (HUB-XDR) strains of P. aeruginosa. The regimens were CAZ monotherapies (mimicking a human dose of 2 g/8 h, CAZ-IB; 6 g/daily as continuous infusion at 50 mg/L, CAZ-CI50; and 9 g/daily at 70 mg/L, CAZ-CI70) and CAZ-colistin combinations. Efficacy was correlated with the CAZ PK/PD parameters. Results: CAZ-CI70 was the most effective monotherapy against CAZ-susceptible strains (Δlog CFU/mL 54-0 h = -4.15 ± 0.59 and -3.05 ± 0.5 for HUB-PAS and PAO1, respectively; p ≤ 0.007 vs. other monotherapies), and adding colistin improved the efficacy over CAZ monotherapy. CAZ monotherapies were ineffective against the HUB-XDR strain, and CAZ-CI50 plus colistin achieved higher efficacy than CAZ-IB with colistin. The PK/PD index that correlated best with anti-biofilm efficacy was fAUC0-24h/MIC (r2 = 0.78). Conclusions: CAZ exhibited dose-dependent anti-biofilm killing against P. aeruginosa, which was better explained by the fAUC0-24h/MIC index. CAZ-CI provided benefits compared to CAZ-IB, particularly when using higher doses and together with colistin. CAZ monotherapies were ineffective against the CAZ-resistant strain, independently of the optimized strategy and only CAZ-CI plus colistin appeared useful for clinical practice.

Efficacy of meropenem extended infusion vs intermittent bolus monotherapy and in combination with colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.

INTRODUCTION: Device-related infections are difficult to treat due to biofilms. In this setting, optimizing antibiotic efficacy is difficult as most pharmacokinetic/pharmacdynamic (PK/PD) studies have been performed on planktonic cells, and therapies are limited when multi-drug-resistant bacteria are involved. This study aimed to analyse the PK/PD indices of meropenem predicting anti-biofilm efficacy against meropenem-susceptible and meropenem-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pharmacodynamics of meropenem dosages mimicking those of clinical practice (intermittent bolus of 2 g every 8 h; extended infusion of 2 g over 4 h every 8 h), with and without colistin, were evaluated with the CDC Biofilm Reactor in-vitro model for susceptible (PAO1) and extensively-drug-resistant (XDR-HUB3) P. aeruginosa. Efficacy was correlated with the PK/PD indices for meropenem. RESULTS: For PAO1, both meropenem regimens were bactericidal, with higher killing for extended infusion [∆log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL 54-0h=-4.66±0.93 for extended infusion vs ∆log10 CFU/mL 54-0h=-3.4±0.41 for intermittent bolus; P<0.001]. For XDR-HUB3, the intermittent bolus regimen was non-active, but extended infusion showed bactericidal effect (∆log10 CFU/mL 54-0h=-3.65±0.29; P<0.001). Time above minimum inhibitory concentration (f%T>MIC) had the best correlation with efficacy for both strains. The addition of colistin always improved meropenem activity, and resistant strains did not emerge. CONCLUSION: f%T>MIC was the PK/PD index that best correlated with the anti-biofilm efficacy of meropenem; it was better optimized when using the extended infusion regimen, allowing recovery of bactericidal activity in monotherapy, including activity against meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Combining meropenem by extended infusion with colistin offered the most effective therapy for both strains. Optimizing meropenem dosing by extended infusion should be encouraged when treating biofilm-related infections.

Cutibacterium spp. Infections after Instrumented Spine Surgery Have a Good Prognosis Regardless of Rifampin Use: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Infection after spinal instrumentation (IASI) by Cutibacterium spp. is being more frequently reported. The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of a Cutibacterium spp. IASI (CG) compared with non-Cutibacterium IASI (NCG) infections, with an additional focus on the role of rifampin in the treatment. All patients from a multicentre, retrospective, observational study with a confirmed IASI between January 2010 and December 2016 were divided into two groups: (CG and NCG) IASI. Baseline, medical, surgical, infection treatment, and follow-up data were compared for both groups. In total, 411 patients were included: 27 CG and 384 NCG. The CG patients were significantly younger. They had a longer median time to diagnosis (23 vs. 13 days) (p = 0.025), although 55.6% debuted within the first month after surgery. Cutibacterium patients were more likely to have the implant removed (29.6% vs. 12.8%; p = 0.014) and received shorter antibiotic regimens (p = 0.014). In 33% of Cutibacterium cases, rifampin was added to the baseline therapy. None of the 27 infections resulted in treatment failure during follow-up regardless of rifampin use. Cutibacterium spp. is associated with a younger age and may cause both early and late IASIs. In our experience, the use of rifampin to improve the outcome in the treatment of a Cutibacterium spp. IASI is not relevant since, in our series, none of the cases had therapeutic failure regardless of the use of rifampin.

