A randomized, single ascending dose safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics study of NicaPlant® in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients undergoing clipping.

Introduction: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Post-hemorrhagic vasospasm with neurological deterioration is a major concern in this context. NicaPlant®, a modified release formulation of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine, has shown vasodilator efficacy preclinically and a similar formulation known as NPRI has shown anti-vasospasm activity in aSAH patients under compassionate use. Research question: The study aimed to assess pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NicaPlant® pellets to prevent vasospasm after clip ligation in aSAH. Material and methods: In this multicenter, controlled, randomized, dose escalation trial we assessed the safety and tolerability of NicaPlant®. aSAH patients treated by clipping were randomized to receive up to 13 NicaPlant® implants, similarly to the dose of NPRIs previous used, or standard of care treatment. Results: Ten patients across four dose groups were treated with NicaPlant® (3-13 implants) while four patients received standard of care. 45 non-serious and 13 serious adverse events were reported, 4 non-serious adverse events and 5 serious adverse events assessed a probable or possible causal relationship to the investigational medical product. Across the NicaPlant® groups there was 1 case of moderate vasospasm, while in the standard of care group there were 2 cases of severe vasospasm. Discussion and conclusion: The placement of NicaPlant® during clip ligation of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm raised no safety concern. The dose of 10 NicaPlant® implants was selected for further clinical studies.

The FRESH Study: Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms with the New FRED X Flow Diverter with Antithrombotic Surface Treatment Technology-First Multicenter Experience in 161 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Flow diverters with antithrombotic coatings are increasingly used to improve the safety of flow diverter treatments of intracranial aneurysms. This study aimed to investigate the safety and short-term efficacy of the new FRED X flow diverter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical charts and procedural and imaging data of a consecutive series of patients with intracranial aneurysms who were treated with the FRED X at 9 international neurovascular centers were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-one patients (77.6% women; mean age, 55 years) with 184 aneurysms (11.2% acutely ruptured) were included in this study. Most aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation (77.0%), most frequently at the ICA (72.7%). The FRED X was successfully implanted in all procedures. Additional coiling was performed in 29.8%. In-stent balloon angioplasty was necessary in 2.5%. The rate of major adverse events was 3.1%. Thrombotic events occurred in 7 patients (4.3%) with 4 intra- and 4 postprocedural in-stent thromboses, respectively (1 patient had both peri- and postprocedural thrombosis). Of these thrombotic events, only 2 (1.2%) led to major adverse events (ischemic strokes). Postinterventional neurologic morbidity and mortality were observed in 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively. The rate of complete aneurysm occlusion after a mean follow-up of 7.0 months was 66.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The new FRED X is a safe and feasible device for aneurysm treatment. In this retrospective multicenter study, the rate of thrombotic complications was low, and the short-term occlusion rates are satisfactory.

[Imaging pathologies of the corpus callosum]. / Pathologien des Corpus callosum in der Bildgebung.

The corpus callosum is the largest fiber bundle in the cerebral white matter in the human brain. A multitude of disorders including congenital malformations, acute and chronic traumatic lesions, ischemia, neoplasms, secondary manifestations of metabolic, toxic or degenerative diseases as well as chronic inflammatory and demyelinating diseases can primarily or secondarily affect the corpus callosum. This article presents magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of the most relevant diseases affecting the corpus callosum.

Material-Specific Roadmap Modes Can Improve the Visibility of Liquid Embolic Agents for Endovascular Embolization: A Systematic In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular embolization using liquid embolic agents is a safe and effective treatment option for AVMs and fistulas. Because reliable visibility of these liquid embolic agents is essential for intraprocedural visual control to prevent complications, novel angiographic systems are equipped with material-specific roadmap modes. The aim of this study was the systematic in vitro comparison of conventional and material-specific roadmap modes regarding the visibility of the most used liquid embolic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A recently introduced in vitro model, resembling cerebral vessels, was embolized with Onyx 18, Squid 18, PHIL 25%, and n-BCA mixed with iodized oil (n = 4 for each liquid embolic agent), as well as with contrast medium and saline, both serving as a reference. Imaging was performed in conventional and material-specific roadmap modes. The visibility of the liquid embolic agents in both modes was compared quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS: Significant differences between conventional and material-specific roadmap modes regarding the visibility of the liquid embolic agents were observed for all study groups. All liquid embolic agents were better visible in the material-specific roadmap modes compared with the conventional mode in qualitative and quantitative analyses (eg, Onyx in conventional-versus-material-specific modes along the 1.0-mm sector: mean contrast-to-noise ratio, 5.69 [SD, 0.85] versus 47.18 [SD, 5.72]; P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this in vitro study, we demonstrated a better visibility of all investigated liquid embolic agents by using material-specific roadmap modes compared with the conventional roadmap technique. Especially in complex anatomic situations, these novel roadmap modes could improve the visual control and thus the safety and efficacy of embolization procedures in clinical practice.

