[Occupational health policies in older workers: comparative analysis between Spain and Chile]. / Políticas en salud laboral en personas trabajadoras mayores: análisis comparativo entre España y Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the current Spanish and Chilean regulations regarding occupational risk prevention, regarding the existence of specific indications that protect the occupational health and safety of people over 55 years of age. METHOD: Qualitative study in which a documentary content analysis was carried out using ATLAS/ti. The sample was 88 regulatory documents on occupational risk prevention for Spain and Chile. The guidance of the European Agency for Safety at Work (EU-OSHA) regarding age-critical risks was followed. RESULTS: In global terms, 21.9% of the total Spanish documents analyzed show the explicit presence of considerations on aging, while for Chile this occurs in 9%. Both countries mention indications regarding ergonomic risks and noise. Shift work and psychosocial risks are considered only in Spain, while extreme temperatures, vibrations and geographical altitude appear exclusively in Chilean regulations. Neither country refers to issues inherent to working women (care responsibilities, menopause). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish regulations present a greater presence of indications on aging compared to the Chilean one. However, development in this area is insufficient in both countries. Chile and Spain have guides of recommendations, which are not mandatory, and their application is voluntary. This suggests that the prevention of occupational risks has a great pending challenge with people over 55 years of age.

[Precarious employment Measurement in Central America: psychometric properties based on the II Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health]. / Medida de la precariedad laboral en Centroamérica: propiedades psicométricas en base a la II Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the psychometric properties of a measure of Employment Precariousness (EP) in six Central American Spanish-speaking countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama) through the items of the EPRES scale (Employment Precariousness Scale) included in the II Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (II ECCTS) of 2018. METHODS: The sample was 3,782 salaried persons, aged 18 and older, formal and informal, who participated in the II ECCTS. An EP measure of 10 items was constructed, grouped in the dimensions of temporality, salary, labor rights, and exercise of these rights. RESULTS: The sample was composed mostly of men, with a permanent contract, with a working age of between 2 to 5 years, a salary between $301 and $500s, who have labor rights and who exercise them. The factorial structure could not be verified. However, nine of the ten articles showed a high factorial load with their dimensions. A high acceptability of the EP measure was observed, and the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients of the dimensions were between 0.59 and 0.72, except for temporality (0.30). The reliability of the total scale was 0.68 and the EP patterns in women, youth, temporary and lower income countries were as expected. CONCLUSIONS: The EP measure constructed from the items available from the EPRES scale in the II ECCTS questionnaire shows acceptable psychometric properties to approximate the epidemiological quantification of job insecurity in Central America.

OBJETIVO: Establecer las propiedades psicométricas de una medida de Precariedad Laboral (PL) en seis países centroamericanos de habla española (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá) mediante un conjunto de ítems incluidos en la II Encuesta Centroamericana de Condiciones de Trabajo y Salud (II ECCTS) de 2018 que se correspondían con ítems de la Escala de Precariedad Laboral (EPRES). Método: A partir de una muestra de 3.782 personas asalariadas de 18 años o más, formales e informales, en la II ECCTS, se construyó una medida de PL de 10 ítems representando cuatro dimensiones: temporalidad, salario, derechos y ejercicio de derechos. RESULTADOS: La muestra estuvo compuesta en su mayoría por hombres, con contrato permanente, con antigüedad laboral de entre 2 a 5 años, un salario entre 301 a 500 dólares, que reportaban tener derechos laborales y ejercerlos. La estructura factorial no pudo ser comprobada. Sin embargo, nueve de los diez ítems arrojaron alta carga factorial en sus dimensiones correspondientes. Se observó una alta aceptabilidad de medida de PL y los coeficientes de Alpha de Cronbach de las cuatro dimensiones fueron >0,59 excepto para temporalidad (0,30). La confiabilidad de la escala fue de 0,68 y los patrones de PL en mujeres, jóvenes, temporales y países con menores ingresos fueron los esperados.   Conclusiones: La medida de PL construida a partir de ítems disponibles de la escala EPRES en el cuestionario de la II ECCTS evidencia propiedades psicométricas aceptables para aproximarnos a la cuantificación epidemiológica de la precariedad laboral en Centroamérica.

Exceso de mortalidad en población en edad de trabajar en nueve países de Latinoamérica, año 2020

