Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado / Distribuição de espécies arbóreas em gradiente de solo savana-floresta seca no Cerrado brasileiro

Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.(AU)

Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.(AU)

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado / Distribuição de espécies arbóreas em gradiente de solo savana-floresta seca no Cerrado brasileiro

Abstract Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Resumo Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado / Distribuição de espécies arbóreas em gradiente de solo savana-floresta seca no Cerrado brasileiro

Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado

Abstract Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Resumo Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Prognostic impact of Claudin 18.2 in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas.

INTRODUCTION: The tight junction molecule Claudin 18.2 is selectively expressed in healthy and malignant gastric epithelial tissue and is a promising therapy target for high Claudin 18.2 expressing adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction and stomach (AEG/S). METHODS: This study analyzed the prevalence, characteristics and prognostic impact of Claudin 18.2 expression in primary tumor, lymph node and distant metastasis in a large Caucasian AGE/S cohort with 414 patients. RESULTS: Claudin 18.2 was highly expressed in 17.1% of primary tumors, 26.7% of lymph node metastasis and 16.7% of distant metastasis. High Claudin 18.2 expression in lymph node metastasis and primary tumors correlated significantly (p < 0.001). High expression of Claudin 18.2 was neither associated with histomorphogical subtype, or tumor state, nor with overall survival. CONCLUSION: In Caucasian AEG/S patients, 17.1% appeared to be eligible for an anti-Claudin 18.2 therapy. Claudin 18.2 expression itself has no impact on prognosis and is not related to any tumor subtype.

Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake in relation to circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A high circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in renal transplant recipients and the general population. N-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may contribute to cardiovascular risk reduction. We investigated whether fish and EPA-DHA intake are related to FGF23 levels in renal transplant recipients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis in 619 stable renal transplant recipients (mean age 53 years, 57% male, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 53 ± 20 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Dietary intake was assessed by a 177-item food frequency questionnaire. Serum intact FGF23 was measured by ELISA. We examined differences in FGF23 levels across categories of fish and EPA-DHA intake using analysis of variance models adjusted for age, sex, dietary and lifestyle factors and key determinants of FGF23. Patients consumed on average 15 g of fish and 139 mg EPA-DHA/day. Median FGF23 was 62 pg/mL (IQR 43-98 pg/mL). Higher dietary EPA-DHA and fish intake were associated with lower serum FGF23 levels. Subgroup analyses revealed that particularly in patients with reduced renal function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)), adjusted FGF23 levels (114, 79, 75 pg/mL, P = 0.0001) were inversely associated with tertiles of EPA-DHA intake. Similarly, we observed an inverse association between fish consumption and serum FGF23 levels in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSION: A higher intake of fish and dietary n-3 fatty acids (EPA-DHA) is related to lower circulating FGF23 levels in renal transplant recipients. Further research is needed to assess the causality of this association and the clinical implications.

Lipoic acid decreases progesterone clearance in ovariectomized ewes

Lipoic acid is a naturally occurring compound that has been shown to modulate insulin sensitivity when supplemented to the diet. Elevated blood insulin concentrations have been shown to decrease progesterone catabolism in several species by modulating hepatic ste roid metabolic enzyme activity and expression. We hypothesized that lipoic acid supplementation would decrease progesterone (P4) catabolism by the liver. Eight ovariectomized ewes were fed an alfalfa - grass ration at 95% of ad libitum for the duration of th e experiment. Ewes were randomly assigned to the control group [an empty bolus administered by gavage (n = 4; CON )] or lipoic acid group [supplemented at 32 mg/kg BW administered by gavage (n = 4; LA)]. Progesterone was administered via CIDR devices on d ay 5 to all ewes. Blood samples were collected daily from d ay 6 to 9. On d ay 10, liver biopsies were obtained from each ewe to determine cytochrome P450 2C ( CYP2C ) , cytochrome P450 3A ( CYP3A ) and aldo - keto reductase 1C ( AKR1C ) activity. On d ay 11, serial blo od samples were collected after CIDR removal to determine P4 clearance. Ewes treated with LA had a lower rate constant ( P < 0.03) for P4 clearance compared to CON ewes; however , no difference ( P > 0. 05 ) in hepatic enzyme activity was observed . Th ere was al so no difference ( P > 0. 05 ) i n circulating concentrations of P4 in CON ewes compared to LA ewes on d ay 6 to 11 . We conclude that while lipoic acid decreased P4 clearance from the blood, it did so without affecting hepatic enzyme activity; therefore the mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated.(AU)