[Imaging pathologies of the corpus callosum]. / Pathologien des Corpus callosum in der Bildgebung.

The corpus callosum is the largest fiber bundle in the cerebral white matter in the human brain. A multitude of disorders including congenital malformations, acute and chronic traumatic lesions, ischemia, neoplasms, secondary manifestations of metabolic, toxic or degenerative diseases as well as chronic inflammatory and demyelinating diseases can primarily or secondarily affect the corpus callosum. This article presents magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of the most relevant diseases affecting the corpus callosum.

RAPID CT Perfusion-Based Relative CBF Identifies Good Collateral Status Better Than Hypoperfusion Intensity Ratio, CBV-Index, and Time-to-Maximum in Anterior Circulation Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Information of collateral flow may help to determine eligibility for thrombectomy. Our aim was to identify CT perfusion-based surrogate parameters of good collateral status in acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we assessed the collateral status of 214 patients who presented with acute ischemic stroke due to occlusion of the MCA M1 segment or the carotid terminus. Collaterals were assessed on dynamic CTA images analogous to the multiphase CTA score by Menon et al. CT perfusion parameters (time-to-maximum, relative CBF, hypoperfusion intensity ratio, and CBV-index) were assessed with RAPID software. The Spearman rank correlation and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to identify the parameters that correlate with collateral scores and good collateral supply (defined as a collateral score of ≥4). RESULTS: The Spearman rank correlation was highest for a relative CBF < 38% volume (ρ = -0.66, P < .001), followed by the hypoperfusion intensity ratio (ρ = -0.49, P < .001), CBV-index (ρ = 0.51, P < .001), and time-to-maximum > 8 seconds (ρ = -0.54, P < .001). Good collateral status was better identified by a relative CBF < 38% at a lesion size <27 mL (sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 80%) compared with a hypoperfusion intensity ratio of <0.4 (sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 62%), CBV-index of >0.8 (sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 78%), and time-to-maximum > 8 seconds (sensitivity of 68%, specificity of 76%). CONCLUSIONS: Automated CT perfusion analysis allows accurate identification of collateral status in acute ischemic stroke. A relative CBF < 38% may be a better perfusion-based indicator of good collateral supply compared with time-to-maximum, the hypoperfusion intensity ratio, and the CBV-index.

Improvement of functional outcome for patients with newly diagnosed grade 2 or 3 gliomas with co-deletion of 1p/19q - IMPROVE CODEL: the NOA-18 trial.