Comparative efficacy of dalbavancin alone and with rifampicin against in vitro biofilms in a pharmacodynamic model with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: The anti-biofilm efficacy of dalbavancin (DAL) has been evaluated in static models. The comparative activity of DAL alone and with rifampicin (RIF) against biofilm-embedded methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was evaluated using an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model. METHODS: Two MRSA strains (HUB-4, HUB-5) were evaluated with the Calgary Device System and the dynamic CDC-Biofilm Reactor over 144 h. Dosage regimens simulated the human PK of DAL (1500 mg, single dose), vancomycin (VAN) (1000 mg/12 h) and linezolid (LZD) (600 mg/12 h), alone and with RIF (600 mg/24 h). Efficacy was evaluated by assessing log10CFU/mL changes (ΔlogCFU/mL) and screening for resistance was conducted. RESULTS: The minimal biofilm inhibitory/eradication concentrations of DAL were 0.25/16 mg/L (HUB-4) and 0.25/8 mg/L (HUB-5). In the PK/PD analysis, DAL alone showed limited efficacy but no development of resistance. Adding RIF improved the activities of DAL, VAN, and LZD, but RIF-resistant strains appeared over time in all cases. DAL-RIF was bactericidal against HUB-4 in the absence of resistance at 72 h and 144 h (ΔlogCFU/mL: -3.54±0.83, -4.32±0.12, respectively), an effect that was only achieved by LZD-RIF at 144 h (-3.33 ± 0.66). DAL-RIF activity against HUB-5 was impaired by RIF resistance to a greater extent than other combinations and this combination had no bactericidal effect. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-biofilm efficacy of DAL was improved significantly by adding RIF. Although DAL resistance did not occur, RIF resistance appeared in all combination therapies and decreased their efficacy over time. DAL-RIF in vitro treatment appears to be a promising anti-biofilm therapy, but further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and risk of resistance in vivo.

Factors associated with in-hospital mortality and readmission in a cohort of patients treated with noninvasive ventilation during emergency department or out-of-hospital emergency care: the VentilaMadrid study. / Factores asociados a la mortalidad intrahospitalaria y reingreso en una cohorte tratada con ventilación no invasiva en urgencias extrahospitalarias y hospitalarias: estudio VentilaMadrid.

OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical, outcome, and risk factors in a cohort of patients treated with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in a hospital emergency department (ED) or by out-of-hospital emergency medical services (OHEMSs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multicenter, prospective cohort study enrolling consecutive patients with acute pulmonary edema and/or exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were treated with NIV between November 2018 and November 2020 in a hospital ED or OHEMS setting in Madrid. We recorded baseline data, variables related to the acute episode, and outcome variables, including in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission. RESULTS: A total of 317 patients were included; 132 (41.6%) were treated in an OHEMS setting and 185 (58.4%) in a hospital ED. Forty-seven (16.3%) in-hospital deaths occurred, and 78 patients (28.8%) were readmitted within 30 days. Mortality in the hospital ED and OHEMS subsamples did not differ, but the patients who received NIV in an OHEMS setting had a lower 30-day readmission rate. On multivariate analysis, in-hospital mortality was associated with prior dependence in activities of daily living in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% CI, 1.11-5.27) and a low-moderate score on the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) versus a high-very high one (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.26-5.77). Mortality after OHEMS ventilation was associated with discontinuance of NIV during transfer (OR, 8.57; 95% CI, 2.19-33.60). Readmission within 30 days was associated with group (in-hospital ED application of NIV) (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 2.62-6.45) and prior dependence (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.02-4.22). CONCLUSION: Patients treated in the hospital ED and OHEMS setting have similar baseline characteristics, although acute episodes were more serious in the OHEMS group. No significant differences were found related to in-hospital mortality. Higher mortality was associated with dependence, a SAPS II score greater than 52, and discontinuance of NIV. Readmission was associated with dependence and NIV treatment in the hospital ED setting.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas, evolutivas y los factores pronóstico de una cohorte de pacientes tratados con ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en servicios de urgencias extrahospitalarios (SUEH) y hospitalarios (SUH). METODO: Estudio de cohortes multicéntrico, prospectivo con inclusión consecutiva de pacientes con edema agudo de pulmón o agudización de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica tratados con VNI entre noviembre 2018 y noviembre de 2020 en SUEH y SUH de la Comunidad de Madrid. Se recogieron características basales, del episodio agudo, así como variables de resultado incluyendo la mortalidad hospitalaria y el reingreso a 30 días. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 317 pacientes, 132 (41,6%) en SUEH y 185 (58,4%) en SUH. Hubo 47 muertes intrahospitalarias (16,3%) y 78 reingresos a los 30 días (28,8%). No hubo diferencias en la mortalidad, pero el grupo VNI-SUEH tuvo menor reingreso a 30 días. En el análisis multivariado la mortalidad intrahospitalaria se asoció con la dependencia previa (OR = 2,4; IC 95%: 1,11-5,27) y el SAPS-II bajo-moderado frente al alto-muy alto (OR = 2,69; IC 95%: 1,26-5,77). En la cohorte extrahospitalaria, la mortalidad intrahospitalaria se asoció con la retirada de la VNI en la transferencia del paciente (OR = 8,57; IC 95%: 2,19-33,60). Los reingresos a los 30 días se asociaron con inicio de VNI en el hospital (OR = 3,24; IC 95%: 2,62-6,45) y dependencia previa (OR = 2,08; IC 95%: 1,02-4,22). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes de ambos grupos, SUH y SUEH, tienen un perfil clínico basal similar, aunque con mayor gravedad del episodio en el grupo SUEH. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Se asociaron a una mayor mortalidad la dependencia, la escala SAPS-II > 52 y la retirada de la VNI. El reingreso se asoció con la dependencia y pertenecer al grupo SUH.

Risk Factors of Daptomycin-Induced Eosinophilic Pneumonia in a Population with Osteoarticular Infection.

BACKGROUND: Daptomycin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia (DEP) is a rare but severe adverse effect and the risk factors are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for DEP. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed at the Bone and Joint Infection Unit of the Hospital Universitari Bellvitge (January 2014-December 2018). To identify risk factors for DEP, cases were divided into two groups: those who developed DEP and those without DEP. RESULTS: Among the whole cohort (n = 229) we identified 11 DEP cases (4.8%) and this percentage almost doubled in the subgroup of patients ≥70 years (8.1%). The risk factors for DEP were age ≥70 years (HR 10.19, 95%CI 1.28-80.93), therapy >14 days (7.71, 1.98-30.09) and total cumulative dose of daptomycin ≥10 g (5.30, 1.14-24.66). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should monitor cumulative daptomycin dosage to minimize DEP risk, and be cautious particularly in older patients when the total dose of daptomycin exceeds 10 g.

Long-Term Use of Tedizolid in Osteoarticular Infections: Benefits among Oxazolidinone Drugs.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term use of tedizolid in osteoarticular infections. METHODS: Multicentric retrospective study (January 2017-March 2019) of osteoarticular infection cases treated with tedizolid. Failure: clinical worsening despite antibiotic treatment or the need of suppressive treatment. RESULTS: Cases (n = 51; 59% women, mean age of 65 years) included osteoarthritis (n = 27, 53%), prosthetic joint infection (n = 17, 33.3%), and diabetic foot infections (n = 9, 18%); where, 59% were orthopedic device-related. Most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus spp. (65%, n = 47; S. aureus, 48%). Reasons for choosing tedizolid were potential drug-drug interaction (63%) and cytopenia (55%); median treatment duration was 29 days (interquartile range -IQR- 15-44), 24% received rifampicin (600 mg once daily) concomitantly, and adverse events were scarce (n = 3). Hemoglobin and platelet count stayed stable throughout treatment (from 108.6 g/L to 116.3 g/L, p = 0.079; and 240 × 109/L to 239 × 109/L, p = 0.942, respectively), also in the subgroup of cases with cytopenia. Among device-related infections, 33% were managed with implant retention. Median follow-up was 630 days and overall cure rate 83%; among failures (n = 8), 63% were device-related infections. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term use of tedizolid was effective, showing a better safety profile with less myelotoxicity and lower drug-drug interaction than linezolid. Confirmation of these advantages could make tedizolid the oxazolidinone of choice for most of osteoarticular infections.