Lipoic acid decreases progesterone clearance in ovariectomized ewes

Lipoic acid is a naturally occurring compound that has been shown to modulate insulin sensitivity when supplemented to the diet. Elevated blood insulin concentrations have been shown to decrease progesterone catabolism in several species by modulating hepatic ste roid metabolic enzyme activity and expression. We hypothesized that lipoic acid supplementation would decrease progesterone (P4) catabolism by the liver. Eight ovariectomized ewes were fed an alfalfa - grass ration at 95% of ad libitum for the duration of th e experiment. Ewes were randomly assigned to the control group [an empty bolus administered by gavage (n = 4; CON )] or lipoic acid group [supplemented at 32 mg/kg BW administered by gavage (n = 4; LA)]. Progesterone was administered via CIDR devices on d ay 5 to all ewes. Blood samples were collected daily from d ay 6 to 9. On d ay 10, liver biopsies were obtained from each ewe to determine cytochrome P450 2C ( CYP2C ) , cytochrome P450 3A ( CYP3A ) and aldo - keto reductase 1C ( AKR1C ) activity. On d ay 11, serial blo od samples were collected after CIDR removal to determine P4 clearance. Ewes treated with LA had a lower rate constant ( P 0. 05 ) in hepatic enzyme activity was observed . Th ere was al so no difference ( P > 0. 05 ) i n circulating concentrations of P4 in CON ewes compared to LA ewes on d ay 6 to 11 . We conclude that while lipoic acid decreased P4 clearance from the blood, it did so without affecting hepatic enzyme activity; therefore the mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated.

Effects of soil water table regime on tree community species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments in Southeast Brazil.

In order to determine the influence of soil water table fluctuation on tree species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments, 24 plots were allocated in a point bar forest and 30 plots in five forest fragments located in a floodplain, in the municipality of São Sebastião da Bela Vista, Southeast Brazil, totalizing 54, 10 X 20 m, plots. The information recorded in each plot were the soil water table level, diameter at breast height (dbh), total height and botanical identity off all trees with dbh > 5 cm. The water table fluctuation was assessed through 1 m deep observation wells in each plot. Correlations analysis indicated that sites with shallower water table in the flooding plains had a low number of tree species and high tree density. Although the water table in the point bar remained below the wells during the study period, low tree species richness was observed. There are other events taking place within the point bar forest that assume a high ecological importance, such as the intensive water velocity during flooding and sedimentation processes.

Effects of soil water table regime on tree community species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments in Southeast Brazil / Efeitos da flutuação do nível freático sobre a riqueza e estrutura de comunidades arbóreas de fragmentos de floresta aluvial na região sudeste do Brasil

In order to determine the influence of soil water table fluctuation on tree species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments, 24 plots were allocated in a point bar forest and 30 plots in five forest fragments located in a floodplain, in the municipality of São Sebastião da Bela Vista, Southeast Brazil, totalizing 54, 10 X 20 m, plots. The information recorded in each plot were the soil water table level, diameter at breast height (dbh), total height and botanical identity off all trees with dbh > 5 cm. The water table fluctuation was assessed through 1 m deep observation wells in each plot. Correlations analysis indicated that sites with shallower water table in the flooding plains had a low number of tree species and high tree density. Although the water table in the point bar remained below the wells during the study period, low tree species richness was observed. There are other events taking place within the point bar forest that assume a high ecological importance, such as the intensive water velocity during flooding and sedimentation processes.

Com o propósito de avaliar a influência da flutuação do nível freático do solo sobre a riqueza de espécies arbóreas e a estrutura de fragmentos florestais aluviais, foram alocadas 24 parcelas em um dique marginal de floresta ciliar e 30 parcelas em cinco fragmentos localizados na planície de inundação no Município de São Sebastião da Bela Vista, na região sudeste do Brasil, totalizando 54 parcelas de 10 X 20 m. As informações coletadas em cada parcela foram: altura do nível freático do solo, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), altura total e identificação botânica de todas as árvores com DAP > 5 cm. A flutuação do nível freático foi avaliada por meio de um poço de observação enterrado a uma profundidade de 1 m em cada parcela. Análises de correlação indicaram que, na planície de inundação, os locais com o nível freático do solo mais superficial possuíram menor número de espécies arbóreas e maior densidade de árvores. Apesar do dique marginal da floresta ciliar apresentar o nível freático no solo abaixo de 1 m de profundidade durante o período de estudo, nesse local foi observada baixa diversidade de espécies arbóreas. No dique marginal existem outros eventos com maior importância ecológica que podem explicar a baixa diversidade, tais como a velocidade do rio mais intensa durante enchentes e o processo de sedimentação.