BACKGROUND: Given the young age of patients with CNS WHO grade 2 and 3 oligodendrogliomas and the relevant risk of neurocognitive, functional, and quality-of-life impairment with the current aggressive standard of care treatment, chemoradiation with PCV, of the tumour located in the brain optimizing care is the major challenge. METHODS: NOA-18 aims at improving qualified overall survival (qOS) for adult patients with CNS WHO grade 2 and 3 oligodendrogliomas by randomizing between standard chemoradiation with up to six six-weekly cycles with PCV and six six-weekly cycles with lomustine and temozolomide (CETEG) (n = 182 patients per group accrued over 4 years) thereby delaying radiotherapy and adding the chemoradiotherapy concept at progression after initial radiation-free chemotherapy, allowing for effective salvage treatment and delaying potentially deleterious side effects. QOS represents a new concept and is defined as OS without functional and/or cognitive and/or quality of life deterioration regardless of whether tumour progression or toxicity is the main cause. The primary objective is to show superiority of an initial CETEG treatment followed by partial brain radiotherapy (RT) plus PCV (RT-PCV) at progression over partial brain radiotherapy (RT) followed by procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy (RT-PCV) and best investigators choice (BIC) at progression for sustained qOS. An event concerning a sustained qOS is then defined as a functional and/or cognitive and/or quality of life deterioration after completion of primary therapy on two consecutive study visits with an interval of 3 months, tolerating a deviation of at most 1 month. Assessments are done with a 3-monthly MRI, assessment of the NANO scale, HRQoL, and KPS, and annual cognitive testing. Secondary objectives are evaluation and comparison of the two groups regarding secondary endpoints (short-term qOS, PFS, OS, complete and partial response rate). The trial is planned to be conducted at a minimum of 18 NOA study sites in Germany. DISCUSSION: qOS represents a new concept. The present NOA trial aims at showing the superiority of CETEG plus RT-PCV over RT-PCV plus BIC as determined at the level of OS without sustained functional deterioration for all patients with oligodendroglioma diagnosed according to the most recent WHO classification. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05331521 . EudraCT 2018-005027-16.

Accuracy and Prognostic Role of NCCT-ASPECTS Depend on Time from Acute Stroke Symptom-onset for both Human and Machine-learning Based Evaluation.

PURPOSE: We hypothesize that the detectability of early ischemic changes on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is limited in hyperacute stroke for both human and machine-learning based evaluation. In short onset-time-to-imaging (OTI), the CT angiography collateral status may identify fast stroke progressors better than early ischemic changes quantified by ASPECTS. METHODS: In this retrospective, monocenter study, CT angiography collaterals (Tan score) and ASPECTS on acute and follow-up NCCT were evaluated by two raters. Additionally, a machine-learning algorithm evaluated the ASPECTS scale on the NCCT (e-ASPECTS). In this study 136 patients from 03/2015 to 12/2019 with occlusion of the main segment of the middle cerebral artery, with a defined symptom-onset-time and successful mechanical thrombectomy (MT) (modified treatment in cerebral infarction score mTICI = 2c or 3) were evaluated. RESULTS: Agreement between acute and follow-up ASPECTS were found to depend on OTI for both human (Intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.43 for OTI < 100 min, ICC = 0.57 for OTI 100-200 min, ICC = 0.81 for OTI ≥ 200 min) and machine-learning based ASPECTS evaluation (ICC = 0.24 for OTI < 100 min, ICC = 0.61 for OTI 100-200 min, ICC = 0.63 for OTI ≥ 200 min). The same applied to the interrater reliability. Collaterals were predictors of a favorable clinical outcome especially in hyperacute stroke with OTI < 100 min (collaterals: OR = 5.67 CI = 2.38-17.8, p < 0.001; ASPECTS: OR = 1.44, CI = 0.91-2.65, p = 0.15) while ASPECTS was in prolonged OTI ≥ 200 min (collaterals OR = 4.21,CI = 1.36-21.9, p = 0.03; ASPECTS: OR = 2.85, CI = 1.46-7.46, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The accuracy and reliability of NCCT-ASPECTS are time dependent for both human and machine-learning based evaluation, indicating reduced detectability of fast stroke progressors by NCCT. In hyperacute stroke, collateral status from CT-angiography may help for a better prognosis on clinical outcome and explain the occurrence of futile recanalization.

Homeostasis and food craving in obesity: a functional MRI study.

OBJECTIVES: Food intake in obesity has been found to be reward-based and less contingent on homeostatic needs. Accordingly, previous studies investigating neural processing of food cues observed aberrant processing in reward- and control-related brain regions in obesity. To further investigate the relation between homeostasis and food intake, this study investigated the influence of glucose metabolism on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving in participants with obesity. METHODS: Twenty-five normal-weight and 25 women with obesity were examined on two occasions after receiving either water or glucose directly into the stomach using a nasogastric tube. Participants were blinded to the type of infusion and were required to refrain from eating for 16 h before each visit. An event-related fMRI paradigm was used to investigate the effect of intestinal glucose load on the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving. RESULTS: A 2 × 2 mixed-model ANOVA revealed that craving regulation was associated with increased activation in fronto-parietal regions in participants with obesity when compared to healthy controls. However, this effect was observed independently from homeostatic satiety. A regression analysis revealed that the reduction of food craving was related to increased activation in the lingual gyrus in individuals with obesity following the infusion of water. CONCLUSIONS: In participants with obesity, the neuronal response during the regulation of food craving is associated with increased neural cognitive top-down control and increased visual food processing. Since this observation was independent from satiety status, our results indicate a reduced influence of homeostasis on neural processing during food craving in obesity. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.org: NCT03075371.

