Thalamo-mesencephalic Branches of the Posterior Cerebral Artery: a 3D Rotational Angiography Study.

PURPOSE: The thalamo-mesencephalic (TM) branches of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supply critical structures. Previous descriptions of these vessels are inconsistent and almost exclusively rely on cadaver studies. We aimed to provide a neuroradiological description of TM vessels in vivo based on routine 3D rotational angiographies (3D-RA). METHODS: We analyzed 3D-RAs of 58 patients with pathologies remote from the PCA. PCA-origins were considered. Delineation, origin and number of branches of the collicular artery (CA), the accessory CA (ACA), the posterior thalamoperforating artery (PTA), the thalamogeniculate artery (TGA), and the posterior medial (PMCA) and lateral (PCLA) choroid arteries were assessed. The PTAs were categorized based on Percheron's suggested classification. RESULTS: A CA was identified in 84%, an ACA in 20%. The PTA was delineated in 100%. In 27%, PTA anatomy had features of several Percheron types (n = 7) or vessels emanating from a net like origin (n = 9). 26% had a type IIb PTA. A fetal type PCA origin with hypoplastic ipsilateral P1 was observed in 5 cases with type IIa (n = 2) or type IIb (n = 3) PTAs originating from contralateral P1. The TGA was identified in 85% of patients, with ≥ 2 branches in 67%. The PMCA was delineable in 41%, the PLCA in 100%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of a proper "Artery of Percheron" type IIb PTA seems to be higher than previously reported. A fetal type P1-origin may be predictive of a type IIa/b PTA emanating from contralateral P1. 3D-RA may be useful for planning PCA interventions, as impairment of TM branches is a severe risk.

Elective carotid stenting fulfills quality standards defined in guidelines. / Elektives Carotis-Stenting erfüllt die in Leitlinien festgelegten Qualitätsstandards.

PURPOSE: According to evidence from randomized trials and current guidelines, elective carotid artery stenting (CAS) is still considered second-line therapy compared with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, the publication of randomized comparative trials for patients with symptomatic stenoses occurred well over 10 years ago. In view of problems regarding German quality assurance when differentiating elective from emergency interventions and low case numbers for CAS indications, it seemed reasonable to present neurologically controlled CAS results and to investigate whether elective CAS consistently fulfills the strict quality criteria and what differences exist with respect to emergency CAS interventions in acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 01/2012 and 07/2022, 141 elective CAS procedures were performed to treat patients with symptomatic (n = 123) and asymptomatic (n = 18) stenoses. Protection by a filter system was achieved in 134 of these elective procedures (95 %). During the same period, 158 patients underwent carotid stenting for acute stroke. Complication rates were determined using neurologically controlled data. CAS-related complications (stent thrombosis, stent-associated vascular damage, thromboembolism, and symptomatic hemorrhage) were extracted from emergency interventions, and clinical outcome (NIHSS progression) was determined during the inpatient stay. RESULTS: The rate of stroke and death determined during the inpatient stay for elective symptomatic patients was 0.8 %. Early treatment within the first 7 days after the index event, age > 70 years, and operator experience were not significant risk factors for the occurrence of complications. No complications were observed after CAS of asymptomatic stenoses. The procedure-related complication rate for emergency procedures was 7.8 %, which was significantly higher than after elective CAS, as expected (p < 0.006). CONCLUSION: Even with limited indications and limited case numbers, compliance with the strict quality criteria of the current S3 Guideline 2022 for elective CAS interventions is possible for both symptomatic and asymptomatic stenoses in an experienced center. Emergency CAS interventions have significantly higher complication rates under other conditions and must be considered separately with regard to quality assurance. KEY POINTS: · Elective carotid stenting fulfills the strict quality criteria of the current S3 guideline 2022.. · Emergency carotid stenting has significantly higher complication rates than elective procedures.. · Elective and emergency carotid stenting cannot be meaningfully compared.. CITATION FORMAT: · Keil F, Stahn S, Reitz SC et al. Elective carotid stenting fulfills quality standards defined in guidelines. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2023; DOI: 10.1055/a-2175-4029.

