RESUMEN
Lung adenocarcinoma is comprised of distinct mutational subtypes characterized by mutually exclusive oncogenic mutations in RTK/RAS pathway members KRAS, EGFR, BRAF and ERBB2, and translocations involving ALK, RET and ROS1. Identification of these oncogenic events has transformed the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma via application of therapies targeted toward specific genetic lesions in stratified patient populations. However, such mutations have been reported in only â¼55% of lung adenocarcinoma cases in the United States, suggesting other mechanisms of malignancy are involved in the remaining cases. Here we report somatic mutations in the small GTPase gene RIT1 in â¼2% of lung adenocarcinoma cases that cluster in a hotspot near the switch II domain of the protein. RIT1 switch II domain mutations are mutually exclusive with all other known lung adenocarcinoma driver mutations. Ectopic expression of mutated RIT1 induces cellular transformation in vitro and in vivo, which can be reversed by combined PI3K and MEK inhibition. These data identify RIT1 as a driver oncogene in a specific subset of lung adenocarcinomas and suggest PI3K and MEK inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy in RIT1-mutated tumors.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Proteínas ras/genética , Proteínas ras/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Mutación , Células 3T3 NIH , Neoplasias Experimentales , Células PC12 , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Ratas , Estados Unidos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the t(9;22) translocation coding for the chimeric protein p210 BCR-ABL. The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) has recently been shown to have a critical role in the pathogenesis of CML. Nuclear localization and proper nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling are crucial for PTEN's tumor suppressive function. In this study, we show that BCR-ABL enhances HAUSP-induced de-ubiquitination of PTEN in turn favoring its nuclear exclusion. We further demonstrate that BCR-ABL physically interacts with and phosphorylates HAUSP on tyrosine residues to trigger its activity. Importantly, we also find that PTEN delocalization induced by BCR-ABL does not occur in the leukemic stem cell compartment due to high levels of PML, a potent inhibitor of HAUSP activity toward PTEN. We therefore identify a new proto-oncogenic mechanism whereby BCR-ABL antagonizes the nuclear function of the PTEN tumor suppressor, with important therapeutic implications for the eradication of CML minimal residual disease.