Vasogenic Brain Edema During Maintenance Hemodialysis : Preliminary Results from Tract-based Spatial Statistics and Voxel-based Morphometry.

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis (HD), especially when first initiated, can cause neurological deterioration. Presumably this is due to transient cerebral edema, which has been observed using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in experimental and human studies; however, this has not been investigated under maintenance hemodialysis (mHD). Moreover, there are no studies to date investigating regional effects of mHD on grey and white matter volumes. METHODS: In this study eight patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) were examined immediately before and after mHD sessions with multimodal MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and high-resolution structural imaging. Additionally, eight healthy, age-matched and sex-matched controls were examined for comparison. Data were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics and voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS: At baseline, ESRD patients had significantly reduced values of fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity as well as bilaterally reduced grey matter volume in the insula, compared with controls. After the mHD session, FA further decreased while axial, radial, and mean diffusivity significantly increased ubiquitously throughout the white matter. Voxel-based morphometry revealed a corresponding significant increase in white matter volume in the central right hemisphere and splenium, as well as in cortical grey matter in the anterior medial frontal and cingulate cortex. None of the patients showed neurological deterioration. CONCLUSION: In this study ESRD patients showed white matter changes indicative of chronic microstructural damage when compared with healthy controls, as previously reported. In addition, patients showed signs of a transient extracellular cerebral edema, which has not yet been observed in the absence of neurological symptoms.

Periprocedural Safety and Feasibility of the New LVIS EVO Device for Stent-Assisted Coiling of Intracranial Aneurysms: An Observational Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stent-assisted treatment techniques can be an effective treatment option for intracranial aneurysms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periprocedural feasibility and safety of the new LVIS EVO stent for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with the LVIS EVO in 11 European neurovascular centers were retrospectively reviewed. Patient and aneurysm characteristics, procedural parameters, immediate grade of occlusion, and technical and clinical complications were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients with 59 aneurysms were treated with the LVIS EVO device; 57.6% of the aneurysms were incidental; 15.3% were acutely ruptured; 15.3% were recanalized or residual aneurysms; and 11.9% were treated for symptoms other than acute hemorrhage. The most frequent aneurysm locations were the middle cerebral artery (25.4%) and the anterior communicating artery (22.0%). The rate of immediate successful deployment was 93.2%. In 6.8% (n = 4) of cases, additional in-stent angioplasty was needed. The immediate complete occlusion rate was 54.2%, while there was a residual aneurysm in 35.6% and a residual neck in 10.2%. Periprocedural technical complications occurred in 7/59 treatments (11.9%; the most frequent technical complication [n = 3] was thrombus formation), which all resolved completely without clinical sequelae. Postprocedural neurologic complications occurred after 4/59 treatments (6.8%; 2 transient ischemic attacks, 1 minor stroke, 1 major stroke), of which only 1 persistent complication was directly related to the procedure (minor stroke in the vascular territory distal to the stent). CONCLUSIONS: The LVIS EVO stent is a safe, feasible device for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