Aneurysm treatment with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device in the combined population of two prospective, multicenter series: 5-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating a new endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms must not only demonstrate short-term safety and efficacy, but also evaluate longer-term outcomes (eg, delayed complications, anatomical results, retreatment). The current analysis reports the 5-year clinical and anatomical results of Woven EndoBridge (WEB) treatment in two European combined trial populations (WEBCAST (WEB Clinical Assessment of Intrasaccular Aneurysm Therapy) and WEBCAST-2). METHODS: All adverse events occurring between the procedure and 5-year follow-up were independently evaluated by an expert. Aneurysm occlusion was evaluated by an independent core laboratory using a three-grade scale: complete occlusion, neck remnant, and aneurysm remnant. In cases where data were not available at 5-year follow-up, the last observation carry forward (LOCF) method was used. RESULTS: The safety and efficacy populations comprised 100 patients and 95 aneurysms, respectively. No adverse event related to the device occurred after the procedure during the 5-year follow-up period. Mortality at 5 years was 7.0% (7/100 patients) including mortality related to the WEB (0/100, 0.0%), the procedure (1/100, 1.0%), and another condition (6/100, 6.0%). At 5 years, complete aneurysm occlusion was observed in 49/95 (51.6%) aneurysms, neck remnant in 25/95 (26.3%), and aneurysm remnant in 21/95 (22.1%). Retreatment rate at 5 years was 11.6% (11/95 aneurysms). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis conducted in a population of patients with wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms confirms WEB's safety profile. Additional evidence demonstrates good stability of aneurysm occlusion with adequate occlusion (complete occlusion or neck remnant) at 5 years in 77.9% of aneurysms with a low retreatment rate (11.6%). CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: WEBCAST and WEBCAST-2: Unique identifier: NCT01778322.

CLinical Assessment of WEB device in Ruptured aneurYSms (CLARYS): 12-month angiographic results of a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: The CLinical Assessment of WEB device in Ruptured aneurYSms (CLARYS) study has shown that the endovascular treatment of ruptured bifurcation aneurysms with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) is safe and effective and provides protection against rebleeding at 1 month and 1 year. The 12-month angiographic follow-up is an important endpoint of the study. METHODS: The CLARYS study is a prospective multicenter study conducted in 13 European centers. The study enrolled 60 patients with 60 ruptured aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulation. The study was conducted with an independent assessment of safety outcomes and imaging. RESULTS: Sixty patients with 60 ruptured bifurcation aneurysms to be treated with the WEB were included. Fifty-three aneurysms (88.3%) had a broad base with a dome to neck ratio <2 (mean 1.6). Of these, 46 patients were evaluated by an independent core laboratory with follow-up imaging performed at 12 months or before eventual retreatment. At 1 year, 19/46 aneurysms (41.3%) were completely occluded (Raymond-Roy grade I), 21/46 (45.7%) had a residual neck and 6/46 (13.0%) had residual aneurysm filling. Adequate occlusion was reported in 40/46 (87%) aneurysms. Six patients underwent target aneurysm retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The CLARYS study has previously shown that the use of the WEB in the endovascular treatment of ruptured bifurcation aneurysms provides effective protection against rebleeding with a good safety profile. The angiographic occlusion rates at 1 year reported here are comparable to those already seen in previous multicenter studies which primarily included unruptured aneurysms.

Invasive Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Cerebral VasoSpasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (IMCVS)-A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial.

Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The most frequently used form of rescue therapy for CVS is invasive endovascular therapy. Due to a lack of prospective data, we performed a prospective randomized multicenter trial (NCT01400360). A total of 34 patients in three centers were randomized to invasive endovascular treatment or conservative therapy at diagnosis of relevant CVS onset. Imaging data was assessed by a neuroradiologist blinded for treatment allocation. Primary outcome measure was development of DCI. Secondary endpoints included clinical outcome at 6 months after SAH. A total of 18 of the 34 patients were treated conservatively, and 16 patients were treated with invasive endovascular treatment for CVS. There was no statistical difference in the rate of cerebral infarctions either at initial or at the follow-up MRI between the groups. However, the outcome at 6 months was better in patients treated conservatively (mRs 2 ± 1.5 vs. 4 ± 1.8, p = 0.005). Invasive endovascular treatment for CVS does not lead to a lower rate of DCI but might lead to poorer outcomes compared to induced hypertension. The potential benefits of endovascular treatment for CVS need to be addressed in further studies, searching for a subgroup of patients who may benefit.

Outcome after Thrombectomy of Acute M1 and Carotid-T Occlusions with Involvement of the Corticospinal Tract in Postinterventional Imaging.