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Estimar el impacto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 durante el año 2020, a través del exceso de mortalidad por todas las causas y los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos en la población en edad de trabajar, de una selección de países latinoamericanos y el Caribe. Métodos. Estudio basado en datos de defunciones por todas las causas entre 15 y 69 años, procedentes principalmente de los Institutos Nacionales de Estadísticas. Se estimaron defunciones esperadas a partir de las registradas entre 2015 y 2019. El exceso de mortalidad fue estimado a través del indicador P, la razón de mortalidad estandarizada (RME) y los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos (AVLP) hasta los 70 años. Resultados. El exceso de defunciones en Brasil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Perú y República Dominicana sumó 431 083 (282 558 en hombres y 148 575 en mujeres), lo que representó una pérdida de 5 715 770 (3 742 955 en hombres y 1 972 815 en mujeres) de APVLP. La mortalidad observada fue significativamente superior a la esperada en todos los países, menos República Dominicana. Conclusiones. El impacto de la COVID-19 en la población en edad de trabajar tendrá un impacto profundo en la situación socioeconómica. El recuento oportuno del exceso de muertes resulta útil y puede ser usado como un sistema de alerta temprana para monitorizar la magnitud de los brotes de COVID-19. La monitorización del exceso de mortalidad en personas en edad de trabajar, realizada por el Observatorio Iberoamericano de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo permite evaluar con mayor exactitud la carga social y económica de la COVID-19.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, through excess all-cause mortality and potential years of productive life lost (YPLL) in the working-age population, in selected Latin American and Caribbean countries. Methods. Study based on data on deaths from all causes from age 15 to 69 years, mainly from national institutes of statistics. Estimates of expected deaths were based on reported deaths from 2015 to 2019. Excess mortality was estimated using the P indicator, standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and potential YPLL up to age 70 years. Results. Excess deaths in Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Peru totaled 431 083 (282 558 men and 148 575 women), representing a potential loss of 5 715 770 (3 742 955 in men and 1 972 815 in women) years of productive life. Observed mortality was significantly higher than expected in all countries except the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. COVID-19 in the working-age population will have a profound impact on socio-economic conditions. Timely counting of excess deaths is useful and can be used as an early warning system to monitor the magnitude of COVID-19 outbreaks. Monitoring of excess mortality in working-age people by the Ibero-American Observatory on Safety and Health at Work enables more accurate assessment of the social and economic burden of COVID-19.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 durante o ano de 2020, por meio do excesso de mortalidade por todas as causas e dos anos produtivos de vida perdidos (APrVP) na população em idade ativa, em uma seleção de países da América Latina e do Caribe. Métodos. Estudo baseado em dados de óbitos por todas as causas entre 15 e 69 anos, principalmente dos Institutos Nacionais de Estatística. Os óbitos esperados foram estimados a partir daqueles registrados entre 2015 e 2019. O excesso de mortalidade foi estimado por meio do indicador P, da razão de mortalidade padronizada (RMP) e dos APrVP até os 70 anos. Resultados. O excesso de óbitos no Brasil, na Bolívia, no Chile, na Colômbia, na Costa Rica, em Cuba, no México, no Peru e na República Dominicana totalizou 431 083 (282 558 em homens e 148 575 em mulheres), o que representou uma perda de 5 715 770 (3 742 955 em homens e 1 972 815 em mulheres) APrVP. A mortalidade observada foi significativamente maior do que o esperado em todos os países, exceto na República Dominicana. Conclusões. O impacto da COVID-19 na população em idade ativa terá um impacto profundo na situação socioeconómica. O cálculo oportuno do excesso de mortes é útil e pode ser usado como um sistema de alerta precoce para monitorar a magnitude dos surtos de COVID-19. O monitoramento do excesso de mortalidade em pessoas em idade ativa, realizado pelo Observatório Ibero-Americano de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho, permite avaliar com mais precisão a carga social e econômica da COVID-19.

Informal Employment, Working Conditions, and Self-Perceived Health in 3098 Peruvian Urban Workers.

Peru has one of the highest informal employment rates in Latin America (73%). Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of poor self-perceived health (P-SPH) in informal than in formal workers. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of working conditions in the association between informality and SPH in an urban working population in Peru. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 3098 workers participating in the working conditions survey of Peru 2017. The prevalence of P-SPH and exposure to poor working conditions were calculated separately for formal and informal employment and were stratified by sex. Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between P-SPH and informal employment, with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) for working conditions. Informal employment affected 76% of women and 66% of men. Informal workers reported higher exposition to poor working conditions than formal workers and reported worse SPH. Informal workers had a higher risk of P-SPH than formal workers: PR 1.38 [95% CI: 1.16-1.64] in women and PR 1.27 [95% CI: 1.08-1.49] in men. Adjustment by working conditions weakened the association in both sexes. In women, this association was only partially explained by worse working conditions; PR 1.23 [95% CI: 1.04-1.46]. Although some of the negative effect of informal employment on workers´ health can be explained by the characteristics of informality per se, such as poverty, a substantial part of this effect can be explained by poor working conditions.

Detection of high antibodies titers against rat leukemia virus in an outbreak of reproductive disorders and lymphomas in Wistar rats.

Young female Wistar rats from a specific pathogen free breeding colony presented an outbreak of infertility along with neurological symptoms and malignant lymphomas. We evaluated the presence and the potential role of the rat leukemia virus (RaLV) in the disease because these clinical signs could be compatible with a retrovirus. RaLV is a mammalian type C endogenous retrovirus initially isolated from in vitro Sprague-Dawley rat embryo cultures. There are no reports of clinical disease in rats associated with this virus, and little is known about its interaction with the host. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we studied the synthesis of the viral particles and the development of an immune response against the virus in this rat colony. The results showed that healthy and diseased Wistar rats synthetized viral RNA but only diseased animals developed a detectable immune response against RaLV envelop protein. Furthermore, rats with lymphomas tended to have higher titers of antibodies against RaLV epitopes than those with infertility or neurological symptoms. The results suggest that increases in the RaLV infectious particle loads could be involved in the development of lymphomas in young rats. The potential causes of RaLV reactivation are discussed.

Exceso de mortalidad en población en edad de trabajar en nueve países de Latinoamérica, año 2020 / Excess mortality in 2020 in the working-age population of nine Latin American countries / Excesso de mortalidade na população em idade ativa em nove países da América Latina no ano de 2020