Imaging Artifacts of Liquid Embolic Agents on Conventional CT in an Experimental in Vitro Model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular embolization using liquid embolic agents is a safe and effective treatment option for AVMs and dural arteriovenous fistulas. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of artifact inducement by the most frequently used liquid embolic agents in conventional CT in an experimental in vitro model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dimethyl-sulfoxide-compatible tubes were filled with the following liquid embolic agents (n = 10, respectively): Onyx 18, all variants of Squid, PHIL 25%, PHIL LV, and n-BCA mixed with iodized oil. After inserting the tubes into a CT imaging phantom, we acquired images. Artifacts were graded quantitatively by the use of Hounsfield units in a donut-shaped ROI using a customized software application that was specifically designed for this study and were graded qualitatively using a 5-point scale. RESULTS: Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed the most artifacts for Onyx 18 and the least artifacts for n-BCA, PHIL 25%, and PHIL LV. Squid caused more artifacts compared with PHIL, both for the low-viscosity and for the extra-low-viscosity versions (eg, quantitative analysis, Squid 18: mean ± SD, 30.3 ± 9.7 HU versus PHIL 25%: mean ± SD, 10.6 ± 0.8 HU; P < .001). Differences between the standard and low-density variants of Squid were observed only quantitatively for Squid 12. There were no statistical differences between the different concentrations of Squid and PHIL. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic in vitro analysis investigating the most commonly used liquid embolic agents, relevant differences in CT imaging artifacts could be demonstrated. Ethylene-vinyl alcohol-based liquid embolic agents induced more artifacts compared with liquid embolic agents that use iodine as a radiopaque component.

Magnetization transfer ratio: a quantitative imaging biomarker for 5q spinal muscular atrophy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We quantified peripheral nerve lesions in adults with 5q-linked spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 3 by analysing the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of the sciatic nerve, and tested its potential as a novel biomarker for macromolecular changes. METHODS: Eighteen adults with SMA 3 (50% SMA 3a, 50% SMA 3b) and 18 age-/sex-matched healthy controls prospectively underwent magnetization transfer contrast imaging in a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. Two axial three-dimensional gradient echo sequences, with and without an off-resonance saturation rapid frequency pulse, were performed at the right distal thigh. Sciatic nerve regions of interest were manually traced on 10 consecutive axial slices in the images generated without off-resonance saturation, and then transferred to corresponding slices generated by the sequence with the off-resonance saturation pulse. Subsequently, MTR and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the sciatic nerve were analysed. In addition, detailed neurologic, physiotherapeutic and electrophysiologic examinations were conducted in all patients. RESULTS: Sciatic nerve MTR and CSA reliably differentiated between healthy controls and SMA 3, 3a or 3b. MTR was lower in the SMA 3 (P < 0.0001), SMA 3a (P < 0.0001) and SMA 3b groups (P = 0.0020) than in respective controls. In patients with SMA 3, MTR correlated with all clinical scores, and arm nerve compound motor action potentials (CMAPs). CSA was lower in the SMA 3 (P < 0.0001), SMA 3a (P < 0.0001) and SMA 3b groups (P = 0.0006) than in controls, but did not correlate with clinical scores or electrophysiologic results. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetization transfer ratio is a novel imaging marker that quantifies macromolecular nerve changes in SMA 3, and positively correlates with clinical scores and CMAPs.

Treatment of Ruptured Blister-Like Aneurysms with the FRED Flow Diverter: A Multicenter Experience.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Treatment of ruptured blister-like aneurysms is technically challenging. This study aimed at analyzing the safety and efficacy of the Flow-Redirection Endoluminal Device (FRED) in the treatment of ruptured blister-like aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective multicenter study, all patients treated with the FRED due to a ruptured intracranial blister-like aneurysm between January 2013 and May 2019 were analyzed. The primary end points for clinical safety were mRS 0-2 at 6 months after treatment and the absence of major ipsilateral stroke or death. The primary end points for efficacy were the absence of rebleeding after treatment and complete angiographic occlusion according to the O'Kelly-Marotta classification at 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: In total, 30 patients with 30 ruptured blister-like aneurysms were treated. Immediate complete aneurysm obliteration (O'Kelly-Marotta classification D) with the FRED was achieved in 10 patients (33%). Of the 26 patients with follow-up, complete obliteration was achieved in 21 patients (80%) after 6 months and in 24 patients (92%) in the final follow-up (median, 22 months). Twenty-three patients (77%) achieved mRS 0-2 at 6 months. Major stroke or death occurred in 17%. Two patients died due to pneumonia, and 2 patients died due to infarction following cerebral vasospasm. There was no case of rebleeding after FRED implantation. There was 1 case of delayed asymptomatic stent occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of ruptured blister-like aneurysms with the FRED is safe and effective.