OBJECTIVES: Until now, thrombectomy studies have provided little reliable information about the correlation between the infarct topography and clinical outcome of acute stroke patients with embolic large-vessel occlusions. Therefore, we aimed to analyze whether infarcts of the corticospinal tracts in the central white matter (CWM) or the internal capsule on postinterventional imaging controls are associated with poor clinical outcome after thrombectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed imaging data from 70 patients who underwent endovascular thrombectomy for emergent middle cerebral artery or carotid-T occlusions. Inclusion criteria were postinterventional infarct demarcation in the regions of the internal capsule, caudate, lentiform nucleus, and CWM. Primary outcome was the mRS after 90 days and secondary endpoints were subgroup analyses regarding additional cortical infarction. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study, we found no indication that infarcts in the course of the corticospinal tracts predict poor clinical outcome after successful thrombectomy in patients with embolic carotid-T or M1 occlusions. In our analysis, a significant number of patients showed a favorable 90 day outcome. Additional cortical infarcts may have a greater impact on the risk of an unfavorable outcome. RESULTS: Good clinical outcome after 90 days (mRS 0-2) was shown in 36 out of 70 patients (51.4%), with excellent clinical outcome (mRS 0-1) in 23 patients (32.9%). Here, 58.6% patients lived at home without nursing service after 90 days. Patients with minimal additional cortical infarction in postinterventional imaging had a 75.6% better chance of excellent outcome.

CLinical Assessment of WEB device in Ruptured aneurYSms (CLARYS): results of 1-month and 1-year assessment of rebleeding protection and clinical safety in a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: The primary goal of the CLARYS study is to assess the protection against rebleeding when treating ruptured bifurcation aneurysms with the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device. METHODS: The CLARYS study is a prospective, multicenter study conducted in 13 European centers. Patients with ruptured bifurcation aneurysms were consecutively included between February 2016 and September 2017. The primary endpoint was defined as the rebleeding rate of the target aneurysm treated with the WEB within 30 days postprocedure. Secondary endpoints included periprocedural and postprocedural adverse events, total procedure and fluoroscopy times, and modified Rankin Scale score at 1 month and 1 year. RESULTS: Sixty patients with 60 ruptured bifurcation aneurysms to be treated with the WEB were included. A WEB device was successfully implanted in 93.3%. The rebleeding rate at 1 month and 1 year was 0%. The mean fluoroscopy time was 27.0 min. Twenty-three periprocedural complications were observed in 18 patients and resolved without sequelae in 16 patients. Two of these complications were attributed to the procedure and/or the use of the WEB, leading to a procedure/device-related intraoperative complication rate of 3.3%. Overall mortality at 1 month and 1 year was 1.7% and 3.8%, respectively and overall morbidity at 1 month and 1 year was 15% and 9.6%, respectively. WEB-related 1-month and 1-year morbidity and mortality was 0%. CONCLUSIONS: The interim results of CLARYS show that the endovascular treatment of ruptured bifurcation aneurysms with the WEB is safe and effective and, in particular, provides effective protection against rebleeding. It may induce profound change in the endovascular management of ruptured bifurcation aneurysms.

European Stroke Organisation guideline on endarterectomy and stenting for carotid artery stenosis.

Atherosclerotic stenosis of the internal carotid artery is an important cause of stroke. The aim of this guideline is to analyse the evidence pertaining to medical, surgical and endovascular treatment of patients with carotid stenosis. These guidelines were developed based on the ESO standard operating procedure and followed the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The working group identified relevant questions, performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the literature, assessed the quality of the available evidence, and wrote recommendations. Based on moderate quality evidence, we recommend carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with ≥60-99% asymptomatic carotid stenosis considered to be at increased risk of stroke on best medical treatment (BMT) alone. We also recommend CEA for patients with ≥70-99% symptomatic stenosis, and we suggest CEA for patients with 50-69% symptomatic stenosis. Based on high quality evidence, we recommend CEA should be performed early, ideally within two weeks of the last retinal or cerebral ischaemic event in patients with ≥50-99% symptomatic stenosis. Based on low quality evidence, carotid artery stenting (CAS) may be considered in patients < 70 years old with symptomatic ≥50-99% carotid stenosis. Several randomised trials supporting these recommendations were started decades ago, and BMT, CEA and CAS have evolved since. The results of another large trial comparing outcomes after CAS versus CEA in patients with asymptomatic stenosis are anticipated in the near future. Further trials are needed to reassess the benefits of carotid revascularisation in combination with modern BMT in subgroups of patients with carotid stenosis.