Infections after spine instrumentation: effectiveness of short antibiotic treatment in a large multicentre cohort.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Available information about infection after spine instrumentation (IASI) and its management are scarce. We aimed to analyse DAIR (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention) prognosis and evaluate effectiveness of short antibiotic courses on early forms. METHODS: Multicentre retrospective study of patients with IASI managed surgically (January 2010-December 2016). Risk factors for failure were analysed by multivariate Cox regression and differences between short and long antibiotic treatment were evaluated with a propensity score-matched analysis. RESULTS: Of the 411 IASI cases, 300 (73%) presented in the first month after surgery, 48 in the second month, 22 in the third and 41 thereafter. Infections within the first 2 months (early cases) occurred mainly to older patients, with local inflammatory signs and predominance of Enterobacteriaceae, unlike those in the later periods. When managed with DAIR, prognosis of early cases was better than later ones (failure rate 10.4% versus 26.1%, respectively; P = 0.02). Risk factors for DAIR failure in early cases were female sex, Charlson Score, large fusions (>6 levels) and polymicrobial infections (adjusted HRs of 2.4, 1.3, 2.6 and 2.26, respectively). Propensity score matching proved shorter courses of antibiotics (4-6 weeks) as effective as longer courses (failure rates 11.4% and 10.5%, respectively; P = 0.870). CONCLUSIONS: IASIs within the first 2 months could be managed effectively with DAIR and shorter antibiotic courses. Clinicians should be cautious when faced with patients with comorbidities, large fusions and/or polymicrobial infections.

In vitro pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of continuous ceftazidime infusion alone and in combination with colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.

OBJECTIVES: The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of continuous infusion (CI) beta-lactams for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections has not been defined. This study evaluated the efficacy of several dosage regimens of CI ceftazidime, with or without colistin, an antibiotic with a potential antibiofilm effect, against biofilm-embedded P. aeruginosa. METHODS: Mature biofilms of the reference strain PAO1 and the clinical isolate HUB8 (both ceftazidime- and colistin-susceptible) were investigated over 54h using a dynamic CDC biofilm reactor. CI dosage regimens were ceftazidime monotherapy (4, 10, 20 and 40 mg/L), colistin monotherapy (3.50 mg/L), and combinations of colistin and ceftazidime (4 or 40 mg/L). Efficacy was evaluated by changes in log10colony-forming units (cfu)/mL and confocal microscopy. RESULTS: At 54 h, the antibiofilm activity of ceftazidime monotherapies was slightly higher for ceftazidime 20 mg/L (-2.84 log10cfu/mL) and 40 mg/L (-3.05) against PAO1, but no differences were seen against HUB8. Ceftazidime-resistant colonies emerged with 4 mg/L regimens in both strains and with other regimens in PAO1. Colistin monotherapy had significant antibiofilm activity against HUB8 (-3.07), but lower activity against PAO1 (-1.12), and colistin-resistant strains emerged. Combinations of ceftazidime and colistin had higher antibiofilm activity at 54 h compared with each monotherapy, and prevented the emergence of resistance to both antibiotics; higher antibiofilm activity was observed with ceftazidime 40 mg/L plus colistin compared with ceftazidime 4 mg/L plus colistin (-4.19 vs. -3.10 PAO1; -4.71 vs. -3.44 HUB8). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that, with %T>MIC=100%, CI ceftazidime displayed concentration-dependent antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa biofilm, particularly in combination with colistin. These results support the use of high-dosage regimens of CI ceftazidime with colistin against biofilm-associated infections with ceftazidime-susceptible P. aeruginosa.