Patient-centredness in acute stroke care - a qualitative study from the perspectives of patients, relatives and staff.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although patient-centredness is considered a key component of high-quality neurological care, it is unclear to what extent it can or should be implemented during the acute phase. Using acute stroke as an example, the aim was to identify critical junctures for patient-centredness along the acute care pathway from the perspectives of patients, relatives and staff. METHODS: A qualitative multi-method study was conducted including 27 non-participant observations and 37 semi-structured interviews with patients, relatives and staff. Junctures were defined as critical when mentioned (as problematic) in two or three information sources (i.e. observations, staff interviews, or patient and relative interviews), as potentially critical when mentioned in one, and as uncritical when not mentioned. RESULTS: Post-procedure communication after thrombectomy, patients' stay at the stroke unit and decision-making around transfer, discharge and rehabilitation were identified as critical junctures for patient-centredness. Arrival at the emergency department and the (thrombectomy) treatment itself were identified as uncritical junctures, whilst history-taking and treatment preparation, the treatment decision and patients' stay at the intensive care unit were identified as potentially critical junctures. CONCLUSIONS: In acute stroke care, patients, relatives and staff prioritize fast over patient-centred decision-making in the most time-critical phases, especially before and during treatment. This is reversed after the procedure, when difficulties arise implementing a patient-centred approach in clinical practice. To improve patient-centredness where it is most needed, clear guidelines and accessible resources are recommended. Future research should investigate whether insights from acute phases of stroke care are applicable to other neurological conditions as well.

Risk factors associated with progressive lacunar strokes and benefit from dual antiplatelet therapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early neurological deterioration (END) occurs in 20%-30% of patients with lacunar stroke and challenges their clinical management. This retrospective cohort study analyzed clinical and neuroimaging risk factors predicting the occurrence of END, the functional outcome after END and potential benefit from dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with lacunar strokes. METHODS: Factors associated with END and benefit from DAPT were retrospectively analyzed in 308 patients with lacunar stroke symptoms and detected lacunar infarction by magnetic resonance imaging. END was defined by deterioration of ≥3 total National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) points, ≥2 NIHSS points for limb paresis or documented deterioration within 5 days after admission. Patients were treated with DAPT according to in-house standards. The primary efficacy end-point for functional outcome was fulfilled if NIHSS at discharge improved after END at least to the score at admission. RESULTS: Male gender [odds ratio (OR) 2.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-4.00], higher age (OR = 1.65 per 10 years; 95% CI 1.18-2.31), motor paresis (OR = 18.89, 95% CI 4.66-76.57) and infarction of the internal capsule or basal ganglia (OR = 3.58, 95% CI 1.26-10.14) were associated with an increased risk for END. A larger diameter of infarction (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.95), more microangiopathic lesions (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.57-0.99) and pontine localization (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.12-0.65) were factors associated with unfavorable functional outcome after END occurred. Localization in the internal capsule or basal ganglia was identified as a significant predictive factor for a benefit from DAPT after END. CONCLUSIONS: Identified clinical and neuroimaging factors predicting END occurrence, functional outcome after END and potential benefit from DAPT might improve the clinical management of patients with lacunar strokes.

The Influence of Angioarchitectural Features on the Success of Endovascular Embolization of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with Onyx.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular embolization can be an effective treatment for cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. However, a considerable number of dural arteriovenous fistulas still cannot be treated sufficiently. The purpose of this study was to report our single-center experience of endovascular embolization of dural arteriovenous fistulas with Onyx, including the investigation of the influence of angioarchitectural features on the treatment success. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical data, angioarchitectural features, complications, treatment success (defined as complete symptom remission for low-grade dural arteriovenous fistulas and complete occlusion for high-grade dural arteriovenous fistulas), and occlusion rates were assessed. The influence of various angioarchitectural features (including location, pattern of venous drainage, and quantity and origin of feeding arteries) was investigated using multivariable backward logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred four patients with 110 dural arteriovenous fistulas were treated in 132 treatment procedures. Treatment success and complete occlusion rates were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 23.6 months, 95.5% of the patients showed complete symptom remission or symptom relief. The overall complication rate was 8.3% (4.5% asymptomatic, 2.3% transient, and 1.5% permanent complications). Logistic regression showed that ≥10 feeding arteries (P = .041) and involvement of the ascending pharyngeal artery (P = .039) significantly lowered the probability of treatment success. Treatment success tended to be lower for low-grade dural arteriovenous fistulas, Cognard type I dural arteriovenous fistulas, and dural arteriovenous fistulas with involvement of dural branches of the internal carotid artery, however without reaching statistical significance in the multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of multiple feeding arteries and involvement of the pharyngeal artery negatively influence the treatment success of endovascular embolization of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas with Onyx.