European Stroke Organisation guideline on endarterectomy and stenting for carotid artery stenosis.

Atherosclerotic stenosis of the internal carotid artery is an important cause of stroke. The aim of this guideline is to analyse the evidence pertaining to medical, surgical and endovascular treatment of patients with carotid stenosis. These guidelines were developed based on the ESO standard operating procedure and followed the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The working group identified relevant questions, performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the literature, assessed the quality of the available evidence, and wrote recommendations. Based on moderate quality evidence, we recommend carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with ≥60-99% asymptomatic carotid stenosis considered to be at increased risk of stroke on best medical treatment (BMT) alone. We also recommend CEA for patients with ≥70-99% symptomatic stenosis, and we suggest CEA for patients with 50-69% symptomatic stenosis. Based on high quality evidence, we recommend CEA should be performed early, ideally within two weeks of the last retinal or cerebral ischaemic event in patients with ≥50-99% symptomatic stenosis. Based on low quality evidence, carotid artery stenting (CAS) may be considered in patients < 70 years old with symptomatic ≥50-99% carotid stenosis. Several randomised trials supporting these recommendations were started decades ago, and BMT, CEA and CAS have evolved since. The results of another large trial comparing outcomes after CAS versus CEA in patients with asymptomatic stenosis are anticipated in the near future. Further trials are needed to reassess the benefits of carotid revascularisation in combination with modern BMT in subgroups of patients with carotid stenosis.

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Patient care in a neurointensive care unit (neuro-ICU) is challenging. Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are increasingly common in the routine clinical practice. We evaluated the impact of infection with MDROs on outcomes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A single-center retrospective analysis of SAH cases involving patients treated in the neuro-ICU was performed. The outcome was assessed 6 months after SAH using the modified Rankin Scale [mRS, favorable (0-2) and unfavorable (3-6)]. Data were compared by matched-pair analysis. Patient characteristics were well matched in the MDRO (n = 61) and control (n = 61) groups. In this center, one nurse was assigned to a two-bed room. If a MDRO was detected, the patient was isolated, and the nurse was assigned to the patient infected with the MDRO. In the MDRO group, 29 patients (48%) had a favorable outcome, while 25 patients (41%) in the control group had a favorable outcome; the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). Independent prognostic factors for unfavorable outcomes were worse status at admission (OR = 3.1), concomitant intracerebral hematoma (ICH) (OR = 3.7), and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) (OR = 6.8). Infection with MRDOs did not have a negative impact on the outcome in SAH patients. Slightly better outcomes were observed in SAH patients infected with MDROs, suggesting the benefit of individual care.

Beware of Nihilism: Favorable Outcome despite Poor Admission Status in Posterior Circulation Aneurysms after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: As shown in a previous study, aneurysm location seems to influence prognosis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We compared patients with ruptured aneurysms of anterior and posterior circulation, undergoing coil embolization, concerning differences in outcome and prognostic factors. METHODS: Patients with SAH were entered into a prospectively collected database. We retrospectively identified 307 patients with aneurysms of the anterior circulation (anterior cerebral artery, carotid bifurcation, and middle cerebral artery) and 244 patients with aneurysms of the posterior circulation (aneurysms of the basilar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior communicating artery and posterior cerebral artery). All patients underwent coil embolization. The outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS; favorable [mRS 0-2] vs. unfavorable [mRS 3-6]) 6 months after SAH. RESULTS: In interventionally treated aneurysms of the anterior and posterior circulation, statistically significant risk factors for poor outcome were worse admission status and severe cerebral vasospasm. If compared with patients with ruptured aneurysms of the anterior circulation, patients with aneurysms of the posterior circulation had a significantly poorer admission status, and suffered significantly more often from an early hydrocephalus. Nonetheless, there were no differences in outcome or mortality rate between the two patient groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with a ruptured aneurysm of the posterior circulation suffer more often from an early hydrocephalus and have a significantly worse admission status, possibly related to the untreated hydrocephalus. Nonetheless, the outcome and the mortality rate were comparable between ruptured anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms, treated by coil embolisation. Therefore, despite the poorer admission status of patients with ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms, treatment of these patients should be considered.