Tratamientos farmacológicos de los pacientes con COVID19: interacciones e indicaciones / Pharmacological treatments for COVID-19 patients: interactions and indications

La búsqueda de tratamientos eficaces contra la pandemia actual por COVID-19 ha supuesto un desafïo enorme para la comunidad científica. De hecho, no existe todavía un tratamiento claramente efectivo, además de las medidas de soporte, contra el SARS-CoV-2. Los esfuerzos se han centrado en recuperar fármacos antivirales empleados previamente contra otras infecciónes viricas y en el uso de antiinflamatorios, dado el estado hiperinflamatorio que pueden sufrir los pacientes con COVID-19 y que se asocia con un peor pronóstico de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, estos fármacos, usados en ocasiones de manera compasiva, pueden causar efectos secundarios graves o interacciones farmacológicas que se debe conocer. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar el estado actual del conocimiento sobre los tratamientos farmacológicos más usados contra la COVID-19 en nuestro medio, prestando una especial atención a los efectos secundarios y las interacciones farmacológicas relacionadas con el sistema cardiovascular

The search for effective treatments against COVID-19 in the current pandemic has presented the scientific community with an enormous challenge. In fact, there is still no effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, apart from supportive measures. Research has focused on re-examining antiviral drugs that were previously used against other viral infections and on the use of anti-inflammatories, since COVID-19 patients can develop a hyperinflammatory state, which is associated with a poorer disease prognosis. However, these drugs, sometimes administered on a compassionate-use basis, can cause serious side effects or drug interactions that we should be aware of. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of what is currently known about the pharmacological therapies most frequently used against COVID-19 in our field, while paying particular attention to the adverse events and drug interactions that can affect the cardiovascular system

Efficacy and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Continuous Beta-Lactam Infusion for Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Osteoarticular infections (OIs) caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains, have poor outcomes. We evaluated the outcomes of an optimized strategy of continuous beta-lactam infusion (BL-CI) guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for OIs caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa. METHODS: A prospective observational study of patients with P. aeruginosa OIs in a hospital-based BL-CI program (2016-2018) was carried out. TDM targeting free BL concentrations in plasma (fCss) of at least 3-4 × MIC was performed. We compared failure rates between patients with OIs caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant strains who were treated with BL-CI, with or without colistin, and patients with OIs caused by fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains who were treated with ciprofloxacin. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients were included in the study, 19 (36.5%) of whom had OIs caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa (13 (68.4%) MDR/XDR strains; 11 (57.9%) device-related infections). The median duration of BL-CI was 36 days; ten patients (52.6%) received BL-colistin combinations. Eighty-two samples were utilized in the TDM, and most patients were found to have a median fCss of 3-10 × MIC; 17 dose adjustments were performed and eight patients needed dose decreases, five of which were due to chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury (AKI). BL-CI was well tolerated, with the most frequent adverse event being AKI. Failure occurred to 4 patients (21.1%), which was similar to the failure rate of patients with OIs caused by fluoroquinolone-susceptible P. aeruginosa treated with ciprofloxacin (5/30 [16.7%]) (p = 0.699). TDM was also used in the initial BL treatment of patients with OIs caused by susceptible strains before those patients were switched to treatment with ciprofloxacin alone (33 patients, 110 samples, 19 dose adjustments). CONCLUSIONS: BL-CI used with/without colistin and supported by TDM may be an alternative and effective treatment option for OIs caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa, where limited available therapeutic options exist, especially in the setting of multidrug resistance. Future research should elucidate whether this strategy can produce outcomes similar to those of patients treated for OIs caused by fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains.