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar el impacto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 durante el año 2020, a través del exceso de mortalidad por todas las causas y los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos en la población en edad de trabajar, de una selección de países latinoamericanos y el Caribe. Métodos. Estudio basado en datos de defunciones por todas las causas entre 15 y 69 años, procedentes principalmente de los Institutos Nacionales de Estadísticas. Se estimaron defunciones esperadas a partir de las registradas entre 2015 y 2019. El exceso de mortalidad fue estimado a través del indicador P, la razón de mortalidad estandarizada (RME) y los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos (AVLP) hasta los 70 años. Resultados. El exceso de defunciones en Brasil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Perú y República Dominicana sumó 426 978 (279 591 en hombres y 147 438 en mujeres), lo que representó una pérdida de 5 710 048 (3 738 775 en hombres y 1 971 273 en mujeres) de APVLP. La mortalidad observada fue significativamente superior a la esperada en todos los países, menos República Dominicana. Conclusiones. El impacto de la COVID-19 en la población en edad de trabajar tendrá un impacto profundo en la situación socioeconómica. El recuento oportuno del exceso de muertes resulta útil y puede ser usado como un sistema de alerta temprana para monitorizar la magnitud de los brotes de COVID-19. La monitorización del exceso de mortalidad en personas en edad de trabajar, realizada por el Observatorio Iberoamericano de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo permite evaluar con mayor exactitud la carga social y económica de la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective. Estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, through excess all-cause mortality and potential years of productive life lost (YPLL) in the working-age population, in selected Latin American and Caribbean countries. Methods. Study based on data on deaths from all causes from age 15 to 69 years, mainly from national institutes of statistics. Estimates of expected deaths were based on reported deaths from 2015 to 2019. Excess mortality was estimated using the P indicator, standardized mortality ratio (SMR), and potential YPLL up to age 70 years. Results. Excess deaths in Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Peru totaled 426 978 (279 591 men and 147 438 women), representing a potential loss of 5 710 048 (3 738 775 in men and 1 971 273 in women) years of productive life. Observed mortality was significantly higher than expected in all countries except the Dominican Republic. Conclusions. COVID-19 in the working-age population will have a profound impact on socio-economic conditions. Timely counting of excess deaths is useful and can be used as an early warning system to monitor the magnitude of COVID-19 outbreaks. Monitoring of excess mortality in working-age people by the Ibero-American Observatory on Safety and Health at Work enables more accurate assessment of the social and economic burden of COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 durante o ano de 2020, por meio do excesso de mortalidade por todas as causas e dos anos produtivos de vida perdidos (APrVP) na população em idade ativa, em uma seleção de países da América Latina e do Caribe. Métodos. Estudo baseado em dados de óbitos por todas as causas entre 15 e 69 anos, principalmente dos Institutos Nacionais de Estatística. Os óbitos esperados foram estimados a partir daqueles registrados entre 2015 e 2019. O excesso de mortalidade foi estimado por meio do indicador P, da razão de mortalidade padronizada (RMP) e dos APrVP até os 70 anos. Resultados. O excesso de óbitos no Brasil, na Bolívia, no Chile, na Colômbia, na Costa Rica, em Cuba, no México, no Peru e na República Dominicana totalizou 426 978 (279 591 em homens e 147 438 em mulheres), o que representou uma perda de 5 710 048 (3 738 775 em homens e 1 971 273 em mulheres) APrVP. A mortalidade observada foi significativamente maior do que o esperado em todos os países, exceto na República Dominicana. Conclusões. O impacto da COVID-19 na população em idade ativa terá um impacto profundo na situação socioeconómica. O cálculo oportuno do excesso de mortes é útil e pode ser usado como um sistema de alerta precoce para monitorar a magnitude dos surtos de COVID-19. O monitoramento do excesso de mortalidade em pessoas em idade ativa, realizado pelo Observatório Ibero-Americano de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho, permite avaliar com mais precisão a carga social e econômica da COVID-19.

Monitoring Self-Perceived Occupational Health Inequities in Central America, 2011 and 2018.

Objectives. To analyze changes in occupational health inequity between 2011 and 2018 among workers in Central America. Methods. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews at the workers' homes for the 2 Central America Working Conditions Surveys (n = 12 024 in 2011 and n = 9030 in 2018). We estimated health inequity gaps by means of absolute and relative population attributable risks and the weighted Keppel index. We stratified all analyses by gender. Results. Between 2011 and 2018, the proportion of workers reporting poor self-perceived health decreased both in women (from 32% to 29%) and men (from 33% to 30%). However, the health inequity gaps remained wide in the 4 stratifiers. Measured by the Keppel index, health inequity gaps between countries increased from 22% to 39% in women and from 20% to 29% in men. Conclusions. While health improved between 2011 and 2018, health inequity gaps remained wide. Wider health inequity gaps were observed between countries than by gender, age, occupation, or education. Public Health Implications. This first benchmark of occupational health inequities in Central America could be useful when developing and evaluating the impact of public policies on work.

O futuro do trabalho após a COVID-19: o papel incerto do teletrabalho no domicílio / The future of work after the COVID-19, the uncertain role of teleworking at home / El futuro del trabajo tras la COVID-19: el papel incierto del teletrabajo en el domicilio

Resumo Introdução: o teletrabalho no domicílio, uma das medidas adotadas para controlar a pandemia de COVID-19 e, ao mesmo tempo, manter o emprego, tem aumentado em vários países. Objetivo: refletir sobre o significado, a magnitude e as tendências do teletrabalho no domicílio, antes e durante a pandemia, enfatizando seus potenciais efeitos na saúde do trabalhador. Discussão: a precedente Convenção 177/1996 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) sobre trabalho a domicílio e o acordo sobre teletrabalho entre agentes sociais na União Europeia, em 2002, apontam a dificuldade de regulamentar essa nova forma de organização do trabalho e da prevenção de possíveis lesões e doenças associadas, especialmente transtornos mentais e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos. São necessários estudos sobre os efeitos na saude dessa modalidade de trabalho para fornecer evidências científicas que embasarão normas em nível nacional e global. A inclusão de questões específicas e bem definidas, como as que a OIT propõe, em futuros levantamentos sobre as condições de trabalho, emprego e saúde poderá auxiliar tal objetivo e proporcionar uma oportunidade para observar os efeitos do teletrabalho no domicílio na saúde do trabalhador, bem como avaliar o impacto de uma necessária e urgente regulamentação.

Abstract Introduction: teleworking at home, one of the mitigation measures adopted to control the COVID-19 pandemic, while attempting to maintain employment, has increased in many countries. Objective: to reflect on the meaning, magnitude and trends of teleworking at home, before and during the pandemic, focusing on its potential effects on the health of workers. Discussion: the precedent of Convention 177/1996 of the International Labour Organization (ILO) on home work, and the agreement on teleworking between social agents in the European Union of 2002, underscore the difficulties of regulating this new form of work organization, and the prevention of possible injuries and associated diseases, especially mental and musculoskeletal disorders. The investigation of its effects on health is a priority to base its regulation at the national and global level on scientific evidence. The incorporation of specific, well-defined questions, such as those proposed by the ILO, in questionnaires of future surveys on working conditions, employment and health may help in this objective and provide an opportunity to monitor the effects on health of teleworking at home, as well as evaluating the impact of its necessary and urgent regulation.

