[Molecular Pathology of Colorectal Cancer, Microsatellite Instability - the Detection, the Relationship to the Pathophysiology and Prognosis]. / Molekulární patologie kolorektálního karcinomu, mikrosatelitová nestabilita - zpusob detekce, vztah k patofyziologii a prognóze.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is third most common cancer worldwide with very heterogenous character. In most cases, it is caused by sporadic events leading to disruption of epithelial cells of the colon. The minority evolves from germline mutations associated with hereditary cancer syndromes. Mechanisms leading to mutations of oncogenes, tumour suppressors and genes of DNA repair mechanisms include: 1. chromosomal instability, 2. microsatellite instability and 3. CpG island methylator phenotype. Microsatellite instability (MSI) usually arises from a germline mutation of the component of mismatch repair machinery (MMR) or somatic hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter. The diagnostic approaches include PCR methods and immunohistochemistry for the detection of the loss of MMR part. The aim of our study was to characterise the cohort of ongoing study of gut microbiome in CRC patients considering MSI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The consecutive study group consisted of 103 patients diagnosed with CRC. The cohort consisted of 45 women (43.7%) and 58 men (56.3%). Patient age at the time of diagnosis was within the range of 31-83 years (median 66 years). The expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 proteins was detected by immunohistochemical method and the positivity was correlated with the stage and the localization of the primary tumour. RESULTS: The MMR status was determined by immunohistochemical method in 43 (41.7%) from the existing total of 103 patients. MSI was detected in 11 (25.6%) cases while 32 (74.4%) were microsatellite stabile. With the respect to cancer clasification the most cases of MSI was detected in stage II (8 cases; 22.2%). In regard to localization of primary tumour, MSI rather correlates to right site CRC, while microsatellite stable tumours do not show any site preferences. CONCLUSION: Considering low number of MMR status determination in study group, statistic evaluation is inaccurate so far. However there is a trend in our cohort in relation to determination of the portion of MSI in CRC population and also in localization of primary tumour according to literature.Key words: colorectal carcinoma - microsatellite instability - Lynch syndrome The work was supported by the project MEYS - NPS I - LO1413 and AZV 16-31966A. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 13. 3. 2017Accepted: 26. 3. 2017.

[Antiproliferative Effect of Somatostatin Analogs -  Data Analyses and Clinical Applications in the Context of the CLARINET Study]. / Antiproliferacní úcinek analog somatostatinu -  analýza dat a klinické aplikace v kontextu výsledku studie CLARINET.

BACKGROUND: Somatostatin analogs (SSAs) are antisecretory agents that have been used to control hormonal syndromes associated with neuroendocrine tumors for more than 20 years. Recent phase III randomized, placebo controlled trials demonstrated their antiproliferative effects. The PROMID study showed that octreotide LAR (long-acting repeatable) treatment had anti-tumor effects. CLARINET, an international multicenter controlled study, provides new evidence that lanreotide has antiproliferative effects. Depot lanreotide significantly prolonged progression-free survival among patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Because GEP-NETs are biologically diverse in terms of primary tumor site and functional status, preventing progression can be difficult. AIM: This review summarizes data supporting the role of SSAs, in particular lanreotide, as antiproliferative agents for the treatment of patients with GEP-NETs. CONCLUSION: The CLARINET study is the most powerful (in sence of data, results, clinical aplication) randomized study of the antiproliferative effects of SSA in GEP-NET patients. The median lanreotide-associated progression-free survival in the CLARINET core study or in open-label extension study was 32.8 vs. 18 months for placebo. Thus, early treatment with lanreotide is expected to prolong progression-free survival. Lanreotide is now recommended for the treatment of patients with well-differentiated metastatic grade 1 and grade 2 GEP-NETs (i.e., those with a Ki-67 proliferative index < 10%) located in the pancreas, small intestine, or in cases where the location of the primary tumor is unknown, regardless of the degree of liver involvement. KEY WORDS: somatostatin - neuroendocrine tumors - angiogenesis - apoptosis - antiproliferative effectThis work was supported by MEYS-NPS I-LO1413.The author declares she has no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 2. 12. 2015Accepted: 20. 3. 2016.

Long term experience of patients with unresectable or metastatic KIT positive gastrointestinal stromal tumours.

A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients (183 in total, of which 105 were males and 78 females) with gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) was performed. The mean age was 61 years, median age 64 years. The most frequent localization of the tumour was stomach in 74 patients (40.4 %) and the small intestine in 46 patients (25.1 %). Two or more different synchronous or metachronous cancers occurred in 34 (18.6 %) patients with histologically confirmed GIST. Ninety-six patients were treated with imatinib mesylate in palliative setting during the course of their disease. The therapy was finished in 60 patients and 36 patients have been treated so far. The median progression-free survival reached 32.9 months in the group of 96 patients treated with imatinib. The median overall survival in the group of 96 patients treated for metastatic disease reached 77 months. Two-year and 5-year survival was 85.2 % and 63.1 %, respectively. The second-line therapy with sunitinib malate was administered in 37 patients, of which 31 finished and 6 continued in the therapy. The median progression free survival and median survival since the sunitinib therapy initiation reached 8.4 and 22.1 months, respectively (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 16).

[The current approach to the treatment of the patients with metastatic colorectal cancer]. / Soucasný prístup k lécbe pacientu s metastatickým kolorektálním karcinomem.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. Despite the constant promotion of prevention remains around 20- 30% of cases dia-gnosed in the metastatic stage and approximately 50- 60% of patients developed the late dissemination. In 80- 90% of them we can find already unresectable metastases. Although surgical treatment is basic modality of therapy, with using mo-dern targeted therapy in combination with chemotherapy we can achieve longterm complete remission in the cases of advanced tumor and we can significantly prolonged the life of patients with this disease now. About 40- 50% patients in advanced stages who underwent metastasectomy survives 5-years and 10year survival rate is up to 25%. When administered systemic treatment median overall survival in these cases reaches around 24 months.

[A case report: patient with metastatic goblet cell carcinoid]. / Pacientka s metastatickým karcinoidem z pohárkových bunek.

BACKGROUND: Goblet cell carcinoid represents a unique entity of appendiceal neoplasia. Its pathological features and clinical behavior are distinct from the classic carcinoid tumor as well as primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix. Correct histopathological classification and diagnosis provide guidelines for treatment and prognosis. Morphological transformation of the Goblet cell carcinoid from typical Goblet cell carcinoid to adenocarcinoma morphology is likely associated with accumulation of additional genetic changes that is why subclassification of this group of tumors is needed. Investigation of molecular genetic changes could increase our understanding of this exotic but clinically important group of tumors. CASE: We present the case of a patient with metastatic goblet cell carcinoid involving terminal ileum, ascendent colon, ovary, omentum and peritoneal spreading, treated with debulking surgery and chemotherapy (FOLFOX4 regimen) with good response, reduction of disease on CT and PET complete remission. Improvement of clinical symptoms as well as quality of life was reached by combined palliative treatment. CONCLUSION: Correct diagnostics and therapeutic efforts bring patient benefit even in metastatic setting. Better knowledge of rare tumors and understanding of their biology help improve therapeutic approaches.