Lower Success Rate of Débridement and Implant Retention in Late Acute versus Early Acute Periprosthetic Joint Infection Caused by Staphylococcus spp. Results from a Matched Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Surgical débridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) is currently recommended by international guidelines for both early acute (postsurgical) and late acute (hematogenous) periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). However, due to a different pathogenesis of infection, a different treatment strategy may be needed. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Compared with early acute PJIs, are late acute PJIs associated with a higher risk of DAIR failure? (2) When stratified by microorganism, is the higher risk of failure in late acute PJI associated with Staphylocococcus aureus infection? (3) When analyzing patients with S. aureus infection, what factors are independently associated with DAIR failure? METHODS: In this multicenter observational study, early acute and late acute PJIs treated with DAIR were retrospectively evaluated and matched according to treating center, year of diagnosis, and infection-causing microorganism. If multiple matches were available, the early acute PJI diagnosed closest to the late acute PJI was selected. A total of 132 pairs were included. Treatment success was defined as a retained implant during follow-up without the need for antibiotic suppressive therapy. RESULTS: Late acute PJIs had a lower treatment success (46% [60 of 132]) compared with early acute PJIs (76% [100 of 132]), OR 3.9 [95% CI 2.3 to 6.6]; p < 0.001), but the lower treatment success of late acute PJIs was only observed when caused by Staphylococcus spp (S. aureus: 34% versus 75%; p < 0.001; coagulase-negative staphylococci: 46% versus 88%; p = 0.013, respectively). On multivariable analysis, late acute PJI was the only independent factor associated with an unsuccessful DAIR when caused by S. aureus (OR 4.52 [95% CI 1.79 to 11.41]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although DAIR seems to be a successful therapeutic strategy in the management of early acute PJI, its use in late acute PJI should be reconsidered when caused by Staphylococcus spp. Our results advocate the importance of isolating the causative microorganism before surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Measurement uncertainty of ß-lactam antibiotics results: estimation and clinical impact on therapeutic drug monitoring.

Background Despite that measurement uncertainty data should facilitate an appropriate interpretation of measured values, there are actually few reported by clinical laboratories. We aimed to estimate the measurement uncertainty of some ß-lactam antibiotics (ß-LA), and to evaluate the impact of reporting the measurement uncertainty on clinicians' decisions while guiding antibiotic therapy. Methods Measurement uncertainty of ß-LA (aztreonam [ATM], cefepime [FEP], ceftazidime [CAZ], and piperacillin [PIP]) values, obtained by an UHPLC-MS/MS based-method, was estimated using the top-down approach called the single laboratory validation approach (EUROLAB guidelines). Main uncertainty sources considered were related to calibrators' assigned values, the intermediate precision, and the bias. As part of an institutional program, patients with osteoarticular infections are treated with ß-LA in continuous infusion and monitored to assure values at least 4 times over the minimal inhibitory concentration (4×MIC). We retrospectively evaluated the impact of two scenarios of laboratory reports on clinicians' expected decisions while monitoring the treatment: reports containing only the ß-LA values, or including the ß-LA coverage intervals (ß-LA values and their expanded measurement uncertainties). Results The relative expanded uncertainties for ATM, FEP, CAZ and PIP were lower than 26.7%, 26.4%, 28.8%, and 25.5%, respectively. Reporting the measurement uncertainty, we identified that clinicians may modify their decision especially in cases where 4×MIC values were within the ß-LA coverage intervals. Conclusions This study provides a simple method to estimate the measurement uncertainty of ß-LA values that can be easily applied in clinical laboratories. Further studies should confirm the potential impact of reporting measurement uncertainty on clinicians' decision-making while guiding antibiotic therapy.

Comparative Antibiofilm Efficacy of Meropenem Alone and in Combination with Colistin in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model by Extended-Spectrum-ß-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

We compared the efficacies of meropenem alone and in combination with colistin against two strains of extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model that mimicked two different biofilm conditions. Meropenem monotherapy achieved remarkable efficacy (even a bactericidal effect) under all conditions, whereas colistin was almost inactive and resistance emerged. The addition of colistin to meropenem produced no relevant benefits, in contrast to experiences with other microorganisms.

Impact of pre-hospital antibiotic therapy on mortality in invasive meningococcal disease: a propensity score study.