Resumen Introducción: el teletrabajo en el domicilio, una de las medidas adoptadas para controlar la pandemia de COVID-19, y al mismo tiempo mantener el empleo, se ha incrementado en diversos países. Objetivos: reflexionar sobre el significado, la magnitud y las tendencias del teletrabajo en el domicilio, antes y durante la pandemia, focalizando en sus potenciales efectos sobre la salud de los trabajadores. Discusión: el antecedente del Convenio 177/1996 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) sobre trabajo a domicilio, y el acuerdo sobre teletrabajo entre agentes sociales en la Unión Europea de 2002, muestran la dificultad de regular esta nueva forma de organización del trabajo, y de la prevención de las posibles lesiones y enfermedades asociadas, especialmente los trastornos mentales y musculoesqueléticos. La investigación de sus efectos sobre la salud es una prioridad para fundamentar en evidencias científicas su regulación a nivel nacional y global. La incorporación de preguntas específicas, bien definidas, como las que propone la OIT, en cuestionarios de futuras encuestas sobre condiciones de trabajo, empleo y salud podrán ayudar en este objetivo y propiciar una oportunidad para monitorizar los efectos del teletrabajo en el domicilio sobre la salud, así como evaluar el impacto de su necesaria y urgente regulación.

Working, safety and health conditions in the economically active and employed population in urban areas of Peru. / Condiciones de trabajo, seguridad y salud en la población económicamente activa y ocupada en áreas urbanas del Perú.

OBJETIVES: The present study aims to know the work, safety and health conditions at the jobs of the economically active urban population in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out based on a probabilistic sample of multistage areas in which 3122 people over 14 years of age distributed nationwide partici pated. Results: The majority were men (53.6%) between 30 and 59 years (50%). As for working conditions, most people work more than 48 hours per week (39.8%), and Monday through Saturday (44.7%). Regarding the safety, hygiene, ergonomic and psychosocial conditions, the results showed a lower risk exposure. Regarding health conditions, the majority report that the identification and evaluation of occupational hazards is not carried out in their workplace (35.9%), they do not have occupational health services (40.7%) or a delegate or a Health and sa fety committee (39.4%) and no occupational medical evaluations (39.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The economically active urban population of Peru is more frequently exposed to noise, solar radiation, awkward postures and repetitive movements, work at a fast pace with little control and hide their emotions; In addition, occupational health is not managed adequately in workplaces. These conditions may affect the health of workers and the quality of work.

OBJETIVOS: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer las condiciones de trabajo, seguridad y sa lud en el trabajo de la población urbana económicamente activa ocupada del Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal basado en una muestra probabilística de áreas y multietápica en la que partici paron 3122 personas mayores de 14 años distribuidas en todo el país. RESULTADOS: : La mayoría fueron hombres (53,6%) entre 30 y 59 años (50%). En cuanto a las condiciones de trabajo, la mayoría labora más de 48 horas semanales (39,8%) y de lunes a sábado (44,7%). Respecto a las condiciones de seguridad, higiene, ergonómicas y psicosociales, los resultados mostraron una menor exposición de riesgo. Sobre las condiciones de salud, la mayoría refiere que no se identifican ni se evalúan los riesgos laborales en su puesto de trabajo (35,9%); que no tienen servicios de salud ocupacional (40,7%) ni un delegado o un comité de seguridad y salud (39,4%); y que no se le realizan evaluaciones médico ocupacionales (39,3%). CONCLUSIONES: La población económica mente activa urbana ocupada del Perú se expone con más frecuencia al ruido, la radiación solar, las posturas incómodas y los movimientos repetitivos; trabaja rápido con poco control y esconde sus emociones; además, en los lugares de trabajo no se gestiona la salud ocupacional. Estas condiciones pueden afectar la salud de los trabajadores y la calidad del trabajo.

Semen Parameters of Fertile Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Collected by Transrectal Electroejaculation.

The guinea pig, as a livestock species, is still developing and growing throughout Peru and neighboring countries, as reflected by its increasing export since 2000. However, the selection of proven fertile males is tedious due to the absence of seminal parameter standards and the lack of safe semen collection techniques. Thus, pregnancy detection or live births are required for males' selection. The purpose of this study was to describe the qualitative and quantitative semen parameters of fertile guinea pig males, to set reference values, and to validate a novel electroejaculation technique for the species. Semen was collected at weekly intervals from sixteen fertile males. Four transrectal electroejaculations were performed per male with 95% successful collections, yielding 39 viable semen samples. Seminal characteristics were as follows: pH 7.0 ± 0.13; ejaculate volume 0.67 ± 0.55 mL; sperm motility 90.81 ± 6.64%; sperm concentration 36.7 ± 28.41 × 106 sperm/mL; sperm count 20.09 ± 17.56 × 106 sperm/ejaculate; percentage of abnormal morphology 18.26 ± 8.52%; and percentage ubiquitinated spermatozoa 5.57 ± 6.28%. These values will serve as a reference to detect best breeding and infertile males rapidly. The described techniques are reproducible by commercial producers.

Condiciones de trabajo, seguridad y salud en la población económicamente activa y ocupada en áreas urbanas del Perú / Working, safety and health conditions in the economically active and employed population in urban areas of Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer las condiciones de trabajo, seguridad y sa lud en el trabajo de la población urbana económicamente activa ocupada del Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal basado en una muestra probabilística de áreas y multietápica en la que partici paron 3122 personas mayores de 14 años distribuidas en todo el país. Resultados : La mayoría fueron hombres (53,6%) entre 30 y 59 años (50%). En cuanto a las condiciones de trabajo, la mayoría labora más de 48 horas semanales (39,8%) y de lunes a sábado (44,7%). Respecto a las condiciones de seguridad, higiene, ergonómicas y psicosociales, los resultados mostraron una menor exposición de riesgo. Sobre las condiciones de salud, la mayoría refiere que no se identifican ni se evalúan los riesgos laborales en su puesto de trabajo (35,9%); que no tienen servicios de salud ocupacional (40,7%) ni un delegado o un comité de seguridad y salud (39,4%); y que no se le realizan evaluaciones médico ocupacionales (39,3%). Conclusiones: La población económica mente activa urbana ocupada del Perú se expone con más frecuencia al ruido, la radiación solar, las posturas incómodas y los movimientos repetitivos; trabaja rápido con poco control y esconde sus emociones; además, en los lugares de trabajo no se gestiona la salud ocupacional. Estas condiciones pueden afectar la salud de los trabajadores y la calidad del trabajo.

