Hourly and daily intake patterns among U.S. caffeinated beverage consumers based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013-2016).

Characterization of 'hour-of-day' or 'day-of-week' caffeine intake for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population is limited. No study has focused on patterns from an individual perspective. The NHANES 2013-2016 survey respondents' dietary recalls were analyzed to gain a better understanding of caffeine intake patterns for different caffeinated beverage consumer types - defined by beverage type consumed and daily caffeine intake levels. Dominant caffeinated beverage consumers (≥143 mg) were identified by a reported daily caffeine intake level greater than or equal to the 50th percentile among those 1-80 y. Dominant caffeinated beverage consumers - irrespective of age groups investigated - typically reported the greatest caffeine intake early in the day from coffee. Analyses by consumer type, relevant age brackets and 'hour-of-day' or 'day-of-week' indicated that caffeinated beverage consumers generally do not cluster multiple caffeine intake events over short periods of time (i.e., less than fours). Dominant caffeinated beverage consumers appear to maintain a relatively stable daily caffeine intake by substitution of secondary sources of caffeine. Only a small fraction (4.1%) of individuals within 13-29 y respondents consumed caffeine at levels in excess of 400 mg/day, compared to 14% within the 30-80 y old survey respondent group.

Disposition of firocoxib in late pregnant and early postpartum mares.

Pregnancy induces several physiologic changes that might impact the bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pregnancy on the disposition of oral firocoxib in mares. Seven pony mares received oral firocoxib paste at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg during late pregnancy and again 12 to 33 days postpartum. Firocoxib concentrations were measured in plasma by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Maximum plasma concentrations were significantly lower in pregnant (50.0 ± 21.8 ng/mL) than in postpartum (73.7 ± 25.6 ng/mL) mares. Plasma concentrations 24 h after administration, time to maximum plasma concentrations, and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve were not significantly different between late pregnancy and the postpartum period in mares.

Cerebral histoplasmosis in an Australian patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.

A 39-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus suffered a prolonged neurological illness associated with very low levels of glucose in her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Six months later, and after numerous CSF investigations, Histoplasma capsulatum was cultured. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cerebral histoplasmosis in Australia in a patient who is not HIV positive.

Amplified luminometric assays of alkaline phosphatase using riboflavin phosphates.

An assay for alkaline phosphatase is described which is based on the hydrolysis of riboflavin phosphates (5'FMN or 4'FMN) to produce riboflavin. This is converted to 5'FMN using riboflavin kinase, and then assayed using the bacterial bioluminescent system from Vibrio harveyi or V. fischeri. The most sensitive assay is obtained using 4'FMN, which can measure less than 20 amol after a 1-hour incubation.