Increased volumes of mildly elevated capillary transit time heterogeneity positively predict favorable outcome and negatively predict intracranial hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion.

OBJECTIVES: In patients with acute ischemic stroke, we aimed to investigate whether microvascular changes, as indexed by capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH), contribute to the decline of the chance for favorable outcome over time and whether they are a predictor of an intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: We retrospectively calculated CTH maps for 131 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion of the anterior circulation who had a relevant MRI PWI-DWI mismatch and were treated with endovascular thrombectomy (ET). Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted with favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 2 after 3 months) and occurrence of an ICH as dependent variables and the volume of mildly elevated CTH as independent variable adjusted for age, successful recanalization, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, NIHSS score on admission, DWI lesion volume, and symptom-onset-to-treatment time (OTT). RESULTS: A larger volume of mildly elevated CTH was a positive predictor of favorable outcome (OR 1.17; 1.03-1.33; p = 0.019) and a negative predictor of ICH (OR 0.83; 0.73-0.96; p = 0.009). As expected, successful recanalization (OR 5.54; 1.8-17; p = 0.003), low NIHSS on admission (OR 0.9; 0.82-1.00; p = 0.045), short OTT (OR 0.96; 0.94-0.99; p = 0.006), and low DWI volume (OR 0.68; 0.49-0.94; p = 0.021) were also predictors of favorable outcome, whereas other negative predictors of ICH were atrial fibrillation (OR 2.69; 1.10-6.57; p = 0.030), high NIHSS score on admission (OR 1.10 (1.01-1.19); p = 0.030), and large DWI volume (OR 1.51; 1.17-1.19; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: An increased volume of mildly elevated CTH is a positive predictor of favorable outcome and a negative predictor for ICH in patients with acute ischemic stroke and mismatch undergoing ET. KEY POINTS: • The classification of potentially salvageable tissue and infarct core based on traditional net perfusion parameters (as Tmax or CBF) does not account for the microvascular distribution of blood. • However, the microvascular distribution of blood, as indexed by the capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH), directly affects the availability of oxygen within the hypoperfused tissue and should therefore be respected in acute ischemic stroke imaging. • In our study, mildly elevated CTH is found to be a positive predictor for a favorable clinical outcome and a negative predictor for the occurrence of an intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute ischemic stroke and homogenous mismatch who underwent ET.

Clinical Outcome after Thrombectomy in Patients with Stroke with Premorbid Modified Rankin Scale Scores of 3 and 4: A Cohort Study with 136 Patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to analyze the clinical outcome after mechanical thrombectomy in patients with premorbid mRS 3 and 4 because there are currently no data on this patient group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2009 and November 2017, all patients with premorbid mRS 3 or 4 undergoing mechanical thrombectomy due to anterior circulation stroke were selected. Good outcome was defined as a clinical recovery to the status before stroke onset (ie, equal premorbid mRS and mRS at 90 days). In addition, mortality at discharge and at 90 days was analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-six patients were included, of whom 81.6% presented with premorbid mRS 3; and 18.4%, with premorbid mRS 4; 24.0% of patients with premorbid mRS 4 achieved clinical recovery compared with 20.7% of patients with premorbid mRS 3 (P = .788). However, the proportion of hospital mortality and mortality at 90 days was nonsignificant, but markedly higher in patients with premorbid mRS 4. Multivariate analysis identified low NIHSS scores (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99; P = .040), high ASPECTS (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.02-2.16; P = .049), and TICI 2b-3 (OR, 7.11; 95% CI, 1.73-49.90; P = .017) as independent predictors of good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Good outcome in patients with premorbid mRS 3 and 4 is less frequent compared with premorbid mRS 0-2. Nevertheless, about 20% of the patients return to their premorbid mRS, which may justify endovascular treatment. The most important predictor of good outcome is successful recanalization.