ABSTRACT Objetives: The present study aims to know the work, safety and health conditions at the jobs of the economically active urban population in Peru. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out based on a probabilistic sample of multistage areas in which 3122 people over 14 years of age distributed nationwide partici pated. Results: The majority were men (53.6%) between 30 and 59 years (50%). As for working conditions, most people work more than 48 hours per week (39.8%), and Monday through Saturday (44.7%). Regarding the safety, hygiene, ergonomic and psychosocial conditions, the results showed a lower risk exposure. Regarding health conditions, the majority report that the identification and evaluation of occupational hazards is not carried out in their workplace (35.9%), they do not have occupational health services (40.7%) or a delegate or a Health and sa fety committee (39.4%) and no occupational medical evaluations (39.3%). Conclusions: The economically active urban population of Peru is more frequently exposed to noise, solar radiation, awkward postures and repetitive movements, work at a fast pace with little control and hide their emotions; In addition, occupational health is not managed adequately in workplaces. These conditions may affect the health of workers and the quality of work.

Saúde do trabalhador no Equador: uma comparação com inquéritos sobre condições de trabalho na América Latina / Occupational health in Ecuador: a comparison with Latin-American surveys on working conditions / La salud ocupacional en Ecuador: una comparación con las encuestas sobre condiciones de trabajo en América Latina

Resumo Introdução: o Equador realizou recentemente seu primeiro inquérito sobre condições de trabalho. Objetivo: descrever as condições de trabalho e emprego e o estado de saúde dos trabalhadores equatorianos em uma amostra que permita comparação com inquéritos latino-americanos anteriores. Métodos: uma amostra de 1.713 trabalhadores foi selecionada do primeiro inquérito sobre condições de trabalho no Equador. Prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados e comparados com inquéritos anteriores na Colômbia, Argentina, Chile, América Central e Uruguai. Resultados: homens foram frequentemente mais expostos a trabalho em condições perigosas, sendo as mais relatadas trabalho com ruído (81% dos homens e 69% das mulheres) e com movimentos repetitivos (56% dos homens e 48% das mulheres). Cerca de 31% dos homens e 19% das mulheres trabalhavam mais de 40 horas por semana. Quase 11% das mulheres e dos homens relataram uma autopercepção de saúde ruim. A prevalência de agravos ocupacionais foi a mais alta da região: 15% para homens e 8,4% para mulheres. Conclusão: este é um primeiro levantamento das condições de trabalho e emprego e do estado de saúde de trabalhadores no Equador. Harmonizar e aperfeiçoar os Inquéritos sobre Condições de Trabalho na América Latina deve ser uma meta prioritária para melhorar a vigilância em saúde do trabalhador na região.

Abstract Introduction: Ecuador has recently implemented its First Working Conditions Survey. Objective: to describe working and employment conditions and workers' health status in Ecuador in a sample that allows comparison with previous Latin American surveys. Methods: a sample of 1,713 workers was drawn from the First Working Conditions Survey in Ecuador. Prevalence and a 95% confidence Interval (95%CI) were calculated and compared with previous Latin American surveys in Colombia, Argentina, Chile, Central America, and Uruguay. Results: men were more often exposed to hazardous working conditions, with noise (81% of men and 69% of women), and repetitive movements (56% and 48%, respectively) being the most frequently reported. About 31% of men and 19% of women worked more than 40 hours per week. Almost 11% of both women and men reported poor self-perceived health status. The prevalence of occupational injury was the highest in the region: 15% for men and 8.4% for women. Conclusions: this is a first approach to the working and employment conditions and workers' health status in Ecuador. To harmonize and improve Working Conditions Surveys in Latin America should be a priority goal for enhancing regional occupational health surveillance.

Resumen Introducción: Ecuador ha realizado recientemente su primera encuesta sobre las condiciones de trabajo. Objetivo: describir las condiciones de trabajo y empleo y el estado de salud de los trabajadores en Ecuador en una muestra que permita la comparación con encuestas anteriores en América Latina. Métodos: se seleccionó una muestra de 1.713 trabajadores de la Primera Encuesta de Condiciones de Trabajo en el Ecuador. Se calculó la prevalencia y el intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) y se comparó con las encuestas anteriores realizadas en América Latina - Colombia, Argentina, Chile, América Central y Uruguay. Resultados: hombres se exponen con mayor frecuencia a condiciones de trabajo peligrosas, siendo las más frecuentes el ruido (81% de los hombres y 69% de las mujeres) y los movimientos repetitivos (56% y 48%, respectivamente). Alrededor del 31% de los hombres y el 19% de las mujeres trabajan más de 40 horas por semana. Casi el 11% de las mujeres y de los hombres reportaron mala salud autopercibida. La prevalencia de lesiones ocupacionales fue la más alta de la región: el 15% para los hombres y el 8,4% para las mujeres. Conclusiones: este es un primer acercamiento a las condiciones de trabajo y empleo y al estado de salud de los trabajadores en el Ecuador. Armonizar y mejorar las Encuestas de Condiciones de Trabajo en América Latina debería ser un objetivo prioritario para mejorar la vigilancia de la salud ocupacional en esta región.

Joint effect of paid working hours and multiple job holding on work absence due to health problems among basic education teachers in Brazil: the Educatel Study.

The objectives were to assess the joint effect of working hours paid per week and multiple job holding on sickness absence, by sex, among basic education teachers in Brazil. This study is based on a survey carried out over a representative sample of 5,116 active basic education teachers in Brazil between 2015 and 2016 (Educatel Study). We created a dummy variable to assess the joint effect of weekly paid working hours [standard (35-40 hours); part-time (< 35 hours); moderately long (41-50 hours); and very long (> 50 hours)] and multiple job holding (working in several schools - no/yes). Working 35-40 hours in one school was the reference category. We conducted Poisson regression models with robust variance to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the association with self-certified sickness absence and medically certified sickness absence. Models were adjusted for age, type of contract and salary, and stratified by sex. Significant associations with sickness absence were only found among teachers working in more than one school. Associations with self-certified sickness absence were found among women with standard and men with moderately long working hours, and for both women and men working > 50 hours (PR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09-1.35; PR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.18-1.66; respectively). Associations with medically certified sickness absence were found among teachers working > 50 hours, among women (PR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.03-1.63) and men (PR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.04-1.92). Teachers working longer hours in several schools could be suffering health problems, deriving in work absence.