Aneurysm treatment with WEB in the cumulative population of two prospective, multicenter series: 3-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: WEB treatment is an endovascular approach for wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms that has demonstrated high safety and good efficacy in mid-term follow-up. While evaluating safety in the long term is important to determine if delayed adverse events occur affecting late morbidity and mortality, the most important point to evaluate is the long-term stability of aneurysm occlusion. The current analysis reports the 3-year clinical and anatomical results of WEB treatment in the combined population of two European trials (WEBCAST (WEB Clinical Assessment of Intrasaccular Aneurysm Therapy) and WEBCAST-2). METHODS: Aneurysm occlusion was evaluated using a 3-grade scale: complete occlusion, neck remnant, and aneurysm remnant. RESULTS: The safety population comprised 79 patients. The efficacy population comprised 61 aneurysms. Aneurysm locations were middle cerebral artery in 32/61 aneurysms (52.5%), anterior communicating artery in 13/61 (21.3%), basilar artery in 9/61 (14.8%), and internal carotid artery terminus in 7/61 (11.5%). No adverse events related to the device or procedure occurred between 2 and 3 years. At 3 years, complete occlusion was observed in 31/61 (50.8%) aneurysms, neck remnant in 20/61 (32.8%), and aneurysm remnant in 10/61 (16.4%). Between 1 year and 3 years, aneurysm occlusion was improved or stable in 53/61 (86.9%) aneurysms and worsened in 8/61 (13.1%). Worsening was mostly from complete occlusion to neck remnant in 6/61 (9.8%) aneurysms. The retreatment rate at 3 years was 11.4%. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis confirms the high safety profile of WEB. Moreover, evidence demonstrates the great stability of aneurysm occlusion with adequate occlusion (complete occlusion or neck remnant) in 83.6% of aneurysms. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. WEBCAST and WEBCAST-2: Unique identifier: NCT01778322.

Age dependency and modification of the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score.

OBJECTIVE: The Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score (SEBES) system measures cerebral edema on CT and can be used to predict outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors developed a modified SEBES (SEBES 6c) and assessed whether it could predict outcome after SAH better than the SEBES. Furthermore, they verified the age dependency of these scores. METHODS: In this retrospective study, all patients with aneurysmal SAH in the period from January 2011 to February 2017 at a single institution were analyzed. The SEBES, which is based on the absence of visible sulci at two defined CT levels (0-4 points), and the SEBES 6c were determined from the initial CT. The SEBES 6c system includes the two levels from the original SEBES and one level located 2 cm below the vertex (0-6 points). The authors investigated whether the various SEBESs are age dependent and if they can predict delayed infarction (DI) and outcome. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-one patients met the study inclusion criteria. The SEBES was an independent predictor for DI (OR 1.6 per 1-point increase) and unfavorable outcome (OR 1.36 per 1-point increase), in accordance with findings in the first publication on SEBES. However, here the authors found that the SEBES was age dependent. In the age group younger than 60 years, the patients with high-grade SEBESs (3-4 points) had DIs and unfavorable outcomes significantly more often than the patients with low-grade scores (0-2 points). In the age groups 60-69 years and ≥ 70 years, no significant differences in DI and outcome were identified between high-grade and low-grade scores, although trends toward DI and unfavorable outcomes among the 60-69 age group were noted in patients with high-grade SEBESs.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that SEBES 6c had a higher prognostic value in predicting outcome than SEBES (p < 0.001). Furthermore, SEBES 6c predicted an unfavorable outcome (OR 1.31 per 1-point increase) and DI (OR 1.36 per 1-point increase) independent of vasospasms. SEBES 6c showed an age dependency similar to that of SEBES. CONCLUSIONS: SEBES 6c is more suitable for predicting outcome after SAH than SEBES. Furthermore, it predicts outcome and DI independently of vasospasm, so it can be used to differentiate between early brain injury- and vasospasm-dependent infarctions and outcome. However, SEBES and SEBES 6c are both age dependent and can be used for patients aged < 60 years and may have limited suitability for patients aged 60-69 years and no suitability for patients aged ≥ 70 years.