The role of pre-hospital antibiotic therapy in invasive meningococcal diseases remains unclear with contradictory data. The aim was to determine this role in the outcome of invasive meningococcal disease. Observational cohort study of patients with/without pre-hospital antibiotic therapy in invasive meningococcal disease attended at the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (Barcelona) during the period 1977-2013. Univariate and multivariate analyses of mortality, corrected by propensity score used as a covariate to adjust for potential confounding, were performed. Patients with pre-hospital antibiotic therapy were also analyzed according to whether they had received oral (group A) or parenteral antibiotics (early therapy) (group B). Five hundred twenty-seven cases of invasive meningococcal disease were recorded and 125 (24%) of them received pre-hospital antibiotic therapy. Shock and age were the risk factors independently related to mortality. Mortality differed between patients with/without pre-hospital antibiotic therapy (0.8% vs. 8%, p = 0.003). Pre-hospital antibiotic therapy seemed to be a protective factor in the multivariate analysis of mortality (p = 0.038; OR, 0.188; 95% CI, 0.013-0.882). However, it was no longer protective when the propensity score was included in the analysis (p = 0.103; OR, 0.173; 95% CI, 0.021-1.423). Analysis of the oral and parenteral pre-hospital antibiotic groups revealed that there were no deaths in early therapy group. Patients able to receive oral antibiotics had less severe symptoms than those who did not receive pre-hospital antibiotics. Age and shock were the factors independently related to mortality. Early parenteral therapy was not associated with death. Oral antibiotic therapy in patients able to take it was associated with a beneficial effect in the prognosis of invasive meningococcal disease.

Invasive Meningococcal Disease: What We Should Know, Before It Comes Back.

BACKGROUND: Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), sepsis and/or meningitis continues to be a public health problem, with mortality rates ranging from 5% to 16%. The aim of our study was to further knowledge about IMD with a large series of cases occurring over a long period of time, in a cohort with a high percentage of adult patients. METHODS: Observational cohort study of patients with IMD between 1977 hand 2013 at our hospital, comparing patients with only sepsis and those with meningitis and several degrees of sepsis. The impact of dexamethasone and prophylactic phenytoin was determined, and an analysis of cutaneous and neurological sequelae was performed. RESULTS: A total of 527 episodes of IMD were recorded, comprising 57 cases of sepsis (11%) and 470 of meningitis with or without sepsis (89%). The number of episodes of IMD decreased from 352 of 527 (67%) in the first to 20 of 527 (4%) in the last quarter (P < .001). Thirty-three patients died (6%): 8 with sepsis (14%) and 25 with meningitis (5%) (P = .02). Cutaneous and neurological sequelae were present in 3% and 5% of survivors of sepsis and meningitis, respectively. The use of dexamethasone was safe and resulted in less arthritis, and patients given prophylactic phenytoin avoided seizures. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of IMD has decreased sharply since 1977. Patients with sepsis only have the highest mortality and complication rates, dexamethasone use is safe and can prevent some arthritis episodes, and prophylactic phenytoin might be useful in a selected population. A rapid response and antibiotic therapy may help improve the prognosis.

Efficacy of ceftolozane/tazobactam, alone and in combination with colistin, against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro biofilm pharmacodynamic model.

OBJECTIVES: Ceftolozane/tazobactam is a potential tool for infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), but its efficacy against some difficult-to-treat infections has not been well defined. METHODS: Using an in vitro pharmacodynamic biofilm model, this study evaluated the comparative efficacy of ceftolozane/tazobactam against MDR/extensively drug-resistant (XDR) P. aeruginosa strains, alone and in combination with colistin. Simulated regimens of ceftolozane/tazobactam (2 g/1 g every 8 h), meropenem (2 g every 8 h) and ceftazidime (2 g every 8 h), alone and in combination with colistin (continuous infusion) were evaluated against three colistin-susceptible and ceftazidime-resistant strains: MDR-HUB1, ceftolozane/tazobactam-susceptible and meropenem-susceptible; XDR-HUB2, ceftolozane/tazobactam-susceptible and meropenem-resistant; MDR-HUB3, ceftolozane/tazobactam-resistant and meropenem-susceptible. Antibiotic efficacy was evaluated by decreases in bacterial counts (Δlog CFU/mL) from biofilm-embedded bacteria over 54 h. Resistance emergence was screened. RESULTS: Among monotherapies, ceftolozane/tazobactam had low killing but no resistance appeared, ceftazidime was ineffective, colistin was initially effective but regrowth and resistance occurred, and meropenem was bactericidal against carbapenem-susceptible strains. Ceftolozane/tazobactam plus colistin was the most effective combination against the meropenem-resistant XDR-HUB2 strain (Δlog CFU/mL 54-0 h = -4.42 vs. -3.54 for meropenem-colistin; P = 0.002), whereas this combination against MDR-HUB1 (-4.36) was less effective than meropenem-colistin (-6.25; P < 0.001). Ceftolozane/tazobactam plus colistin was ineffective against the ceftolozane/tazobactam-resistant strain; meropenem plus colistin was the most bactericidal therapy (-6.37; P < 0.001 vs. others). Combinations of active beta-lactams plus colistin prevented the emergence of colistin-resistant strains. CONCLUSIONS: Combinations of colistin plus ceftolozane/tazobactam and meropenem were the most appropriate treatments for biofilm-related infections caused by XDR and MDR P. aeruginosa strains, respectively. These combinations could be considered as potential treatment options for these difficult to treat infections.