[TRENDS IN OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND DISEASE IN ARGENTINA, 1997-2015]. / Evolución de las lesiones por accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales en la República Argentina, 1997-2015.

OBJECTIVES: To describe temporal trends in occupational injuries (OI) and occupational diseases (OD) in Argentina, by severity of the injury, place of occurrence, economic activity and selected provinces, in the period 1997 to 2015. METHODS: The study population consists of the working population covered by the Argentine Law of Occupational Risks system, roughly 4 million people in 1997 and 9.5 million in 2015. The annual incidence rate of the OI and OD was calculated by using the number of reported cases divided by the mean number of employees covered by the system each year. To measure change in incidence over time, we calculated the overall percentage change (OPC), by dividing the difference between the incidence rate of the first minus the last year by the incidence rate of the last year. RESULTS: The overall incidence of OI and OD showed a greater decline for fatal (OPC=-65%) versus nonfatal injuries (OPC-23,3%). By place of occurrence, we observed a decrease in the incidence of nonfatal occupational injuries at the workplace (OPC =-47,7%), but an increase in occupational commuting OI (OPC =+123,4%). For OD, there was an increase in the incidence of nonfatal OD (OPC =393%), although the tendency showed both increases and declines among fatal occupational diseases. This pattern was consistent among different economic activities as well as in selected provinces. CONCLUSIONS: Observed trends are in line with other high-income countries, with decreasing nonfatal workplace OI, and increasing commuting OI and nonfatal OD. Further in-depth research is warranted on temporal trends in non-fatal OD.

OBJETIVO: Describir la tendencia temporal de las lesiones por accidentes de trabajo (LAT) y las enfermedades profesionales (EP) en Argentina, entre 1997 y 2015, según gravedad del daño, lugar de ocurrencia, actividad económica y provincia. MÉTODOS: La población de estudio está formada por la población trabajadora asalariada cubierta por el sistema de Riesgos del Trabajo de Argentina, que era de aproximadamente 4 millones en 1997 y de 9.6 millones en 2015. La tasa anual de incidencia de las LAT y EP se calculó según el número de casos notificados dividido por el promedio de trabajadores cubiertos por el sistema en cada año. Para medir el cambio temporal en la incidencia se calculó el porcentaje de cambio general (PCG), como el cociente de la diferencia entre tasa del primer año menos la del último año, dividido por la tasa del último año. RESULTADOS: La incidencia global de LAT y EP disminuyó de manera más pronunciada entre los mortales (PCG = -65,0%) que en los no mortales (PCG = -23,3%). Según el lugar de ocurrencia, se observó un descenso en la incidencia de las LAT no mortales en jornada (PCG = -47,7%) y un incremento de las in itinere (PCG = 123,4%). En relación a las EP, se apreció un aumento en la incidencia de las EP no mortales (PCG=393,0%). Las EP mortales mostraron una tendencia más oscilante. Estas tendencias se reproducen de manera similar tanto para las actividades económicas como para las provincias seleccionadas. CONCLUSIONES: Las tendencias observadas, especialmente en los últimos años, en las LAT y las EP en Argentina muestran un patrón similar al de países europeos, con un descenso de las LAT en jornada, mortales y no mortales, excepto para las LAT in itinere. Sin embargo, en el estudio de las EP no mortales se debe profundizar en el conocimiento más detallado y completo de su tendencia temporal.

Joint effect of paid working hours and multiple job holding on work absence due to health problems among basic education teachers in Brazil: the Educatel Study / Efecto conjunto de las horas de trabajo remunerado y el pluriempleo sobre la ausencia al trabajo por problemas de salud en profesores de educacuión básica en Brasil: el Estudio Educatel / Efeito conjunto das horas de trabalho remunerado e de múltiplos empregos sobre o absenteísmo por motivo de saúde entre professores de ensino básico no Brasil: Estudo Educatel