Effects of soil water table regime on tree community species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments in Southeast Brazil / Efeitos da flutuação do nível freático sobre a riqueza e estrutura de comunidades arbóreas de fragmentos de floresta aluvial na região sudeste do Brasil

In order to determine the influence of soil water table fluctuation on tree species richness and structure of alluvial forest fragments, 24 plots were allocated in a point bar forest and 30 plots in five forest fragments located in a floodplain, in the municipality of São Sebastião da Bela Vista, Southeast Brazil, totalizing 54, 10 X 20 m, plots. The information recorded in each plot were the soil water table level, diameter at breast height (dbh), total height and botanical identity off all trees with dbh > 5 cm. The water table fluctuation was assessed through 1 m deep observation wells in each plot. Correlations analysis indicated that sites with shallower water table in the flooding plains had a low number of tree species and high tree density. Although the water table in the point bar remained below the wells during the study period, low tree species richness was observed. There are other events taking place within the point bar forest that assume a high ecological importance, such as the intensive water velocity during flooding and sedimentation processes.(AU)

Com o propósito de avaliar a influência da flutuação do nível freático do solo sobre a riqueza de espécies arbóreas e a estrutura de fragmentos florestais aluviais, foram alocadas 24 parcelas em um dique marginal de floresta ciliar e 30 parcelas em cinco fragmentos localizados na planície de inundação no Município de São Sebastião da Bela Vista, na região sudeste do Brasil, totalizando 54 parcelas de 10 X 20 m. As informações coletadas em cada parcela foram: altura do nível freático do solo, diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), altura total e identificação botânica de todas as árvores com DAP > 5 cm. A flutuação do nível freático foi avaliada por meio de um poço de observação enterrado a uma profundidade de 1 m em cada parcela. Análises de correlação indicaram que, na planície de inundação, os locais com o nível freático do solo mais superficial possuíram menor número de espécies arbóreas e maior densidade de árvores. Apesar do dique marginal da floresta ciliar apresentar o nível freático no solo abaixo de 1 m de profundidade durante o período de estudo, nesse local foi observada baixa diversidade de espécies arbóreas. No dique marginal existem outros eventos com maior importância ecológica que podem explicar a baixa diversidade, tais como a velocidade do rio mais intensa durante enchentes e o processo de sedimentação.(AU)

Reverse sex-biased philopatry in a cooperative bird: genetic consequences and a social cause.

The genetic structure of a group or population of organisms can profoundly influence the potential for inbreeding and, through this, can affect both dispersal strategies and mating systems. We used estimates of genetic relatedness as well as likelihood-based methods to reconstruct social group composition and examine sex biases in dispersal in a Costa Rican population of white-throated magpie-jays (Calocitta formosa, Swainson 1827), one of the few birds suggested to have female-biased natal philopatry. We found that females within groups were more closely related than males, which is consistent with observational data indicating that males disperse upon maturity, whereas females tend to remain in their natal territories and act as helpers. In addition, males were generally unrelated to one another within groups, suggesting that males do not disperse with or towards relatives. Finally, within social groups, female helpers were less related to male than female breeders, suggesting greater male turnover within groups. This last result indicates that within the natal group, female offspring have more opportunities than males to mate with nonrelatives, which might help to explain the unusual pattern of female-biased philopatry and male-biased dispersal in this system. We suggest that the novel approach adopted here is likely to be particularly useful for short-term studies or those conducted on rare or difficult-to-observe species, as it allows one to establish general patterns of philopatry and genetic structure without the need for long-term monitoring of identifiable individuals.

The risk of intentional dissolution of the smear layer after mechanical preparation of root canals.

The root canals of 27 caries-free human cuspids were divided into 3 groups of 9 teeth each. Group I was mechanically prepared with reamers and files. Alternate irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl and 3% hydrogen peroxide was used between each instrument. The group II root canals were prepared with the use of alternate irrigation with the same concentrations of NaOCl and hydrogen peroxide and finally flushed with 17% EDTA and NaOCl solution. Group III was prepared mechanically with the use of sterile distilled water as an irrigant followed by a final flush with 17% EDTA solution. The root canals of all specimens were obturated with gutta-percha points and Tubliseal by means of the lateral condensation technique. After the root canals were obturated, samples of each of the three groups were immersed in separate flasks containing Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Corynebacterium hofmannii. All the microorganisms tested invaded the coronal dentin--where the access cavity had been sealed with Fynal--and/or the main foramen.