Measurement of ceftolozane and tazobactam concentrations in plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS. Clinical application in the management of difficult-to-treat osteoarticular infections.

BACKGROUND: Ceftolozane, in combination with the ß-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam, is a new option in the pipeline against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. As for other ß-lactam antibiotics, optimizing the use of ceftolozane-tazobactam is advisable, especially in difficult-to-treat infections. In this regard, therapeutic drug monitoring would be required to guide the treatment of ceftolozane-tazobactam. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate procedures based on UHPLC-MS/MS for measurement of ceftolozane and tazobactam plasma concentrations in clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analyses were conducted using an Acquity® UPLC® integrated system coupled to an Acquity® TQD® tandem-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Ceftolozane, tazobactam and their internal standards (ceftazidime-D5 and sulbactam) were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion multiple reaction monitoring modes, using transitions of 667.2 → 199.3/139.0 and 551.9 → 467.9 for ceftolozane and ceftazidime-D5, and 299.0 → 138/254.9 and 232.0 → 140.0 for tazobactam and sulbactam. Measurement procedures developed were used for guiding the treatment and adjusting daily dose of ceftolozane-tazobactam in patients with osteoarticular infections. RESULTS: Coefficients of variation and absolute relative biases were <7.9% and 6.5% in all cases. The lower limit of quantification, linearity, normalized-recoveries, normalized-matrix effects and measurement uncertainties for ceftolozane were: 0.97 mg/L, (0.97-125) mg/L, ≤113.6%, ≤108.7%, and ≤ 18.7%, respectively; and for tazobactam: 1.04 mg/L, (1.04-125) mg/L, ≤103.6%, ≤101.9%, and ≤ 20.0%. No interferences and carry-over were observed. Patients plasma concentrations were higher than the recommended 3-4 times the minimal inhibitory concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our measurement procedures are suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of ceftolozane-tazobactam in patients with osteoarticular infections.

Analysis of mortality in a cohort of 650 cases of bacteremic osteoarticular infections.

OBJECTIVES: The mortality of patients with bacteremic osteoarticular infections (B-OAIs) is poorly understood. Whether certain types of OAIs carry higher mortality or interventions like surgical debridement can improve prognosis, are unclarified questions. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with B-OAIs treated at a teaching hospital in Barcelona (1985-2014), analyzing mortality (30-day case-fatality rate). B-OAIs were categorized as peripheral septic arthritis or other OAIs. Factors influencing mortality were analyzed using logistic regression models. The association of surgical debridement with mortality in patients with peripheral septic arthritis was evaluated with a multivariate logistic regression model and a propensity score matching analysis. RESULTS: Among 650 cases of B-OAIs, mortality was 12.2% (41.8% of deaths within 7 days). Compared with other B-OAI, cases of peripheral septic arthritis were associated with higher mortality (18.6% vs 8.3%, p < 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression model, peripheral septic arthritis was an independent predictor of mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.12; 95% CI: 1.22-3.69; p = 0.008). Cases with peripheral septic arthritis managed with surgical debridement had lower mortality than those managed without surgery (14.7% vs 33.3%; p = 0.003). Surgical debridement was associated with reduced mortality after adjusting for covariates (adjusted OR 0.23; 95% CI: 0.09-0.57; p = 0.002) and in the propensity score matching analysis (OR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68-0.96; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with B-OAIs, mortality was greater in those with peripheral septic arthritis. Surgical debridement was associated with decreased mortality in cases of peripheral septic arthritis.