Abstract: The objectives were to assess the joint effect of working hours paid per week and multiple job holding on sickness absence, by sex, among basic education teachers in Brazil. This study is based on a survey carried out over a representative sample of 5,116 active basic education teachers in Brazil between 2015 and 2016 (Educatel Study). We created a dummy variable to assess the joint effect of weekly paid working hours [standard (35-40 hours); part-time (< 35 hours); moderately long (41-50 hours); and very long (> 50 hours)] and multiple job holding (working in several schools - no/yes). Working 35-40 hours in one school was the reference category. We conducted Poisson regression models with robust variance to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the association with self-certified sickness absence and medically certified sickness absence. Models were adjusted for age, type of contract and salary, and stratified by sex. Significant associations with sickness absence were only found among teachers working in more than one school. Associations with self-certified sickness absence were found among women with standard and men with moderately long working hours, and for both women and men working > 50 hours (PR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09-1.35; PR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.18-1.66; respectively). Associations with medically certified sickness absence were found among teachers working > 50 hours, among women (PR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.03-1.63) and men (PR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.04-1.92). Teachers working longer hours in several schools could be suffering health problems, deriving in work absence.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto conjunto de las horas laborales pagadas semanalmente y pluriempleo, en relación con las ausencias por enfermedad, según el por sexo, entre profesores de educación básica en Brasil. Este estudio se llevó a acabo sobre una encuesta de una muestra representativa de 5.116 profesores activos de educación básica en Brasil, entre 2015 y 2016 (Estudio Educatel). Creamos una variable dummy para evaluar el efecto conjunto de las horas laborales pagadas semanalmente [estándar (35-40 horas); a tiempo parcial (< 35 horas); moderadamente largas (41-50 horas); y muy largas (> 50 horas)] y el pluriempleo (trabajando en varias escuelas no/sí). Estar trabajando 35-40h en una escuela fue la categoría de referencia. Se realizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para obtener la razón de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%) de la asociación con las ausencias por enfermedad justificadas personalmente y las ausencias por enfermedad con certificado médico. Los modelos fueron ajustados por edad, tipo de contrato y salario, y estratificados por sexo. Las asociaciones significativas con ausencias por enfermedad se encontraron sólo entre profesores que trabajaban en más de una escuela. Las asociaciones con las ausencias por enfermedad justificadas personalmente se hallaron entre mujeres con horas de trabajo estándar y hombres con horas de trabajo moderadamente largas, y para ambos, mujeres y hombres trabajando > 50 horas (RP: 1,21, IC95%: 1,09-1,35; RP: 1,40, IC95%: 1,18-1,66; respectivamente). Las asociaciones con las ausencias por enfermedad con certificado médico se hallaron entre profesores trabajando > 50 horas, entre mujeres (RP: 1,30, IC95%: 1,03-1,63) y hombres (RP: 1,41, IC95%: 1,04-1,92). Los profesores que trabajan más horas en varias escuelas podrían estar sufriendo problemas de salud, ocasionando ausencias laborales.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito conjunto das horas semanais de trabalho remunerado e do fato de ter vários empregos sobre o absenteísmo por motivo de doença entre professores de ensino básico, desagregado por sexo, no Brasil. Este estudo teve como base um inquérito realizado em uma amostra representativa de 5.116 professores de ensino básico em atividade no Brasil entre 2015 e 2016 (Estudo Educatel). Criamos uma variável dummy para avaliar o efeito conjunto das horas semanais de trabalho remunerado [padrão (35-40 horas); tempo parcial (< 35 horas); semana de trabalho moderadamente longa (41-50 horas) e muito longa (> 50 horas)] e múltiplos empregos (trabalho em mais de uma escola - não/sim). A categoria de referência foi o trabalho em uma única escola durante 35-40 horas semanais. Realizamos modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para obter razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) para a associação com ausência no trabalho por motivo de saúde alegado pelo próprio indivíduo, e com atestado médico. Os modelos foram ajustados para idade, tipo de vínculo de trabalho e salário, e estratificados por sexo. Os resultados só mostraram associações significativas com absenteísmo por motivo de saúde em professores que trabalhavam em mais de uma escola. Foram observadas associações com ausência por motivo de saúde alegado pelo próprio indivíduo em mulheres com semana de trabalho padrão e em homens com semana moderadamente longa, e em mulheres e homens que trabalhavam mais de 50 horas por semana (RP: 1,21, IC95%: 1,09-1,35; RP: 1,40, IC95%: 1,18-1,66; respectivamente). Foram encontradas associações com ausência com atestado médico entre professores que trabalhavam mais de 50 horas por semana, em mulheres (RP: 1,30, IC95%: 1,03-1,63) e homens (RP: 1,41, IC95%: 1,04-1,92). Professores brasileiros que trabalham horas longas em várias escolas podem sofrer problemas de saúde, levando ao absenteísmo.

[RELIABILITY AND COMPLETION OF THE WORKING CONDITIONS ITEMS INCLUDED IN THE CTESLAC QUESTIONNAIRE: RESULTS FROM THE STUDY OF WORKING CONDITIONS, SAFETY AND HEALTH IN PERU]. / Fiabilidad y cumplimiento de las preguntas sobre condiciones de trabajo incluidas en el cuestionario CTESLAC: resultados del Estudio sobre Condiciones de trabajo, Seguridad y Salud en Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and degree of completion of items on working conditions in the Working Conditions, Employment Conditions and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (CTESLAC by its Spanish acronym) survey questionnaire. METHODS: In 2017, we conducted 500 household-based interviews in Peru using the Survey on Working Conditions, Safety and Health CTESLAC Questionnaire. We calculated: 1) percentage of respondents indicating "Do not know"/"No answer"; 2) percentage of unanswered items; 3) variance of these items; 4) percentages for each of the response categories; and we generated 5) an item-item correlation matrix for each dimension; and 6) an item-dimension correlation matrix. RESULTS: We observed a high level of completion (<1% of missing items and "do not know"/"do not answer" responses) for items related to safety, hygiene and ergonomics. In regards to psychosocial items, three items had between 4% and 6% non-response, and between 2% and 5% for "do not know"/"do not answer"r responses. All items exhibited moderate to high correlations with other items in the corresponding dimension. However, some items related to the psychosocial work environment showed low correlations. CONCLUSION: Overall, the questionnaire showed a high proportion of completion, and good reliability for the safety, hygiene and ergonomics dimensions. However, the psychosocial dimension did not show good reliability, suggesting these items should be revised.

OBJETIVO: Valorar la fiabilidad y cumplimentación de las preguntas sobre condiciones de trabajo del cuestionario Condiciones de Trabajo, Empleo y Salud en América Latina y el Caribe (CTESLAC). MÉTODO: A partir de una muestra de 500 entrevistas del Estudio sobre Condiciones de Trabajo, Seguridad y Salud en Perú realizada en 2017 en una muestra de hogares y basada en el Cuestionario CTESLAC, se calculó: 1) porcentaje de respuesta No sabe/No contesta; 2)porcentaje de pregunta sin respuesta (perdidas); 3) varianza de los ítems; 4) porcentaje de cada una de las categorías de respuesta; 5) matriz de correlación pregunta-pregunta en cada una de las dimensiones y; 6) matriz de correlación pregunta-dimensión. RESULTADOS: Observamos una alta cumplimentación (<1% de no sabe/no contesta y perdidos) en la mayoría de preguntas sobre Condiciones de Seguridad, Higiene y Ergonomía, y sobre Condiciones Psicosociales hubo tres preguntas con perdidos entre un 6% y 4% y no sabe/no contesta entre el 2% y 5%. Las matrices de correlación alcanzaron coeficientes entre 0,3 y 0,7 tanto entre los ítems de las mismas dimensiones como en las correlaciones con las dimensiones del instrumento, a excepción de la dimensión psicosocial, así como bajos niveles de correlación entre los ítems de la dimensión psicosocial. CONCLUSIÓN: Se demuestra buena cumplimentación del cuestionario, así como la fiabilidad de las dimensiones de condiciones de seguridad, de higiene y ergonómicas. Sin embargo la dimensión psicosocial no alcanzó los criterios de fiabilidad, sugiriendo que sus preguntas requieren ser revisadas.