Aneurysm Treatment With Woven EndoBridge in the Cumulative Population of 3 Prospective, Multicenter Series: 2-Year Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: Woven EndoBridge (WEB; Sequent Medical) treatment is an innovative endovascular approach for treatment of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms. Initial studies have shown high safety with good efficacy at short term confirmed by trials conducted in United States (WEB-Intrasaccular Therapy) and in Europe (WEB Clinical Assessment of Intrasaccular Aneurysm Therapy [WEBCAST], French Observatory, and WEBCAST-2). OBJECTIVE: To report the 2-yr clinical and anatomical results of WEB treatment in the combined population of 3 European trials. METHODS: In a French Observatory, 2-yr clinical and anatomical data were collected. In WEBCAST and WEBCAST-2, 2-yr follow-up was optional, and data were collected when follow-up was performed. Aneurysm occlusion was evaluated using a 3-grade scale: complete occlusion, neck remnant, and aneurysm remnant. RESULTS: The population for safety was 138/168 patients (82.1%), including 89 females (64.5%), with mean age of 55.5 ± 10.2 yr. The population for efficacy was 121/169 aneurysms (71.6%). Aneurysm locations were middle cerebral artery in 65/121 aneurysms (53.7%), anterior-communicating artery in 25/121 (20.7%), basilar artery in 17/121 (14.0%), and internal carotid artery terminus in 14/121 (11.6%). No clinically relevant adverse events occurred between years 1 and 2. At 2 yr, complete occlusion was observed in 62/121 (51.2%) aneurysms, neck remnant in 36/121 (29.8%) aneurysms, and aneurysm remnant in 23/121 (19.0%) aneurysms. The global retreatment rate at 2 yr was 9.3%. CONCLUSION: This analysis confirms the high safety profile of WEB treatment at 2 yr. Aneurysm occlusion is generally stable at 2 yr, and the retreatment rate between 1 yr and 2 yr is low (2.0%).

Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-up in Extracranial Carotid Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Around 15% of cerebral ischemias are caused by lesions of the extracranial carotid artery. The goal of this guideline is to provide evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for the management of patients with extracranial carotid stenoses throughout Germany and Austria. METHODS: A systematic literature search (1990-2019) and methodical assessment of existing guidelines and systematic reviews; consensus-based answers to 37 key questions with evidence-based recommendations. RESULTS: The prevalence of extracranial carotid artery stenoses is around 4% overall, higher from the age of 65 years. The most important examination modality is duplex sonography. Randomized trials have shown that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) significantly reduces the 5-year risk of stroke in patients with 60-99 % asymptomatic stenoses (absolute risk reduction [ARR] 4.1% over 5 years, number needed to treat [NNT] 24) or 50-99% symptomatic stenoses (50-69%: ARR 4.6 % over 5 years, NNT 22; 70-99%: 15.9 % over 5 years, NNT 6). With the aid of intensive conservative treatment, the carotid artery-associated risk of stroke can be reduced to as little as 1% per year. Critical determination of indications and strict quality criteria are therefore necessary for CEA and carotid artery stenting (CAS). Systematic reviews of controlled trials comparing CEA and CAS show that the procedural risk of stroke is higher for CAS (asymptomatic: 2.6% versus 1.3%; symptomatic: 6.2% versus 3.8%). There are no differences in the long term. CEA is recommended as standard procedure for high-grade asymptomatic and moderate to high-grade symptomatic carotid artery stenoses; CAS may be considered as an alternative. For both procedures, the periprocedural combined rate of stroke or death should not exceed 2% for asymptomatic stenoses or 4% for symptomatic stenoses. CONCLUSION: Future studies should evaluate even better selection criteria for optimal individualized treatment, whether conservative, surgical, or endovascular.

Signal variance-based collateral index in DSC perfusion: A novel method to assess leptomeningeal collateralization in acute ischaemic stroke.

As a determinant of the progression rate of the ischaemic process in acute large-vessel stroke, the degree of collateralization is a strong predictor of the clinical outcome after reperfusion therapy and may influence clinical decision-making. Therefore, the assessment of leptomeningeal collateralization is of major importance. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a quantitative and observer-independent method for assessing leptomeningeal collateralization in acute large-vessel stroke based on signal variance characteristics in T2*-weighted dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion-weighted MR imaging (PWI). Voxels representing leptomeningeal collateral vessels were extracted according to the magnitude of signal variance in the PWI raw data time series in 55 patients with proximal large-artery occlusion and an intra-individual collateral vessel index (CVIPWI) was calculated. CVIPWI correlated significantly with the initial ischaemic core volume (rho = -0.459, p = 0.0001) and the PWI/DWI mismatch ratio (rho = 0.494, p = 0.0001) as an indicator of the amount of salvageable tissue. Furthermore, CVIPWI was significantly negatively correlated with NIHSS and mRS at discharge (rho = -0.341, p = 0.015 and rho = -0.305, p = 0.023). In multivariate logistic regression, CVIPWI was an independent predictor of favourable functional outcome (mRS 0-2) (OR = 16.39, 95% CI 1.42-188.7, p = 0.025). CVIPWI provides useful rater-independent information on the leptomeningeal collateral supply in acute stroke.