Propuesta de indicadores para la vigilancia de la salud ocupacional en América Latina y el Caribe

[RESUMEN]. Este artículo propone un conjunto básico y común de indicadores para la vigilancia en salud ocupacional en América Latina y el Caribe e identifica las fuentes de datos disponibles para su medición. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un proceso de consenso de la Red Experta en Encuestas sobre Condiciones de Trabajo, Empleo y Salud (RED ECoTES) en dos etapas. En la primera etapa, se consensuó un primer listado de indicadores, y en la segunda etapa, se identificaron las fuentes de datos y sus características, con el fin de facilitar la comprobación de la factibilidad del cálculo real de cada indicador en 20 países de la Región. La propuesta del conjunto básico de indicadores, y sus definiciones, está conformado por 13 indicadores distribuidos en cuatro dimensiones: condiciones de empleo (tres indicadores), condiciones de trabajo (cuatro indicadores), recursos y actividades preventivas (dos indicadores) y salud (cuatro indicadores). Las principales fuentes disponibles para calcular estos indicadores en la Región fueron las encuestas permanentes de hogares, las encuestas de condiciones de trabajo, empleo y salud, las estadísticas vitales, y los sistemas de notificación de lesiones por accidentes de trabajo. En la Región existen datos para un número relevante de los indicadores propuestos. Sin embargo, un número importante de aquellos orientados a las condiciones de trabajo y actividades preventivas están ausentes en la mayoría de países. La vigilancia efectiva de la salud ocupacional en la Región exige impulsar decididamente las encuestas sobre condiciones de empleo, trabajo y salud en cada uno de los países que la conforman.

[ABSTRACT]. This article proposes a set of common basic indicators for occupational health surveillance in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean and identifies the sources of data that are available for their measurement. To this end, consensus was built among members of the Expert Network on Working, Employment, and Health Conditions Surveys (RED ECoTES) in two stages. In the first stage, a preliminary list of indicators was agreed upon; in the second stage, data sources and their characteristics were identified to help determine the feasibility of measuring the actual value of each indicator in 20 countries of the region. The proposed set of basic indicators, together with their definitions, is composed of 13 indicators in four areas: employment conditions (three indicators), working conditions (four indicators), resources and preventive activities (two indicators), and health (four indicators). The primary sources of data available in the region for calculating these indicators were: permanent household surveys; surveys on conditions of work, employment, and health; vital statistics; and reporting systems for occupational injuries. Data are available in the region for many of the proposed indicators, but a sizable number of those having to do with working conditions and preventive activities are not available in most countries. For effective occupational health surveillance in the region, surveys on conditions of work, employment, and health must be vigorously promoted in each country.

[RESUMO]. Neste artigo é proposto um conjunto básico de indicadores comuns para vigilância em saúde ocupacional na América Latina e Caribe, com a identificação das fontes de dados disponíveis para mensuração destes indicadores. A Rede Latino-Americana de Especialistas em Inquéritos sobre Condições de Trabalho, Emprego e Saúde (REDE ECoTES) conduziu um processo de decisão por consenso em duas etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu da seleção inicial dos indicadores e a segunda etapa compreendeu a identificação das fontes de dados e suas características, com o propósito de facilitar comprovar a viabilidade do cálculo efetivo de cada indicador em 20 países da Região. É proposto um conjunto básico de indicadores e respectivas definições contendo 13 indicadores distribuídos em quatro dimensões: condições de emprego (três indicadores), condições de trabalho (quatro indicadores) e recursos e atividades de prevenção (dois indicadores) e saúde (quatro indicadores). As principais fontes disponíveis na Região para determinar os indicadores são: as pesquisas permanentes de domicílios, as pesquisas sobre as condições de trabalho, emprego e saúde, as estatísticas vitais e os sistemas de notificação de acidentes de trabalho. Existem dados disponíveis para o cálculo de um número relevante dos indicadores propostos. Porém, a maioria dos países não dispõe de dados para calcular um número importante dos indicadores relacionados às condições de trabalho e atividades de prevenção. A vigilância efetiva em saúde ocupacional requer um firme incentivo às pesquisas sobre as condições de emprego, trabalho e saúde em cada país da Região.

Educar en Bioética: Retos para el profesor universitario de ciencias de la salud / Educating in Bioethics: Challenges for the university professor of health sciences

En este artículo se pretende dejar en claro que la enseñanza de la bioética es importante para la formación de los futuros profesionales en ciencias de la salud. Implica contar con profesores que cumplan con una serie de cualidades positivas que le permitan desarrollar, con alegría, una tarea con calidad educativa. El profesor, además de su perfeccionamiento en la asignatura que imparte, debe contar con una sólida formación moral y ética. El ambiente para la enseñanza en bioética y en todas las demás asignaturas, no requiere solamente de tener una infraestructura adecuada, sino tener también profesores que sean un ejemplo vivo de lo que dicen, con vocación de servicio, capacidad de diálogo, empatía y voluntad, transmitiendo principios y valores, a través de una metodología adecuada. Se destaca también la importancia de la enseñanza activa y la participación de los alumnos y de sus respectivas familias en este proceso. (AU)

This article pretends to make clear that the Bioethics teaching is important for the formation of future health science professionals. It implies that teachers should have positive qualities to left them develop, with joy, educational quality. The teacher should have a moral and bioethics formation. The environment for bioethics teaching and all other subjects, not only requires an adequate infrastructure; it is essential teachers who are a living example of what they say, with vocation, dialogue capacities, empathy and willingness, transmitting principles and values, through an appropriate methodology. The importance of active learning and participation of students and their families in this process, is also highlighted. (AU)