Does aneurysm side influence the infarction side and patients´ outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage?

BACKGROUND: The prognostic factors and outcome of aneurysms appear to be dependent on its locations. Therefore, we compared left- and right- sided aneurysms in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in terms of differences in outcome and prognostic factors. METHODS: Patients with SAH were entered into a prospectively collected database. A total of 509 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were retrospectively selected and stratified in two groups depending on side of ruptured aneurysm (right n = 284 vs. left n = 225). Midline aneurysms of the basilar and anterior communicating arteries were excluded from the analysis. Outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS; favorable (mRS 0-2) vs. unfavorable (mRS 3-6)) six months after SAH. RESULTS: We did not identify any differences in outcome depending on left- and right-sided ruptured aneurysms. In both groups, the significant negative predictive factors included clinical admission status (WFNS IV+V), Fisher 3- bleeding pattern in CT, the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), early hydrocephalus and later shunt-dependence. The side of the ruptured aneurysm does not seem to influence patients´ outcome. Interestingly, the aneurysm side predicts the side of infarction, with a significant influence on patients´ outcome in case of left-sided infarctions. In addition, the in multivariate analysis side of aneurysm was an independent predictor for the side of cerebral infarctions. CONCLUSION: The side of the ruptured aneurysms (right or left) did not influence patients' outcome. However, the aneurysm-side predicts the side of delayed infarctions and outcome appear to be worse in patients with left-sided infarctions.

Thrombosis of the straight sinus and microbleedings due to deep seated arteriovenous fistula - Hemodynamic changes, cognitive impairment and improvement after microsurgery. A technical report.

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVF) are rare vascular malformations accounting for only 10-15% that may lead to life threatening deficits due to hemodynamic changes in blood supply and pressure conditions. We present a 64-year old patient who was admitted with disorientation and aphasia. Following images confirmed an infratentorial dural fistula draining into the straight sinus. Additional findings were progressive thrombosis of the straight sinus, microbleedings and bithalamic edema due changes in hemodynamic conditions and venous congestion. Microsurgery was performed. After treatment improvement in clinical condition was observed and the venous congestion was regressive. Hemodynamic changes due to infratentorial dAVFs may lead to bleedings in deep regions and worsening of clinical condition fastly. Treatment requires carefully planning and visualization of angioarchitecture. Symptoms and hemodynamic changes are reversible after treatment, which are essential for treatment decisions.

Cerebral Vasospasm Due to Arteriovenous Malformation-Associated Hemorrhage: Impact of Bleeding Source and Pattern.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after a ruptured arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is rarely reported. This study is aimed at evaluating the predictive variables in AVM hemorrhage for CVS. METHODS: A total of 160 patients with ruptured AVMs were admitted to our neurosurgical department from 2002 to 2018. The frequency of cerebral vasospasm after AVM hemorrhage and the impact of AVM-associated aneurysms were evaluated. We compared different bleeding patterns, such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or a combination of both (ICH + SAH) and evaluated predictive variables for outcome in last follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 62 (39%) patients had AAA, mostly located prenidal (75.8%). AVMs with ruptured aneurysms often resulted in ICH with SAH component (p < 0.001). Eighty-two patients (51%) presented a SAH component, and CVS occurred in 6 patients (7.3%), mostly due to a ruptured infratentorial AVM (p < 0.03). Infratentorial location and the amount of SAH component (p < 0.001) predicted the incidence of CVS significantly. Cerebral infarction was significantly associated with CVS (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: SAH component and infratentorial location of ruptured AVMs may harbor a higher risk for CVS. Follow-up with angiographic imaging should be considered in patients with infratentorial AVM hemorrhage and delayed neurologic deterioration to rule out CVS.